Interconnecting routing instances
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Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is mainly designed to set up communication among devices in infrastructure-less wireless communication network. Routing in this kind of communication network is highly affected by its restricted characteristics such as frequent topological changes and limited battery power. Several research works have been carried out to improve routing performance in MANET. However, the overall performance enhancement in terms of packet delivery, delay and control message overhead is still not come into the wrapping up. In order to overcome the addressed issues, an Efficient and Stable-AODV (EFST-AODV) routing scheme has been proposed which is an improvement over AODV to establish a better quality route between source and destination. In this method, we have modified the route request and route reply phase. During the route request phase, cost metric of a route is calculated on the basis of parameters such as residual energy, delay and distance. In a route reply phase, average residual energy and average delay of overall path is calculated and the data forwarding decision is taken at the source node accordingly. Simulation outcomes reveal that the proposed approach gives better results in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, throughput, normalized routing load and control message overhead as compared to AODV.
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Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is mainly designed to set up communication among devices in infrastructure-less wireless communication network. Routing in this kind of communication network is highly affected by its restricted characteristics such as frequent topological changes and limited battery power. Several research works have been carried out to improve routing performance in MANET. However, the overall performance enhancement in terms of packet delivery, delay and control message overhead is still not come into the wrapping up. In order to overcome the addressed issues, an Efficient and Stable-AODV (EFST-AODV) routing scheme has been proposed which is an improvement over AODV to establish a better quality route between source and destination. In this method, we have modified the route request and route reply phase. During the route request phase, cost metric of a route is calculated on the basis of parameters such as residual energy, delay and distance. In a route reply phase, average residual energy and average delay of overall path is calculated and the data forwarding decision is taken at the source node accordingly. Simulation outcomes reveal that the proposed approach gives better results in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, throughput, normalized routing load and control message overhead as compared to AODV.
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A wireless ad-hoc network is a collection of nodes which are selfconfiguring,
connected by wireless links. The nodes are free to move randomly and
organize themselves arbitrarily; thus, the network's topology may change rapidly and
unpredictably. These kinds of networks are very flexible and they do not require any
existing infrastructure. Therefore, ad-hoc wireless networks are suitable for temporary
communication links. The biggest challenge in these kinds of networks is to find a path
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communication. It improves the packet delivery ratio by prior prediction and reduces
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Cooperative load balancing and dynamic
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Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based mobile ad hoc networks
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RoutingMetrics_PHD_2006
This document discusses routing metrics in wireless mesh networks. It begins by outlining four key requirements for routing metrics: route stability, finding minimum weight paths, efficient path calculation algorithms, and loop-free routing. It then evaluates several existing routing metrics based on these requirements. These include hop count, RTT, PktPair, ETX, ETT, WCETT, and others. Each metric is described and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed in relation to wireless mesh network characteristics like interference, mobility, and multi-channel usage. The document aims to analyze existing routing metrics to help identify appropriate metrics for wireless mesh networks that conform to their characteristics.
Multiflow Model for Routing and Policing Traffic in Infocommunication Network
Multiflow Model for Routing and Policing Traffic in Infocommunication NetworkInternational Journal of Engineering Inventions www.ijeijournal.com
Thus the article offers the model represented by algebraic equations and inequalities for routing and
policing traffic in infocommunication network. The novelty of the model is as follows: multiflow nature of
modern ICN is taken into account (1), i.е. a set of flows circling between different pairs of network routers are
considered simultaneously; coherent formalization of processes of traffic routing and policing within the model
that has lower dimensionality in comparison to known earlier is provided; the choice of optimality criterion, use
of which allows to implement multipath routing with consequent inclusion of paths as well as to organize
limitation of flow intensity on all the used routs simultaneously depending on their characteristics and flow
priority. According to the results of the analysis conducted we offer recommendations for choosing relation in
numerical values of routing metrics and service denial regarding the provision of the given values for the main
QoS characteristics, e.g. average packet delay. The model can be used as a basis for perspective protocol
decisions aimed at coherence of solutions for the tasks of traffic routing and policing. Further development of
the given model is possible under full account of stochastic characteristics of packet flows circling in the
network.
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Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based mobile ad hoc networks || 2015-2016 IEEE NS2 Projects Training
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Rough set based QoS enabled multipath source routing in MANET
The single constrained Quality of Service (QoS) routing in Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET) is disastrous in consideration of MANET characteristics, inference, collision and link failure as it maintains a single path. The QoS enabled routing yields better packet delivery and maintains consistency among nodes in the network by incorporating multi-constrained and multipath routing. The Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) is best suited source routing algorithm to maintain multipath information at the source node, but performance degrades with larger number of mobile nodes. Multilayer mechanism should be incorporated to maintain QoS metric information spreads across multiple layers of TCP/IP protocol stack. The proposed multipath QoS enabled source routing provides balanced routing by making use of all these features. The imprecise decision making strategy called Rough Set Theory (RST) is used at destination node for decision making. The Route REQuest (RREQ) messages coming from different routes are filtered by considering the QoS metrics of each and every route by making use of RST. The Route REPly (RREP) messages are generated and delivered to the source node for filtered RREQ messages. The proposed routing algorithm will reduce load on the network by reducing number of control messages exchanged for route establishment. This will evenly distribute load among all the nodes and it also avoid the scenarios like few nodes starved for resources. Finally, multipath routing always provides alternate routing option in case of route failure.
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic
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Channel Aware Mac Protocol for Maximizing Throughput and Fairness
The proper channel utilization and the queue length aware routing protocol is a challenging task in MANET. To overcome this drawback we are extending the previous work by improving the MAC protocol to maximize the Throughput and Fairness. In this work we are estimating the channel condition and Contention for a channel aware packet scheduling and the queue length is also calculated for the routing protocol which is aware of the queue length. The channel is scheduled based on the channel condition and the routing is carried out by considering the queue length. This queue length will provide a measurement of traffic load at the mobile node itself. Depending upon this load the node with the lesser load will be selected for the routing; this will effectively balance the load and improve the throughput of the ad hoc network.
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range of applications in both military and civilian activities. The temporary connectivity in the vehicles can also
increase the driver’s capability on the road. However, such applications require heavy data packets to be shared on
the same spectrum without the requirement of excessive radios. Thus, e-client approaches are required which can
provide improved data dissemination along with the better quality of services to allow heavy traffic to be easily
shared between the vehicles. In this paper, an e-client data dissemination approach is proposed which not only
improves the vehicle to vehicle connectivity but also improves the QoS between the source and the destination. The
proposed approach is analyzed and compared with the existing state-of-the-art approaches. The effectiveness of the
proposed approach is demonstrated in terms of the significant gains attained in the parameters namely, end to end
delay, packet delivery ratio, route acquisition time, throughput, and message dissemination rate in comparison with
the existing approaches.ENERGY EFFICIENT NODE RANK-BASED ROUTING ALGORITHM IN MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an emerging technology, infrastructure less with self-organizing, selfhealing, multi-hop wireless routing networks in real time. In such networks, many routing problems arise due to complexity in the network mobility which results from difficulty in achieving energy efficient routing
in the field of MANET. Due to the dynamic nature and the limited battery energy of the mobile nodes, the communication links between intermediate relay nodes may fail frequently, thus affecting the routing performance of the network and also the availability of the nodes. Though existing protocols are not
concentrating about communication links and battery energy, node links are very important factor for improving quality of routing protocols because Node Rank helps us to determine whether the node is within transmission range or out of transmission range through considering residual energy of the node during the routing process. This paper proposes a novel Energy Efficient Node Rank-based Routing (EENRR)
algorithm which includes certain performance metrics such as control overhead and residual energy in order to improve the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and Network Life Time (NLT) from its originally observed routing performance obtained through other existing protocols. Simulation results show that, when the number of nodes increases from 10 to 100 nodes, EENRR algorithm increases the average residual energy by 31.08% and 21.26% over the existing Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Energy Efficient Delay Time Routing (EEDTR) protocols, respectively. Similarly it increases the PDR by 45.38% and 28.3% over the existing DSR and EEDTR protocols respectively.
EFFICIENT ANALYSIS OF THE ERGODIC CAPACITY OF COOPERATIVE NON-REGENERATIVE RE...
In this paper, we proposed a novel efficient method of analyzing the ergodic channel capacity of the
cooperative amplify-and-forward (CAF) relay system. This is accomplished by employing a very tight
approximate moment generating function (MGF) of end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio of 2-hop multi-relay
system, which is In this paper, we proposed a novel efficient method of analyzing the ergodic channel
capacity of the cooperative amplify-and-forward (CAF) relay system. This is accomplished by employing a
very tight approximate moment applicable to myriad of fading environments including mixed and
composite fading channels. Three distinct adaptive source transmission policies were considered in our
analysis namely: (i) constant power with optimal rate adaptation (ORA); (ii) optimal joint power and rate
adaptation (OPRA); and (iii) fixed rate with truncated channel inversion (TCIFR). The proposed frame
work based on the novel approximate MGF method is sufficiently general to encapsulate all types of fading
environments (especially for the analysis of the mixed fading case)and provides significant advantage to
model wireless system for mixed and composite fading channel. In addition to simplifying computation
complexity of ergodic capacity for CAF relaying schemes treated in literature, we also derive closed form
expressions for the above three adaptive source transmission policies under Nakagami-m fading with i.n.d
statistics. The accuracy of our proposed method has been validated with existing MGF expressions that are
readily available for specific fading environments in terms of bounds, and via Monte Carlo simulations.
Improving QoS in VANET Using Dynamic Clustering Technique
The document presents a new dynamic multi-clustering technique to improve quality of service (QoS) in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) used for vehicle platooning. It begins by discussing limitations of existing single clustering approaches. It then proposes a hierarchical clustering approach that forms multiple clusters within each platoon dynamically based on traffic conditions. A new Relative Multi-Head Disturbance Adaptation (RMDA) algorithm is introduced to select cluster heads. This algorithm considers both relative distance and mobility between nodes to select stable cluster heads. Simulation results show the approach improves QoS metrics like packet delay, throughput and packet loss ratio over existing single clustering techniques.
Multi hop distributed coordination in
Control Channel Dilemma (CCD) is still an open problem for Cognitive Radio Network (CRN). In this
article, we investigate and present a novel solution of Distributed Coordination in CRN to mitigate the
necessity for a common control channel. This scheme is based on the fact that a group of nearby nodes
almost detects the same frequency spectrum. That will allow every group of close nodes to choose a node
called coordinator, which in its turn chooses a reliable control channel for the group, then the reaming
nodes become slaves. Furthermore, the nodes that belong to two or more groups have an important role in
maintaining the network connectivity since they act as bridges to relay data between different groups. The
proposed approach carries potentials to provide robust operation under network dynamics conditions.
Finally, several simulation experiments are presented to validate the proposed approach.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Multipath Routing Protocol by Breadth First Search Algorithm in Wireless Mesh...
This document proposes a multipath routing protocol for wireless mesh networks that uses a parallel layer-based approach and breadth-first search algorithm to discover multiple paths between a source and destination. It organizes nodes into layers based on distance from the destination and performs iterative breadth-first searches to find partial paths connecting nodes in lower layers, storing the partial paths. This process repeats until reaching the destination to find all possible paths. The primary path is then elected using an Expected Forwarding Counter metric to select the most reliable path. The protocol was evaluated in NS-2 and showed improved throughput, delivery ratio, and reduced delay compared to other protocols.
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scenario and studies the performance of routing protocols considering the constraint of mobility. This leads us to analyze a wide range of routing protocols to ensure optimal coverage and continuous connectivity, taking into consideration two types of data traffic in realistic environments that depend on certain performance metrics. The paper also investigates which protocols provide better performance with RSUs by ranking the results for QoS.
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EFFICIENT PACKET DELIVERY APPROACH FOR ADHOC WIRELESS NETWORKS
A wireless ad-hoc network is a collection of nodes which are selfconfiguring,
connected by wireless links. The nodes are free to move randomly and
organize themselves arbitrarily; thus, the network's topology may change rapidly and
unpredictably. These kinds of networks are very flexible and they do not require any
existing infrastructure. Therefore, ad-hoc wireless networks are suitable for temporary
communication links. The biggest challenge in these kinds of networks is to find a path
between the communication end points of nodes that are mobile. Due to the limited
transmission range of wireless interfaces, the communication traffic has to be relayed
over several intermediate nodes to enable the communication between two nodes.
Therefore, these kinds of networks are also called multi-hop ad-hoc networks. The
proposed model is designed to improve the problems of real-time event-based
communication. It improves the packet delivery ratio by prior prediction and reduces
end-to-end packet delay. This in turn improves performance of the routing process
significantly and increases the Quality of Service (QoS).
Adaptive QoS Multicast Routing with Mobility Prediction in MANETs
A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile hosts that form a temporary network
without a centralized administration or wired infrastructure. Due to the high mobility of nodes, the network
topology of MANETs changes very fast, making it more difficult to find the routes that message packets use.
Network control with Quality of Service (QoS) support is a key issue for multimedia applications in MANET.
Most of the real time applications have stringent requirements on bandwidth, delay, delay-jitter, packet loss
ratio, cost and other QoS metrics. This paper proposes a Multi-constrained QoS routing with mobility
prediction protocol. If the node has enough resources to transmit data packets, it uses the Global
Positioning System (GPS) to get the location information of the mobile nodes and selects the routing path
with the maximum Route Expiration Time (RET). A set of static and mobile agents are used to find the
multicast routes and transmit the packets. Extensive simulations have been conducted to evaluate the
performance of MC_MAODV using Network Simulator (NS-2). The simulation results show that the
proposed protocol achieves good performance in terms of improving packet delivery ratio and minimizing
end-to-end delay.
MAR SECURITY: IMPROVED SECURITY MECHANISM FOR EMERGENCY MESSAGES OF VANET USI...
Vehicular Ad-hoc network (VANET) is one of the emerging technologies for research community to get various research challenges to construct secured framework for autonomous vehicular communication. The prime concern of this technology is to provide efficient data communication among registered vehicle nodes. The several research ideas are implemented practically to improve overall communication in VANETs by considering security and privacy as major aspects of VANETs. Several mechanisms have been implemented using cryptography algorithms and methodologies. However, these mechanisms provide a solution only for some restricted environments and to limited security threats. Hence, the proposed novel mechanism has been introduced, implemented and tested using key management technique. It provides secured network environment for VANET and its components. Later, this mechanism provides security for data packets of emergency messages using cryptography mechanism. Hence, the proposed novel mechanism is named Group Key Management & Cryptography Schemes (GKMC). The experimental analysis shows significant improvements in the network performance to provide security and privacy for emergency messages. This GKMC mechanism will help the VANET user’s to perform secured emergency message communication in network environment.
Elsevier paper
The document discusses a proposed congestion control method called ELFIQM for wireless networks. ELFIQM is inspired by the Engset loss formula queue model and aims to distribute network load evenly across multiple routes. It does this by estimating key parameters like minimum queue length, blocking probability, and congestion rate. Simulation results showed ELFIQM improved packet delivery ratio, throughput, and reduced network overhead by up to 25% compared to other queue-based load balancing techniques.
Ga based dynamic routing in wdm optical networks
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Cooperative load balancing and dynamic
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Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based mobile ad hoc networks
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RoutingMetrics_PHD_2006
This document discusses routing metrics in wireless mesh networks. It begins by outlining four key requirements for routing metrics: route stability, finding minimum weight paths, efficient path calculation algorithms, and loop-free routing. It then evaluates several existing routing metrics based on these requirements. These include hop count, RTT, PktPair, ETX, ETT, WCETT, and others. Each metric is described and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed in relation to wireless mesh network characteristics like interference, mobility, and multi-channel usage. The document aims to analyze existing routing metrics to help identify appropriate metrics for wireless mesh networks that conform to their characteristics.
Multiflow Model for Routing and Policing Traffic in Infocommunication Network
Multiflow Model for Routing and Policing Traffic in Infocommunication NetworkInternational Journal of Engineering Inventions www.ijeijournal.com
Thus the article offers the model represented by algebraic equations and inequalities for routing and
policing traffic in infocommunication network. The novelty of the model is as follows: multiflow nature of
modern ICN is taken into account (1), i.е. a set of flows circling between different pairs of network routers are
considered simultaneously; coherent formalization of processes of traffic routing and policing within the model
that has lower dimensionality in comparison to known earlier is provided; the choice of optimality criterion, use
of which allows to implement multipath routing with consequent inclusion of paths as well as to organize
limitation of flow intensity on all the used routs simultaneously depending on their characteristics and flow
priority. According to the results of the analysis conducted we offer recommendations for choosing relation in
numerical values of routing metrics and service denial regarding the provision of the given values for the main
QoS characteristics, e.g. average packet delay. The model can be used as a basis for perspective protocol
decisions aimed at coherence of solutions for the tasks of traffic routing and policing. Further development of
the given model is possible under full account of stochastic characteristics of packet flows circling in the
network.
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based mobile ad hoc networks || 2015-2016 IEEE NS2 Projects Training
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Rough set based QoS enabled multipath source routing in MANET
The single constrained Quality of Service (QoS) routing in Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET) is disastrous in consideration of MANET characteristics, inference, collision and link failure as it maintains a single path. The QoS enabled routing yields better packet delivery and maintains consistency among nodes in the network by incorporating multi-constrained and multipath routing. The Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) is best suited source routing algorithm to maintain multipath information at the source node, but performance degrades with larger number of mobile nodes. Multilayer mechanism should be incorporated to maintain QoS metric information spreads across multiple layers of TCP/IP protocol stack. The proposed multipath QoS enabled source routing provides balanced routing by making use of all these features. The imprecise decision making strategy called Rough Set Theory (RST) is used at destination node for decision making. The Route REQuest (RREQ) messages coming from different routes are filtered by considering the QoS metrics of each and every route by making use of RST. The Route REPly (RREP) messages are generated and delivered to the source node for filtered RREQ messages. The proposed routing algorithm will reduce load on the network by reducing number of control messages exchanged for route establishment. This will evenly distribute load among all the nodes and it also avoid the scenarios like few nodes starved for resources. Finally, multipath routing always provides alternate routing option in case of route failure.
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic
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Channel Aware Mac Protocol for Maximizing Throughput and Fairness
The proper channel utilization and the queue length aware routing protocol is a challenging task in MANET. To overcome this drawback we are extending the previous work by improving the MAC protocol to maximize the Throughput and Fairness. In this work we are estimating the channel condition and Contention for a channel aware packet scheduling and the queue length is also calculated for the routing protocol which is aware of the queue length. The channel is scheduled based on the channel condition and the routing is carried out by considering the queue length. This queue length will provide a measurement of traffic load at the mobile node itself. Depending upon this load the node with the lesser load will be selected for the routing; this will effectively balance the load and improve the throughput of the ad hoc network.
Performance Evaluation of Efficient Data Dissemination Approach For QoS Enha...
Performance Evaluation of Efficient Data Dissemination Approach For QoS Enha...IJCSIS Research Publications
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have seen tremendous growth in the last decade, providing a vast
range of applications in both military and civilian activities. The temporary connectivity in the vehicles can also
increase the driver’s capability on the road. However, such applications require heavy data packets to be shared on
the same spectrum without the requirement of excessive radios. Thus, e-client approaches are required which can
provide improved data dissemination along with the better quality of services to allow heavy traffic to be easily
shared between the vehicles. In this paper, an e-client data dissemination approach is proposed which not only
improves the vehicle to vehicle connectivity but also improves the QoS between the source and the destination. The
proposed approach is analyzed and compared with the existing state-of-the-art approaches. The effectiveness of the
proposed approach is demonstrated in terms of the significant gains attained in the parameters namely, end to end
delay, packet delivery ratio, route acquisition time, throughput, and message dissemination rate in comparison with
the existing approaches.ENERGY EFFICIENT NODE RANK-BASED ROUTING ALGORITHM IN MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an emerging technology, infrastructure less with self-organizing, selfhealing, multi-hop wireless routing networks in real time. In such networks, many routing problems arise due to complexity in the network mobility which results from difficulty in achieving energy efficient routing
in the field of MANET. Due to the dynamic nature and the limited battery energy of the mobile nodes, the communication links between intermediate relay nodes may fail frequently, thus affecting the routing performance of the network and also the availability of the nodes. Though existing protocols are not
concentrating about communication links and battery energy, node links are very important factor for improving quality of routing protocols because Node Rank helps us to determine whether the node is within transmission range or out of transmission range through considering residual energy of the node during the routing process. This paper proposes a novel Energy Efficient Node Rank-based Routing (EENRR)
algorithm which includes certain performance metrics such as control overhead and residual energy in order to improve the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and Network Life Time (NLT) from its originally observed routing performance obtained through other existing protocols. Simulation results show that, when the number of nodes increases from 10 to 100 nodes, EENRR algorithm increases the average residual energy by 31.08% and 21.26% over the existing Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Energy Efficient Delay Time Routing (EEDTR) protocols, respectively. Similarly it increases the PDR by 45.38% and 28.3% over the existing DSR and EEDTR protocols respectively.
EFFICIENT ANALYSIS OF THE ERGODIC CAPACITY OF COOPERATIVE NON-REGENERATIVE RE...
In this paper, we proposed a novel efficient method of analyzing the ergodic channel capacity of the
cooperative amplify-and-forward (CAF) relay system. This is accomplished by employing a very tight
approximate moment generating function (MGF) of end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio of 2-hop multi-relay
system, which is In this paper, we proposed a novel efficient method of analyzing the ergodic channel
capacity of the cooperative amplify-and-forward (CAF) relay system. This is accomplished by employing a
very tight approximate moment applicable to myriad of fading environments including mixed and
composite fading channels. Three distinct adaptive source transmission policies were considered in our
analysis namely: (i) constant power with optimal rate adaptation (ORA); (ii) optimal joint power and rate
adaptation (OPRA); and (iii) fixed rate with truncated channel inversion (TCIFR). The proposed frame
work based on the novel approximate MGF method is sufficiently general to encapsulate all types of fading
environments (especially for the analysis of the mixed fading case)and provides significant advantage to
model wireless system for mixed and composite fading channel. In addition to simplifying computation
complexity of ergodic capacity for CAF relaying schemes treated in literature, we also derive closed form
expressions for the above three adaptive source transmission policies under Nakagami-m fading with i.n.d
statistics. The accuracy of our proposed method has been validated with existing MGF expressions that are
readily available for specific fading environments in terms of bounds, and via Monte Carlo simulations.
Improving QoS in VANET Using Dynamic Clustering Technique
The document presents a new dynamic multi-clustering technique to improve quality of service (QoS) in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) used for vehicle platooning. It begins by discussing limitations of existing single clustering approaches. It then proposes a hierarchical clustering approach that forms multiple clusters within each platoon dynamically based on traffic conditions. A new Relative Multi-Head Disturbance Adaptation (RMDA) algorithm is introduced to select cluster heads. This algorithm considers both relative distance and mobility between nodes to select stable cluster heads. Simulation results show the approach improves QoS metrics like packet delay, throughput and packet loss ratio over existing single clustering techniques.
Multi hop distributed coordination in
Control Channel Dilemma (CCD) is still an open problem for Cognitive Radio Network (CRN). In this
article, we investigate and present a novel solution of Distributed Coordination in CRN to mitigate the
necessity for a common control channel. This scheme is based on the fact that a group of nearby nodes
almost detects the same frequency spectrum. That will allow every group of close nodes to choose a node
called coordinator, which in its turn chooses a reliable control channel for the group, then the reaming
nodes become slaves. Furthermore, the nodes that belong to two or more groups have an important role in
maintaining the network connectivity since they act as bridges to relay data between different groups. The
proposed approach carries potentials to provide robust operation under network dynamics conditions.
Finally, several simulation experiments are presented to validate the proposed approach.
What's hot (20)
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS WITH ROADSIDE UNIT INFRASTRUCTURE I...
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS WITH ROADSIDE UNIT INFRASTRUCTURE I...
A new approach in position-based routing Protocol using learning automata for...
A new approach in position-based routing Protocol using learning automata for...
EFFICIENT PACKET DELIVERY APPROACH FOR ADHOC WIRELESS NETWORKS
EFFICIENT PACKET DELIVERY APPROACH FOR ADHOC WIRELESS NETWORKS
Adaptive QoS Multicast Routing with Mobility Prediction in MANETs
Adaptive QoS Multicast Routing with Mobility Prediction in MANETs
MAR SECURITY: IMPROVED SECURITY MECHANISM FOR EMERGENCY MESSAGES OF VANET USI...
MAR SECURITY: IMPROVED SECURITY MECHANISM FOR EMERGENCY MESSAGES OF VANET USI...
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...
Multiflow Model for Routing and Policing Traffic in Infocommunication Network
Multiflow Model for Routing and Policing Traffic in Infocommunication Network
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...
Rough set based QoS enabled multipath source routing in MANET
Rough set based QoS enabled multipath source routing in MANET
Channel Aware Mac Protocol for Maximizing Throughput and Fairness
Channel Aware Mac Protocol for Maximizing Throughput and Fairness
Performance Evaluation of Efficient Data Dissemination Approach For QoS Enha...
Performance Evaluation of Efficient Data Dissemination Approach For QoS Enha...
ENERGY EFFICIENT NODE RANK-BASED ROUTING ALGORITHM IN MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS
ENERGY EFFICIENT NODE RANK-BASED ROUTING ALGORITHM IN MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS
EFFICIENT ANALYSIS OF THE ERGODIC CAPACITY OF COOPERATIVE NON-REGENERATIVE RE...
EFFICIENT ANALYSIS OF THE ERGODIC CAPACITY OF COOPERATIVE NON-REGENERATIVE RE...
Improving QoS in VANET Using Dynamic Clustering Technique
Improving QoS in VANET Using Dynamic Clustering Technique
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X04505122126
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Multipath Routing Protocol by Breadth First Search Algorithm in Wireless Mesh...
This document proposes a multipath routing protocol for wireless mesh networks that uses a parallel layer-based approach and breadth-first search algorithm to discover multiple paths between a source and destination. It organizes nodes into layers based on distance from the destination and performs iterative breadth-first searches to find partial paths connecting nodes in lower layers, storing the partial paths. This process repeats until reaching the destination to find all possible paths. The primary path is then elected using an Expected Forwarding Counter metric to select the most reliable path. The protocol was evaluated in NS-2 and showed improved throughput, delivery ratio, and reduced delay compared to other protocols.
A Systematic Review on Routing Protocols for VANETs
This document provides a systematic review and comparative analysis of 10 routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It summarizes the key methods, benefits, and conclusions of each protocol. The protocols use various techniques like clustering, machine learning, Q-learning, firefly algorithm, and particle swarm optimization to address the challenges of frequent topology changes in VANETs. Simulation results show the protocols improve metrics like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and network throughput compared to other existing protocols. In conclusion, an efficient routing protocol is needed to meet the unique requirements of VANETs and achieve good performance.
VANET Clustering
The document describes a proposed multi-hop clustering (MHC) approach for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). The MHC approach selects cluster heads based on the node's speed being closest to the average speed and having a high network life. It calculates distrust values to isolate malicious nodes and determines a QoS value considering bandwidth, number of neighbors, distance and velocity ratios. The approach aims to improve stability, reliability and security compared to previous work. It was simulated in NS2 and showed better results than existing techniques for parameters like overhead, throughput, delay, loss and delivery ratio. The key contribution is adding calculations for percentage of stability and path length.
Efficient Routing Protocol in the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) by using Gene...
This document discusses using a genetic algorithm to improve routing in mobile ad hoc networks. It begins with background on mobile ad hoc networks and common routing protocols. It then introduces genetic algorithms and how they work by simulating natural evolution. The document proposes using a genetic algorithm with the AODV routing protocol to find optimal paths between source and destination nodes. It describes implementing this approach and comparing its performance to traditional AODV routing. The results showed the genetic algorithm approach performed better in terms of quality of service and throughput.
Link Prediction And Link Establishment Based On Network Nodes Life Time In Mo...
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing algorithm called the Link Prediction Routing Algorithm (LPRA) for mobile ad hoc networks. The LPRA aims to establish reliable links and perform persistent data forwarding based on predicting node and link lifetimes. It does so by selecting routes with the longest predicted lifetimes. The algorithm is evaluated through simulation and shown to improve performance metrics like throughput, delivery ratio, and delay compared to existing techniques. It aims to efficiently route data in unstable mobile ad hoc networks where topology frequently changes.
Authentication of Secure Data Transmission In Wireless Routing
The major objective of our work is to explore a security enhanced dynamic routing algorithm based on distributed routing information widely supported in existing wired and wireless networks. The message authentication is the main area to be considered in WSN’s. Most of the wireless networks are attacked for detecting the data’s that are transmitted in between the users. We aim at the randomization of delivery paths for data transmission to provide considerably small path similarity (i.e., the number of common links between two delivery paths) of two consecutive transmitted packets. The proposed algorithm should be easy to implement and compatible with popular routing protocols, such as the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) for wired networks and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) protocol for wireless networks over existing infrastructures. These protocols shall not increase the number of control messages if the proposed algorithm is adopted. An analytic study will be presented for the proposed routing algorithm, and a series of simulation study will be conducted to verify the analytic results and to show the capability of the proposed algorithm.
AN INTEGRATED SECURED ROUTING APPROACH FOR MANETS
This document proposes an integrated routing approach for MANETs using machine learning algorithms. It uses a fuzzy clustering algorithm to select cluster heads based on trust values, providing multiple paths. An optimized route is then selected using Bacteria Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA) to find the best path avoiding misbehaving nodes. The approach aims to provide secure, fast, and energy-efficient routing for MANETs challenged by frequent topology changes, limited power, and security threats.
Ga based dynamic routing in wdm optical networks
Abstract The enormous increase in online content and the requirement of providing universal access to broadband Internet services is already stretching the capabilities of current technologies to their limit. New applications require networks with well-known and predictable characteristics and behavior. Advances in optical networks, together with the rapid rising demand for network bandwidth, are fueling an increasing amount of research in the field of optical networks. Optical communication has become a promising networking choice to meet increasing demand on bandwidth. Some of the emerging bandwidth-intensive computing and communication applications such as data browsing on the web, video conferencing, e-commerce, high-definition video/audio on-demand processing, data mining, database and decision-support transactions etc. The objective of this paper is to minimize the number of wavelengths, converters or other cost parameters. For this the network path should be an optimized one. This problem can be formulated as a mixed integer linear program, which is NP-complete. Performance has been evaluated with three different networks, a small, medium and large sized network with 6-node, 10-node and 14-node networks, respectively. Analysis shows that the Genetic Algorithm (GA) based method provides an optimized route with significantly less blocking probability than the normal cases. Keywords: Light path, genetic algorithms, wavelength division multiplexing, optical network, routing.
R045059297
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.t
Fuzzy Based Node Disjoint QoS Routing in MANETs by Using Agents
Support for real time multimedia applications such
as, video telephony, financial stock quote services, and
multiplayer interactive games etc., is very essential in Mobile
Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Such applications require
multiple Quality of Service (QoS) parameters to be satisfied,
like bandwidth, end-to- end delay, packet loss rate, jitter, etc.
This paper considers the problem of finding node disjoint and
multi-constrained QoS multipaths from source to destination
by using agent based fuzzy inference system. The proposed
scheme, Fuzzy based Node Disjoint Multipath QoS Routing
(FNDMQR) operates in the following steps by integrating
static and mobile agents. (1) Determination of multiple paths
and picking up of resource information (available bandwidth,
link delay, and packet loss rate) of the intermediate nodes
from source to destination. (2) Recognition of node disjoint,
and multi-constrained QoS fit paths by using Takagi-Sugeno
Fuzzy Inference System (TSFIS). TSFIS extracts a fuzzy QoS
weight from available resource information of the
intermediate nodes. (3) Selection of the best path depending
on the fuzzy QoS weight. (4) Maintenance of QoS path when
path breaks due to mobility of node or link failure. To test the
performance effectiveness of the approach, we have analyzed
the performance parameters like packet delivery ratio, average
end-to-end delay and overall control overhead. The scheme
performs better as compared to a node-disjoint multipath
routing in MANETs.
Dynamic Quality of Service Stability Based Multicast Routing Protocol for MAN...
Mobile ad hoc networking does not possess any fixed infrastructure and hence, stable routing is
the major problem. The mobility nature of MANET’s node facilitates rediscovery of a new path
to organizing a routing. In order to intensify the Quality of Service and routing stability in
MANET, we propose a Dynamic Quality of service Stability based Multicast Routing Protocol
by modifying the Cuckoo Search Algorithm through a modernizing mechanism which is derived
from the differential evolution algorithm. Tuned CSA is a combined feature of CSA and DE
algorithms. Periodically, each node in the network creates neighbour stability and QoS
database at every node by calculating the parameters like node and link stability factor,
bandwidth availability, and delays. Finally, multicast path constructs route request and route
reply packets, stability information and performing route maintenance
DYNAMIC QUALITY OF SERVICE STABILITY BASED MULTICAST ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MAN...
Mobile ad hoc networking does not possess any fixed infrastructure and hence, stable routing is the major problem. The mobility nature of MANET’s node facilitates rediscovery of a new path to organizing a routing. In order to intensify the Quality of Service and routing stability in MANET, we propose a Dynamic Quality of service Stability based Multicast Routing Protocol by modifying the Cuckoo Search Algorithm through a modernizing mechanism which is derived from the differential evolution algorithm. Tuned CSA is a combined feature of CSA and DE algorithms. Periodically, each node in the network creates neighbour stability and QoS database at every node by calculating the parameters like node and link stability factor,
bandwidth availability, and delays. Finally, multicast path constructs route request and route reply packets, stability information and performing route maintenance.
An Approach using Local Information to Build QoS Routing Algorithm
The requirement for quality of service (QoS) is more and more sophisticated, such as the required bandwidth, the value of delay time or packet loss. To assure the network performance, localized QoS routing algorithms have recently been proposed as a promising alternative to the currently deployed global QoS routing schemes. Different from the traditional QoS routing algorithms which use global state information, the localized routing algorithms use local information collected from source node to make routing decisions. These localized routing algorithms can be solutions to users’ demand in the near future. In this paper, we propose a new localized QoS routing algorithm which can help to assure quality of service, and show our simulations which are better in results against other routing algorithms.
A Performance Comparison of Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes in which the wireless links are frequently broken down due to mobility and dynamic infrastructure. Routing is a significant issue and challenge in ad hoc networks. Many routing protocols have been proposed like OLSR, AODV so far to improve the routing performance and reliability. In this paper, we describe the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) and the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV). We evaluate their performance through exhaustive simulations using the Network Simulator 2 (ns2) by varying conditions (node mobility, network density).
Quality of Service Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Location and Energ...
Mobile Ad hoc Networks are highly dynamic networks. Quality of Service (QoS) routing in such networks is usually limited by the network breakage due to either node mobility or energy depletion of the mobile nodes. Also, to fulfill certain quality parameters, presence of multiple node-disjoint paths becomes essential. Such paths aid in the optimal traffic distribution and reliability in case of path breakages. Thus, to cater such problem, we present a node-disjoint multipath protocol. The metric used to select the paths takes into account the stability of the nodes and the corresponding links. The proposed technique is also illustrated with an example.
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Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in University Network
In an enterprise network, multiple dynamic routing protocols are used for forwarding packets with the best routes. Therefore, performance of the network is based on routing protocols and the route redistribution is an important issue in an enterprise network that has been configured by multiple different routing protocols in its routers. So, aim of the system is to analyze the performance and comparison of different Interior Gateway routing protocols. Routing is depended on many parameters critical such as network convergence time, Ethernet delay, throughput, end to end delay, jitter, packet delivery, security and bandwidth, etc. In this paper, the analysis of characteristics and the performance of the different routing protocols as Routing Information Protocol RIP , Open Shortest Path First OSPF and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol EIGRP are evaluated in a university network. The performance evaluation are based on end to end packet delay, network convergence time, packet delay variation and administrative distance, etc. The analysis focuses on the performance of the routing protocols with its routing table in a simulator. The Simulation software can be used to evaluate and compare the performance of the routing protocols. The simulator return the routing table for each node or router in the university network which would contain the best path to reach the remote destination on the metric chosen based on the routing protocol implemented. The simulation software give results used to evaluate the performance of routing protocols, the performance of different routing protocols will be compared, and to analyze the convergence time and administrative distance of routing protocols. Kyaw Zay Oo "Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in University Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26582.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/26582/performance-evaluation-of-routing-protocols-in-university-network/kyaw-zay-oo
Multipath Fault Tolerant Routing Protocol in MANET
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) consist of a collection of wireless mobile nodes which dynamically
exchange data among themselves without the reliance on a fixed base station or a wired backbone network
and it the makes the routing a crucial issue to the design of the MANET. Multiple path routing protocols
are shown to be performance-effective alternatives over single-path routing for ad hoc networks and it
represents a promising routing method for wireless mobile ad hoc networks. Multi-path routing achieves
load balancing and is more resilient to route failures..In this paper we propose an energy efficient
multipath fault tolerant routing protocol to improve the reliability of data routing in Mobile ad hoc
networks. The proposed RFTA is a multi objective routing protocol that meets diverse application
requirements by considering the changing conditions of the network. The efficiency of the proposed
protocol has been evaluated on different scenarios and there has been a noticeable improvement in the
packet delivery ratio and also in the reduction of end-to-end delay comparing to SMR,SMS and MDSR.
An analytic network process and trapezoidal interval-valued fuzzy technique f...
An analytic network process and trapezoidal interval-valued fuzzy technique f...University of Piraeus
Next generation wireless networks consist of many heterogeneous access technologies that should support various service types with different quality of service (QoS) constraints, as well as user, requirements and provider policies. Therefore, the need for network selection mechanisms that consider multiple factors must be addressed. In this paper, a network selection method is proposed by applying the analytic network process to estimate the weights of the selection criteria, as well as a fuzzy version of technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution to perform the ranking of network alternatives. The method is applied to a heterogeneous network environment providing different QoS classes and policy characteristics. Each user applies the method to select the most appropriate network, which satisfies his or her requirements in respect of his or her service-level agreement (SLA). Performance evaluation shows that when the user requests only one service, the proposed method performs better compared to the original technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution, as well as the Fuzzy AHP-ELECTRE method. Moreover, the proposed method can be applied in cases where a user requires multiple services simultaneously on a device. The sensitivity analysis of the proposed method shows that it can be properly adjusted to conform to network environment changes.Similar to Interconnecting routing instances (20)
Multipath Routing Protocol by Breadth First Search Algorithm in Wireless Mesh...
Multipath Routing Protocol by Breadth First Search Algorithm in Wireless Mesh...
A Systematic Review on Routing Protocols for VANETs
A Systematic Review on Routing Protocols for VANETs
Efficient Routing Protocol in the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) by using Gene...
Efficient Routing Protocol in the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) by using Gene...
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Link Prediction And Link Establishment Based On Network Nodes Life Time In Mo...
Authentication of Secure Data Transmission In Wireless Routing
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Dynamic Quality of Service Stability Based Multicast Routing Protocol for MAN...
Dynamic Quality of Service Stability Based Multicast Routing Protocol for MAN...
DYNAMIC QUALITY OF SERVICE STABILITY BASED MULTICAST ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MAN...
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An Approach using Local Information to Build QoS Routing Algorithm
A Performance Comparison of Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks
A Performance Comparison of Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks
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Quality of Service Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Location and Energ...
Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in University Network
Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in University Network
Multipath Fault Tolerant Routing Protocol in MANET
Multipath Fault Tolerant Routing Protocol in MANET
An analytic network process and trapezoidal interval-valued fuzzy technique f...
An analytic network process and trapezoidal interval-valued fuzzy technique f...
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Nexgen Technology Address:
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Interconnecting routing instances
- 1. ECRUITMENT SOLUTIONS (0)9751442511, 9750610101 #1, Ist Cross, Ist Main Road, Elango Nagar,Pondicherry-605 011. tech@ecruitments.com www.ecruitments.com Interconnecting Routing Instances Abstract— Many operators run more than one routing instance—more than one routing protocol, or more than one instance of a given routing protocol—in their networks. Route election and route redistribution are mechanisms introduced by router vendors to interconnect routing instances. These mechanisms do not heed basic performance goals. Especially, we show that, in general, they do not allow network configurations that are simultaneously free from routing anomalies and resilient to failures. We then propose a new form of interconnection that overcomes the limitations of route election and route redistribution, permitting the configuration of a resilient and efficient routing system. We conduct a thorough study of this new form of interconnection, presenting conditions for its correctness and optimality. The precepts of the study are applied to routing instances substantiated by the current Internal Gateway Protocols of the Internet: RIP, OSPF, IS-IS, IGRP, and EIGRP. Existing Scheme A path physically existing in a network will only be able to carry data packets if all its nodes are prepared to propagate a route upstream along the path, in the direction opposite that of data-packet flow. Since a routing instance running a link-state protocol is modeled as a complete digraph, virtual link exists in the network. Resiliency presupposes the ability to render usable all paths physically existing in
- 2. ECRUITMENT SOLUTIONS (0)9751442511, 9750610101 #1, Ist Cross, Ist Main Road, Elango Nagar,Pondicherry-605 011. tech@ecruitments.com www.ecruitments.com the network. Virtual link stands for the existence of a path from to in the original network. Proposed Scheme We proposed a third option to interconnect routing instances at overcomes the deficiencies of current approaches. he proposed mode of interconnecting routing instances with generality, and address questions of correctness, resiliency, and optimality with rigor, we first need models that describe the operation of both vector and link-state protocols. The proposed framework operates at the level of election and conversion of attributes. We propose a new framework to interconnect routing instances with built-in correctness and support for resiliency, efficiency, and optimality when the latter is at all possible. A new set of primitives for interconnecting routing instances. Then propose a new form of interconnection that overcomes the limitations of route election and route redistribution, permitting the configuration of a resilient and efficient routing system. CONCLUCION There are currently two options for the interconnection of routing instances: to run BGP on top of them, or to use the route election and route redistribution mechanisms developed by router vendors. The BGP approach imposes a strict hierarchy between path selection at the routing-instance level and at the node level. Paths of routing instances are always chosen first. Then, paths of nodes within routing instances are selected and conjoined to realize the routing-instances paths. This hierarchy lacks in capabilities to configure a network for performance, both in terms of resiliency and efficiency . In particular, we exposed configurations that
- 3. ECRUITMENT SOLUTIONS (0)9751442511, 9750610101 #1, Ist Cross, Ist Main Road, Elango Nagar,Pondicherry-605 011. tech@ecruitments.com www.ecruitments.com lead to routing anomalies route oscillations, forwarding deflections, and forwarding loops and we showed that those configurations that do ensure correctness of the routing system exclude some paths from carrying traffic, thus compromising resiliency. The problem resides in route election being based on ADs, parameters that are oblivious to the performance-related attributes acquired by routes within routing instances. We proposed a third option to interconnect routing instances that overcomes the deficiencies of current approaches. In the novel approach, attributes from the different routing instances are globally ordered in a way that can be parameterized by a network operator. Given an arbitrary set of routes at a border node, pertaining to a common destination, but possibly computed from within different routing instances, one of them is always preferred according to the global order, being elected by the border node. In the proposed form of interconnection, correctness is built in, resiliency is possible, and the end-to-end paths traversed by data packets can conform to performance criteria. Specifically, if each routing instance internally finds optimal paths, as is the case with RIP, OSPF, and IS-IS, then the paths found by the routing system can be made network-wide optimal as well. Concrete global orderings and conversions were presented for the attributes most commonly used within routing instances: lengths as in RIP, OSPF, and IS-IS; and pairs length-capacity as in IGRP and EIGR .