A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network consisting of mobile nodes, which can communicate with each other without any infrastructure support. In these networks, nodes typically cooperate with each other, by forwarding packets for nodes which are not in the communication range of the source node. A fundamental issue arising in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is the selection of the optimal path between any two nodes. A method that has been advocated to improve routing efficiency is to select the most stable path so as to reduce the latency and the overhead due to route reconstruction. In this work we study the stability of a routing path, which is subject to link failures caused by node mobility, and we consider as metrics of interest the duration and the availability of a path. Moreover, using the results on path duration and availability, we show how to determine the optimal path in terms of route stability, under the Random Direction mobility models.
Mobile ad hoc networks – dangling issues of optimal path strategyAlexander Decker
The document discusses issues related to selecting optimal paths in mobile ad hoc networks. It proposes using a random direction mobility model to detect neighborhoods and trace paths between source and destination nodes. The model represents nodes moving in random directions for periods of time before pausing. The paper also discusses calculating the probability of link availability over time between two moving nodes based on their movements and developing a link maintenance probability model. An implementation of detecting neighborhoods using this low probability mobility model in Java is also described.
In ad hoc networks, routing plays a pertinent role. Deploying the appropriate routing protocol is very important in order to achieve best routing performance and reliability. Equally important is the mobility model that is used in the routing protocol. Various mobility models are available and each can have different impact on the performance of the routing protocol. In this paper, we focus on this issue by examining how the routing protocol, Optimized Link State Routing protocol, behaves as the mobility model is varied. For this, three random mobility models, viz., random waypoint, random walk and random direction are considered. The performance metrics used for assessment of Optimized Link State Routing protocol are Optimized Link State Routing protocol, end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mobility models for delay tolerant network a surveyijwmn
Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) is an emerging networking technology that is widely used in the
environment where end-to-end paths do not exist. DTN follows store-carry-forward mechanism to route
data. This mechanism exploits the mobility of nodes and hence the performances of DTN routing and
application protocols are highly dependent on the underlying mobility of nodes and its characteristics.
Therefore, suitable mobility models are required to be incorporated in the simulation tools to evaluate DTN
protocols across many scenarios. In DTN mobility modelling literature, a number of mobility models have
been developed based on synthetic theory and real world mobility traces. Furthermore, many researchers
have developed specific application oriented mobility models. All these models do not provide accurate
evaluation in the all scenarios. Therefore, model selection is an important issue in DTN protocol
simulation. In this study, we have summarized various widely used mobility models and made a comparison
of their performances. Finally, we have concluded with future research directions in mobility modelling for
DTN simulation.
An Enhanced DSR Protocol for Improving QoS in MANETKhushbooGupta145
Ad hoc network is a network without centralized administration in which different users can communicate and exchange information. In such a structure, all the nodes participate in order to achieve the network and ensure the travel of the information. Hence, multihopping techniques are used to achieve this task. The communication reliability within an ad hoc network and how the different nodes act are managed by routing protocols. Nowadays, different types of protocols exist. Nevertheless, the source routing ones, based on information known at the source of the communication, seem to attract more studies. Source routing protocols had shown interesting results in realistic scenarios in areas such as military battlefields or airport stations.
This Paper deals with DSR Protocol and is focused on the multipath aspect of this routing protocol. Since, it is necessary to understand that multipath techniques enhance reliability and can ensure security. We have simulated a new multipath algorithm. The solution had been evaluated with the network Simulator 2. Since we want to know how our protocol reacts in different mobility cases, the random waypoint model which allows us to present relevant results, due to the fact this situation is taken into account.
Simulation results show that the multipath protocol behaves better than DSR, the main actual reactive protocol. The Proposed protocol MSR performs well in high mobility by using much less overhead than DSR. Additionally, it is interesting to see that DSR without any modifications manage poorly in high mobility situation.
Quality of Service Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks Using Node Mobility and ...IJNSA Journal
Exceptionally dynamic networks are Mobile Ad hoc Networks. Quality of Service (QoS) routing in such
Networks are frequently limited by the network split due to either energy depletion or node mobility of the
mobile nodes. In addition, to fulfill specific quality parameters, existence of multiple node-disjoint paths
becomes essential. Such paths assist in the optimal traffic distribution and consistency in case of path
breakages. Thus, to accommodate such problem, we present a node-disjoint multipath protocol. The metric
system of measurement used to select the paths takes into account the stability of the nodes and the
equivalent links.
A comparative study in wireless sensor networksijwmn
This document summarizes and compares several routing algorithms proposed for wireless sensor networks. It discusses algorithms that aim to improve reliability, power efficiency, lifetime, and fault tolerance. The evaluation section compares how each algorithm addresses challenges like reliability, energy conservation, and adapting to topology changes. While various algorithms achieve improvements in areas like power efficiency and lifetime, most still have limitations and do not fully address all the key challenges for wireless sensor networks.
IRJET- Proactive Neighbor Knowledge-based Hybrid Broadcasting in MANETIRJET Journal
This document presents a proactive neighbor knowledge-based hybrid broadcasting (PNKHB) scheme for routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The key goals of PNKHB are to reduce routing overhead and energy consumption compared to existing routing protocols like AODV. PNKHB works by proactively building routing tables using neighbor connectivity information, power levels, and link failure probabilities to select stable routes. Simulation results show that PNKHB decreases average energy consumption by up to 43% and 9% compared to AODV and ANKB respectively. It also increases packet delivery ratio by up to 7% over the other protocols.
Mobile ad hoc networks – dangling issues of optimal path strategyAlexander Decker
The document discusses issues related to selecting optimal paths in mobile ad hoc networks. It proposes using a random direction mobility model to detect neighborhoods and trace paths between source and destination nodes. The model represents nodes moving in random directions for periods of time before pausing. The paper also discusses calculating the probability of link availability over time between two moving nodes based on their movements and developing a link maintenance probability model. An implementation of detecting neighborhoods using this low probability mobility model in Java is also described.
In ad hoc networks, routing plays a pertinent role. Deploying the appropriate routing protocol is very important in order to achieve best routing performance and reliability. Equally important is the mobility model that is used in the routing protocol. Various mobility models are available and each can have different impact on the performance of the routing protocol. In this paper, we focus on this issue by examining how the routing protocol, Optimized Link State Routing protocol, behaves as the mobility model is varied. For this, three random mobility models, viz., random waypoint, random walk and random direction are considered. The performance metrics used for assessment of Optimized Link State Routing protocol are Optimized Link State Routing protocol, end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mobility models for delay tolerant network a surveyijwmn
Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) is an emerging networking technology that is widely used in the
environment where end-to-end paths do not exist. DTN follows store-carry-forward mechanism to route
data. This mechanism exploits the mobility of nodes and hence the performances of DTN routing and
application protocols are highly dependent on the underlying mobility of nodes and its characteristics.
Therefore, suitable mobility models are required to be incorporated in the simulation tools to evaluate DTN
protocols across many scenarios. In DTN mobility modelling literature, a number of mobility models have
been developed based on synthetic theory and real world mobility traces. Furthermore, many researchers
have developed specific application oriented mobility models. All these models do not provide accurate
evaluation in the all scenarios. Therefore, model selection is an important issue in DTN protocol
simulation. In this study, we have summarized various widely used mobility models and made a comparison
of their performances. Finally, we have concluded with future research directions in mobility modelling for
DTN simulation.
An Enhanced DSR Protocol for Improving QoS in MANETKhushbooGupta145
Ad hoc network is a network without centralized administration in which different users can communicate and exchange information. In such a structure, all the nodes participate in order to achieve the network and ensure the travel of the information. Hence, multihopping techniques are used to achieve this task. The communication reliability within an ad hoc network and how the different nodes act are managed by routing protocols. Nowadays, different types of protocols exist. Nevertheless, the source routing ones, based on information known at the source of the communication, seem to attract more studies. Source routing protocols had shown interesting results in realistic scenarios in areas such as military battlefields or airport stations.
This Paper deals with DSR Protocol and is focused on the multipath aspect of this routing protocol. Since, it is necessary to understand that multipath techniques enhance reliability and can ensure security. We have simulated a new multipath algorithm. The solution had been evaluated with the network Simulator 2. Since we want to know how our protocol reacts in different mobility cases, the random waypoint model which allows us to present relevant results, due to the fact this situation is taken into account.
Simulation results show that the multipath protocol behaves better than DSR, the main actual reactive protocol. The Proposed protocol MSR performs well in high mobility by using much less overhead than DSR. Additionally, it is interesting to see that DSR without any modifications manage poorly in high mobility situation.
Quality of Service Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks Using Node Mobility and ...IJNSA Journal
Exceptionally dynamic networks are Mobile Ad hoc Networks. Quality of Service (QoS) routing in such
Networks are frequently limited by the network split due to either energy depletion or node mobility of the
mobile nodes. In addition, to fulfill specific quality parameters, existence of multiple node-disjoint paths
becomes essential. Such paths assist in the optimal traffic distribution and consistency in case of path
breakages. Thus, to accommodate such problem, we present a node-disjoint multipath protocol. The metric
system of measurement used to select the paths takes into account the stability of the nodes and the
equivalent links.
A comparative study in wireless sensor networksijwmn
This document summarizes and compares several routing algorithms proposed for wireless sensor networks. It discusses algorithms that aim to improve reliability, power efficiency, lifetime, and fault tolerance. The evaluation section compares how each algorithm addresses challenges like reliability, energy conservation, and adapting to topology changes. While various algorithms achieve improvements in areas like power efficiency and lifetime, most still have limitations and do not fully address all the key challenges for wireless sensor networks.
IRJET- Proactive Neighbor Knowledge-based Hybrid Broadcasting in MANETIRJET Journal
This document presents a proactive neighbor knowledge-based hybrid broadcasting (PNKHB) scheme for routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The key goals of PNKHB are to reduce routing overhead and energy consumption compared to existing routing protocols like AODV. PNKHB works by proactively building routing tables using neighbor connectivity information, power levels, and link failure probabilities to select stable routes. Simulation results show that PNKHB decreases average energy consumption by up to 43% and 9% compared to AODV and ANKB respectively. It also increases packet delivery ratio by up to 7% over the other protocols.
The document summarizes an Efficient Position-Based Opportunistic Routing (EPOR) protocol proposed for mobile ad hoc networks. EPOR takes advantage of geographic routing and the broadcast nature of wireless transmissions. When a packet is transmitted, overhearing nodes can act as forwarding candidates. The best forwarder is chosen, but if it fails to forward in time, a suboptimal candidate will forward instead to avoid transmission interruptions. Simulation results show EPOR achieves higher packet delivery ratios and lower end-to-end delays than GPSR and AOMDV routing protocols, even under high node mobility.
Performance improvement of vehicular delay tolerant networks using public tra...ijmnct
In some networks, communications are sometimes interrupted and packet sending encounters many delays
due to lack of permanent connection between the nodes. Inter-vehicular and inter-satellite networks, which
are the so-called delay-tolerant networks, are an example to this type. This paper proposed a new routing
algorithm, which could increase efficiency of this kind of networks using predictability feature of bus
movement in a vehicular network. In this paper, bus routes were considered the backbone for vehicular
network and, knowing route of bus and destination of packets, the proposed algorithm, which was able to
use this information, was introduced. In addition, the proposed algorithm was simulated to prove its
efficiency and then it was compared with other algorithms in different conditions. The obtained results
indicated acceptable efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Present new mechanisms for modelling multiple interfaces on a node, support for interference-limited links and a frame-work for modelling complex applications running on the nodes. Furthermore, provide an overview of concrete use cases where the simulator has been successfully exploited to study a variety of aspects related to opportunistic, message-based communications. Node movement is implemented by movement models. These are either synthetic models or existing movement traces. Connectivity between the nodes is based on their location, communication range and the bit-rate. The routing function is implemented by routing modules that decide which messages to forward over existing contacts. Finally, the messages themselves are generated either through event generators that generate random traffic between the nodes, or through applications that generate traffic based on application interactions. The main functions of the simulator are the modelling of node movement, inter-node contacts using various interfaces, routing, message handling and application interactions. Result collection and analysis are done through visualization, reports and post-processing tools.
SURVEY AND TAXONOMY OF UNICAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSgraphhoc
The purpose of this paper is to survey the unicast routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks
(MANETs) and study their primary route selection principle. In this context, we did an exhaustive survey
of unicast MANET routing protocols proposed in the literature. Qualitatively, based on their primary
route selection principle, we show that all these protocols could be placed under one of two broad route
selection categories: routing based on minimum-weight path and routing based on stability. In addition
to the primary route selection principle, we also identify the underlying routing metric and the routing
philosophy (proactive, reactive, flat, hierarchical, location-awareness, power-sensitiveness and multipath
capability) adopted by the different routing protocols. We believe the survey can be a great source of
information for researchers in ad hoc networks.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using two-hop relay with erasure coding to increase message delivery probability in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It develops a finite-state absorbing Markov chain framework to model the message delivery process. Based on this, it derives closed-form expressions for message delivery probability under different message lifetimes and sizes. The key findings are that two-hop relay with erasure coding can improve delivery probability compared to traditional routing, and the probability varies based on message parameters and node density.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document proposes a new fuzzy logic-based routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) that considers path stability, residual energy of nodes, and bandwidth for optimal path selection at the source node. It also proposes adjusting the transmission rate at the source node based on end-to-end delay and packet loss ratio measured at the destination node. This cross-layer approach uses two fuzzy logic systems - one for path selection based on stability and bandwidth, and another for transmission rate adjustment based on delay and packet loss. The goal is to select stable paths and prevent congestion for more efficient data transmission in MANETs.
The document summarizes an algorithmic approach for detecting selfish and malicious nodes in cluster-based ad hoc wireless networks. It discusses:
1) Mobile ad hoc networks can have nodes that are selfish and refuse to forward packets to save energy or disrupt the network. Clustering is proposed to detect misbehavior within each cluster.
2) The algorithm classifies nodes into clusters, allowing each cluster head to detect false accusations within the cluster. It also describes how clusters are constructed.
3) A 2ACK scheme is proposed where the source node sends a packet to the first node, which forwards it to the next node. Each node then sends an ACK to the previous node. This detects misbehaving nodes that drop
Novel Routing Protocol Based on Periodic Route Discovery for Mobile Adhoc Net...IJERA Editor
A group of mobile devices called as nodes, without any centralized network, communicates with each other over multi-hop links is called as an Ad-hoc Network (MANET). The military battle-field scenarios, Post-disaster rescue efforts, sensor networks, and entrepreneurs in a conference are some of the examples of mobile ad-hoc networks. Since there is no infrastructure in the network, the routing should be handled at every node. To improve the life time of network different routing protocols are consider. In present routing protocols of ad hoc networks, routing is an act of moving information from a source to destination in an internetwork. Route is selected in the route discovery phase until all the packets are sent out. Due to the continuous flow of packets in a selected route leads to the route failure. In order to reduce this problem we consider PRD-based MMBCR and considering the percentage of the optimum value for periodic route discovery. In our research we are going to analyze the performance of different routing protocols like DSR, MMBCR to get maximum optimum value using Network Simulator Software.
Abstract
Routing in MANET is one of the most researched areas in the field of networking; moreover it is one of the most complex tasks.
RF based transmission techniques are widely used in wireless communication networks. Due to the availability of sophisticated
optical components, the networking domain could be merged with optical domain to have a higher capacity and better
transmission. So in order to overcome the disadvantages of RF domain, we can use light as a medium between nodes. i.e, FSOMANET.
This work is aimed at designing an efficient routing in FSO MANET. This paper proposes a method to find the stable
path as well as stable nodes between the source and destination. The steps are as follows. i) Topology Management ii) Trust Level
Calculation iii) Award and Reward ranking iv)Path Selection. The proposed technique will be implemented in the working
platform of MATLAB.
Keywords: Mobile Ad Hoc Network, Free Space Optics, Link Stability, Delay Tolerant Networking, Clustering
Technique, Award and Reward
Improve MANET network performance using ESPS approachSurbhi Sharma
The document presents a paper on an Efficient Stable Path Selection Approach (ESPS) for improved network performance in mobile ad hoc networks. The paper proposes a new routing protocol called MCCP that uses an ant colony optimization algorithm to select the most stable path for communication between nodes. The methodology involves assumptions about the network, assigning parameters like mobility, signal strength, and node degree, and using an ACO algorithm to optimize path selection. The approach is implemented using the NS2 simulator and results show that MCCP improves performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and throughput compared to the AOMDV routing protocol. The paper concludes that ESPS achieves more efficient and effective data transmission through stable path selection
Survey: Multipath routing for Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJMTER
Reliability is playing very vital role in some application of Wireless Sensor Networks
and multipath routing is one of the ways to increase the probability of reliability. More over energy
consumption is constraint. In this paper, we provide a survey of the state-of-the-art of proposed
multipath routing algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. We study the design, analyze the tradeoff
of each design, and overview several presenting algorithms.
QUALITY OF SERVICE ROUTING IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING LOCATION AND ENERG...ijwmn
Mobile Ad hoc Networks are highly dynamic networks. Quality of Service (QoS) routing in such networks is usually limited by the network breakage due to either node mobility or energy depletion of the mobile nodes. Also, to fulfill certain quality parameters, presence of multiple node-disjoint paths becomes essential. Such paths aid in the optimal traffic distribution and reliability in case of path breakages. Thus, to cater such problem, we present a node-disjoint multi path protocol. The metric used to select the paths takes into account the stability of the nodes and the corresponding links. The proposed technique is also illustrated with an example.
DATA FORWARDING IN OPPORTUNISTIC NETWORK USING MOBILE TRACEScscpconf
Opportunistic networks are usually formed spontaneously by mobile devices equipped with
short range wireless communication interfaces. The idea is that an end-to-end connection may
never be present. Designing and implementing a routing protocol to support both service
discovery and delivery in such kinds of networks is a challenging problem on account of
frequent disconnections and topology changes. In these networks one of the most important
issues relies on the selection of the best intermediate node to forward the messages towards the
destination. This paper presents a mobile trace based routing protocol that uses the location
information of the nodes in the network. Using the trace information, next hop is selected to forward the packets to destination. Data forwarding is done via the selected nodes. The effectiveness is shown using simulation
This document proposes an adaptive scheme to reduce unnecessary hello messages used for neighbor discovery in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The scheme aims to make the hello interval proportional to the event interval of each node. This reduces energy consumption and overhead from frequent hello messages when nodes are inactive. The scheme is evaluated through simulations applied to AODV and DYMO routing protocols, showing reductions in energy usage and hello packet overhead compared to using a constant hello interval. The adaptive scheme performs better as the number of nodes increases by limiting unnecessary hello transmissions when nodes are not actively sending or receiving data.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Routing techniques in message passing networks determine the path that messages take from their source to destination nodes. There are two main types of routing: deterministic (oblivious) routing which uses only the source and destination addresses to determine the path regardless of network conditions, and adaptive routing which allows the path to depend on current network conditions. Common problems that can occur with routing include deadlock when two messages are each waiting on resources held by the other, livelock when a message cycles endlessly without reaching its destination, and starvation when a node is unable to inject messages into the network. Techniques to avoid these problems include using channel dependency graphs to ensure deadlock-free routing, prioritizing messages to prevent livelock,
An improved node initiated message ferrying approach for data disseminaIAEME Publication
This document discusses an improved node-initiated message ferrying approach (I-NIMF) for data dissemination in disconnected mobile ad hoc networks. In the traditional node-initiated message ferrying approach, sender/receiver nodes must move toward ferries to transmit/receive data, which can disrupt node mobility and processing. The improved approach allows nodes to select intermediate nodes closer to the ferry to transmit/receive data on their behalf, eliminating the need for sender/receiver nodes to move or synchronize with ferries. Simulation results showed the improved approach reduces message delay compared to the traditional node-initiated approach.
This document discusses different encoding mechanisms that can be used to perform secure communication in sensor networks in an energy-efficient manner. It first discusses routing approaches in sensor networks such as unicast routing, multicast routing, global routing and maze routing. It then examines various error detection techniques like repetition schemes, parity schemes and error-correcting codes. The document goes on to explain different encoding techniques - convolution codes, Hamming codes, Reed Solomon encoding. Convolution codes use shift registers and modulo-2 addition to encode input bits into output bits. Hamming codes are block codes that use a generator matrix to encode data bits into codewords. Reed Solomon encoding is a block encoding scheme that forms codewords by adding parity bits to the data using
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...IISTech2015
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based mobile ad hoc networks || 2015-2016 IEEE NS2 Projects Training
Contact: IIS TECHNOLOGIES
ph:9952077540,landline:044 42637391
mail:info@iistechnologies.in
Even with the best training, accidents sometimes still occur. Do you know how to handle an investigation when the unthinkable happens? With complex systems, mistakes are made, but your process can be simplified. Join Amanda Rawls, KPA District Manager, as she dissects accidents from beginning to end, highlighting the investigation, analysis, and the final decision making process, to learn how you can manage accident investigation and prevent accidents in the future.
The document summarizes an Efficient Position-Based Opportunistic Routing (EPOR) protocol proposed for mobile ad hoc networks. EPOR takes advantage of geographic routing and the broadcast nature of wireless transmissions. When a packet is transmitted, overhearing nodes can act as forwarding candidates. The best forwarder is chosen, but if it fails to forward in time, a suboptimal candidate will forward instead to avoid transmission interruptions. Simulation results show EPOR achieves higher packet delivery ratios and lower end-to-end delays than GPSR and AOMDV routing protocols, even under high node mobility.
Performance improvement of vehicular delay tolerant networks using public tra...ijmnct
In some networks, communications are sometimes interrupted and packet sending encounters many delays
due to lack of permanent connection between the nodes. Inter-vehicular and inter-satellite networks, which
are the so-called delay-tolerant networks, are an example to this type. This paper proposed a new routing
algorithm, which could increase efficiency of this kind of networks using predictability feature of bus
movement in a vehicular network. In this paper, bus routes were considered the backbone for vehicular
network and, knowing route of bus and destination of packets, the proposed algorithm, which was able to
use this information, was introduced. In addition, the proposed algorithm was simulated to prove its
efficiency and then it was compared with other algorithms in different conditions. The obtained results
indicated acceptable efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Present new mechanisms for modelling multiple interfaces on a node, support for interference-limited links and a frame-work for modelling complex applications running on the nodes. Furthermore, provide an overview of concrete use cases where the simulator has been successfully exploited to study a variety of aspects related to opportunistic, message-based communications. Node movement is implemented by movement models. These are either synthetic models or existing movement traces. Connectivity between the nodes is based on their location, communication range and the bit-rate. The routing function is implemented by routing modules that decide which messages to forward over existing contacts. Finally, the messages themselves are generated either through event generators that generate random traffic between the nodes, or through applications that generate traffic based on application interactions. The main functions of the simulator are the modelling of node movement, inter-node contacts using various interfaces, routing, message handling and application interactions. Result collection and analysis are done through visualization, reports and post-processing tools.
SURVEY AND TAXONOMY OF UNICAST ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSgraphhoc
The purpose of this paper is to survey the unicast routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks
(MANETs) and study their primary route selection principle. In this context, we did an exhaustive survey
of unicast MANET routing protocols proposed in the literature. Qualitatively, based on their primary
route selection principle, we show that all these protocols could be placed under one of two broad route
selection categories: routing based on minimum-weight path and routing based on stability. In addition
to the primary route selection principle, we also identify the underlying routing metric and the routing
philosophy (proactive, reactive, flat, hierarchical, location-awareness, power-sensitiveness and multipath
capability) adopted by the different routing protocols. We believe the survey can be a great source of
information for researchers in ad hoc networks.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using two-hop relay with erasure coding to increase message delivery probability in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It develops a finite-state absorbing Markov chain framework to model the message delivery process. Based on this, it derives closed-form expressions for message delivery probability under different message lifetimes and sizes. The key findings are that two-hop relay with erasure coding can improve delivery probability compared to traditional routing, and the probability varies based on message parameters and node density.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document proposes a new fuzzy logic-based routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) that considers path stability, residual energy of nodes, and bandwidth for optimal path selection at the source node. It also proposes adjusting the transmission rate at the source node based on end-to-end delay and packet loss ratio measured at the destination node. This cross-layer approach uses two fuzzy logic systems - one for path selection based on stability and bandwidth, and another for transmission rate adjustment based on delay and packet loss. The goal is to select stable paths and prevent congestion for more efficient data transmission in MANETs.
The document summarizes an algorithmic approach for detecting selfish and malicious nodes in cluster-based ad hoc wireless networks. It discusses:
1) Mobile ad hoc networks can have nodes that are selfish and refuse to forward packets to save energy or disrupt the network. Clustering is proposed to detect misbehavior within each cluster.
2) The algorithm classifies nodes into clusters, allowing each cluster head to detect false accusations within the cluster. It also describes how clusters are constructed.
3) A 2ACK scheme is proposed where the source node sends a packet to the first node, which forwards it to the next node. Each node then sends an ACK to the previous node. This detects misbehaving nodes that drop
Novel Routing Protocol Based on Periodic Route Discovery for Mobile Adhoc Net...IJERA Editor
A group of mobile devices called as nodes, without any centralized network, communicates with each other over multi-hop links is called as an Ad-hoc Network (MANET). The military battle-field scenarios, Post-disaster rescue efforts, sensor networks, and entrepreneurs in a conference are some of the examples of mobile ad-hoc networks. Since there is no infrastructure in the network, the routing should be handled at every node. To improve the life time of network different routing protocols are consider. In present routing protocols of ad hoc networks, routing is an act of moving information from a source to destination in an internetwork. Route is selected in the route discovery phase until all the packets are sent out. Due to the continuous flow of packets in a selected route leads to the route failure. In order to reduce this problem we consider PRD-based MMBCR and considering the percentage of the optimum value for periodic route discovery. In our research we are going to analyze the performance of different routing protocols like DSR, MMBCR to get maximum optimum value using Network Simulator Software.
Abstract
Routing in MANET is one of the most researched areas in the field of networking; moreover it is one of the most complex tasks.
RF based transmission techniques are widely used in wireless communication networks. Due to the availability of sophisticated
optical components, the networking domain could be merged with optical domain to have a higher capacity and better
transmission. So in order to overcome the disadvantages of RF domain, we can use light as a medium between nodes. i.e, FSOMANET.
This work is aimed at designing an efficient routing in FSO MANET. This paper proposes a method to find the stable
path as well as stable nodes between the source and destination. The steps are as follows. i) Topology Management ii) Trust Level
Calculation iii) Award and Reward ranking iv)Path Selection. The proposed technique will be implemented in the working
platform of MATLAB.
Keywords: Mobile Ad Hoc Network, Free Space Optics, Link Stability, Delay Tolerant Networking, Clustering
Technique, Award and Reward
Improve MANET network performance using ESPS approachSurbhi Sharma
The document presents a paper on an Efficient Stable Path Selection Approach (ESPS) for improved network performance in mobile ad hoc networks. The paper proposes a new routing protocol called MCCP that uses an ant colony optimization algorithm to select the most stable path for communication between nodes. The methodology involves assumptions about the network, assigning parameters like mobility, signal strength, and node degree, and using an ACO algorithm to optimize path selection. The approach is implemented using the NS2 simulator and results show that MCCP improves performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and throughput compared to the AOMDV routing protocol. The paper concludes that ESPS achieves more efficient and effective data transmission through stable path selection
Survey: Multipath routing for Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJMTER
Reliability is playing very vital role in some application of Wireless Sensor Networks
and multipath routing is one of the ways to increase the probability of reliability. More over energy
consumption is constraint. In this paper, we provide a survey of the state-of-the-art of proposed
multipath routing algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. We study the design, analyze the tradeoff
of each design, and overview several presenting algorithms.
QUALITY OF SERVICE ROUTING IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING LOCATION AND ENERG...ijwmn
Mobile Ad hoc Networks are highly dynamic networks. Quality of Service (QoS) routing in such networks is usually limited by the network breakage due to either node mobility or energy depletion of the mobile nodes. Also, to fulfill certain quality parameters, presence of multiple node-disjoint paths becomes essential. Such paths aid in the optimal traffic distribution and reliability in case of path breakages. Thus, to cater such problem, we present a node-disjoint multi path protocol. The metric used to select the paths takes into account the stability of the nodes and the corresponding links. The proposed technique is also illustrated with an example.
DATA FORWARDING IN OPPORTUNISTIC NETWORK USING MOBILE TRACEScscpconf
Opportunistic networks are usually formed spontaneously by mobile devices equipped with
short range wireless communication interfaces. The idea is that an end-to-end connection may
never be present. Designing and implementing a routing protocol to support both service
discovery and delivery in such kinds of networks is a challenging problem on account of
frequent disconnections and topology changes. In these networks one of the most important
issues relies on the selection of the best intermediate node to forward the messages towards the
destination. This paper presents a mobile trace based routing protocol that uses the location
information of the nodes in the network. Using the trace information, next hop is selected to forward the packets to destination. Data forwarding is done via the selected nodes. The effectiveness is shown using simulation
This document proposes an adaptive scheme to reduce unnecessary hello messages used for neighbor discovery in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The scheme aims to make the hello interval proportional to the event interval of each node. This reduces energy consumption and overhead from frequent hello messages when nodes are inactive. The scheme is evaluated through simulations applied to AODV and DYMO routing protocols, showing reductions in energy usage and hello packet overhead compared to using a constant hello interval. The adaptive scheme performs better as the number of nodes increases by limiting unnecessary hello transmissions when nodes are not actively sending or receiving data.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Routing techniques in message passing networks determine the path that messages take from their source to destination nodes. There are two main types of routing: deterministic (oblivious) routing which uses only the source and destination addresses to determine the path regardless of network conditions, and adaptive routing which allows the path to depend on current network conditions. Common problems that can occur with routing include deadlock when two messages are each waiting on resources held by the other, livelock when a message cycles endlessly without reaching its destination, and starvation when a node is unable to inject messages into the network. Techniques to avoid these problems include using channel dependency graphs to ensure deadlock-free routing, prioritizing messages to prevent livelock,
An improved node initiated message ferrying approach for data disseminaIAEME Publication
This document discusses an improved node-initiated message ferrying approach (I-NIMF) for data dissemination in disconnected mobile ad hoc networks. In the traditional node-initiated message ferrying approach, sender/receiver nodes must move toward ferries to transmit/receive data, which can disrupt node mobility and processing. The improved approach allows nodes to select intermediate nodes closer to the ferry to transmit/receive data on their behalf, eliminating the need for sender/receiver nodes to move or synchronize with ferries. Simulation results showed the improved approach reduces message delay compared to the traditional node-initiated approach.
This document discusses different encoding mechanisms that can be used to perform secure communication in sensor networks in an energy-efficient manner. It first discusses routing approaches in sensor networks such as unicast routing, multicast routing, global routing and maze routing. It then examines various error detection techniques like repetition schemes, parity schemes and error-correcting codes. The document goes on to explain different encoding techniques - convolution codes, Hamming codes, Reed Solomon encoding. Convolution codes use shift registers and modulo-2 addition to encode input bits into output bits. Hamming codes are block codes that use a generator matrix to encode data bits into codewords. Reed Solomon encoding is a block encoding scheme that forms codewords by adding parity bits to the data using
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...IISTech2015
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based mobile ad hoc networks || 2015-2016 IEEE NS2 Projects Training
Contact: IIS TECHNOLOGIES
ph:9952077540,landline:044 42637391
mail:info@iistechnologies.in
Even with the best training, accidents sometimes still occur. Do you know how to handle an investigation when the unthinkable happens? With complex systems, mistakes are made, but your process can be simplified. Join Amanda Rawls, KPA District Manager, as she dissects accidents from beginning to end, highlighting the investigation, analysis, and the final decision making process, to learn how you can manage accident investigation and prevent accidents in the future.
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based m...ieeeprojectschennai
Cooperative load balancing and dynamic channel allocation for cluster based mobile ad hoc networks
+91-9994232214,8144199666, ieeeprojectchennai@gmail.com,
www.projectsieee.com, www.ieee-projects-chennai.com
IEEE PROJECTS 2015-2016
-----------------------------------
Contact:+91-9994232214,+91-8144199666
Email:ieeeprojectchennai@gmail.com
Support:
-------------
Projects Code
Documentation
PPT
Projects Video File
Projects Explanation
Teamviewer Support
Online Loan Application & Its Verification SystemSoban Ahmad
In This report we included the Online Loan Application & its verification, Detailed about the Requirements & Explain it with Modelling Including Contextual, UML, Sequence, class, state Machine & Activity Diagram.
1. The document discusses the stability of pharmaceutical products and factors that affect stability such as temperature, moisture, light, and packaging.
2. It covers different types of stability including chemical, physical, and microbiological stability. Regulatory requirements for stability studies and guidelines from organizations like ICH are also reviewed.
3. The major pathways for drug degradation are described as physical degradation, chemical degradation through oxidation, hydrolysis, and other reactions. Methods to protect against these degradation pathways are summarized.
Efficient and stable route selection by using cross layer concept for highly...Roopali Singh
Efficient and stable route selection by using cross layer concept for highly mobile network with predictive features by Rupali Singh, Gajendra Singh Dhakad
published in International Journal of Research & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 4_November_2015
Mobility is one of the basic features that define an ad hoc network, an asset that leaves the field free for the
nodes to move. The most important aspect of this kind of network turns into a great disadvantage when it
comes to commercial applications, take as an example: the automotive networks that allow communication
between a groups of vehicles. The ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol, designed
for mobile ad hoc networks, has two main functions. First, it enables route establishment between a source
and a destination node by initiating a route discovery process. Second, it maintains the active routes, which
means finding alternative routes in a case of a link failure and deleting routes when they are no longer
desired. In a highly mobile network those are demanding tasks to be performed efficiently and accurately.
In this paper, we focused in the first point to enhance the local decision of each node in the network by the
quantification of the mobility of their neighbours. Quantification is made around RSSI algorithm a well
known distance estimation method.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF OLSR PROTOCOL IN MANET CONSIDERING DIFFERENT MOBILITY...ijwmn
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is created when an independent mobile node network is connected dynamically via wireless links. MANET is a self-organizing network that does not rely on pre-existing infrastructure such as wired or wireless network routers. Mobile nodes in this network move randomly, thus, the topology is always changing. Routing protocols in MANET are critical in ensuring dependable and consistent connectivity between the mobile nodes. They conclude logically based on the interaction between mobile nodes in MANET routing and encourage them to choose the optimum path between source and destination. Routing protocols are classified as proactive, reactive, or hybrid. The focus of this project will be on Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol, a proactive routing technique. OLSR is known as the optimized variant of link state routing in which packets are sent throughout the network using the multipoint relay (MPR) mechanism. This article evaluates the performance of the OLSR routing protocol under condition of changing mobility speed and network density. The study's performance indicators are average packet throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and average packet latency. Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) and an external patch UM-OLSR are used to simulate and evaluate the performance of such protocol. As a result of research, the approach of implementing the MPR mechanism are able to minimise redundant data transmission during the normal message broadcast. The MPRs enhance the link state protocols’ traditional diffusion mechanism by selecting the right MPRs. Hence, the number of undesired broadcasts can be reduced and limited. Further research will focus on different scenario and environment using different mobility model.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF OLSR PROTOCOL IN MANET CONSIDERING DIFFERENT MOBILITY...ijwmn
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is created when an independent mobile node network is connected
dynamically via wireless links. MANET is a self-organizing network that does not rely on pre-existing
infrastructure such as wired or wireless network routers. Mobile nodes in this network move randomly,
thus, the topology is always changing. Routing protocols in MANET are critical in ensuring dependable
and consistent connectivity between the mobile nodes. They conclude logically based on the interaction
between mobile nodes in MANET routing and encourage them to choose the optimum path between source
and destination. Routing protocols are classified as proactive, reactive, or hybrid. The focus of this project
will be on Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol, a proactive routing technique. OLSR is known as
the optimized variant of link state routing in which packets are sent throughout the network using the
multipoint relay (MPR) mechanism. This article evaluates the performance of the OLSR routing protocol
under condition of changing mobility speed and network density. The study's performance indicators are
average packet throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and average packet latency. Network Simulator 2
(NS-2) and an external patch UM-OLSR are used to simulate and evaluate the performance of such
protocol. As a result of research, the approach of implementing the MPR mechanism are able to minimise
redundant data transmission during the normal message broadcast. The MPRs enhance the link state
protocols’ traditional diffusion mechanism by selecting the right MPRs. Hence, the number of undesired
broadcasts can be reduced and limited. Further research will focus on different scenario and environment
using different mobility model
Multipath Fault Tolerant Routing Protocol in MANET pijans
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) consist of a collection of wireless mobile nodes which dynamically
exchange data among themselves without the reliance on a fixed base station or a wired backbone network
and it the makes the routing a crucial issue to the design of the MANET. Multiple path routing protocols
are shown to be performance-effective alternatives over single-path routing for ad hoc networks and it
represents a promising routing method for wireless mobile ad hoc networks. Multi-path routing achieves
load balancing and is more resilient to route failures..In this paper we propose an energy efficient
multipath fault tolerant routing protocol to improve the reliability of data routing in Mobile ad hoc
networks. The proposed RFTA is a multi objective routing protocol that meets diverse application
requirements by considering the changing conditions of the network. The efficiency of the proposed
protocol has been evaluated on different scenarios and there has been a noticeable improvement in the
packet delivery ratio and also in the reduction of end-to-end delay comparing to SMR,SMS and MDSR.
Link Prediction And Link Establishment Based On Network Nodes Life Time In Mo...inventionjournals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing algorithm called the Link Prediction Routing Algorithm (LPRA) for mobile ad hoc networks. The LPRA aims to establish reliable links and perform persistent data forwarding based on predicting node and link lifetimes. It does so by selecting routes with the longest predicted lifetimes. The algorithm is evaluated through simulation and shown to improve performance metrics like throughput, delivery ratio, and delay compared to existing techniques. It aims to efficiently route data in unstable mobile ad hoc networks where topology frequently changes.
PERFORMANCES OF AD HOC NETWORKS UNDER DETERMINISTIC AND PROBABILISTIC CHANNEL...IJCNCJournal
Deterministic channel models have been widely used in simulation and modeling of ad hoc network for a long time. But, deterministic channel models are too simple to represent a real-world ad hoc network scenario. Recently, random channel models have drawn considerable attention of the researchers in this field. The results presented in the literature show that random channel models have a grave impact on the
performance of an ad hoc network. A comprehensive investigation on this issue is yet to be available in the
literature. In this investigation, we consider both deterministic and random channel models to investigate their effects on ad hoc networks. We consider two different types of routing protocols namely single path and multipath routing protocols. We choose Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR), and Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) as the single path routing protocols. On the other hand, we choose Ad-hoc On-Demand Multiple Path Distance Vector (AOMDV) as the multipath routing protocol. The results show that some single path routing protocol can outperform multipath routing protocol under both deterministic and random channel conditions. These results surprisingly contradict the popular claim that multipath routing protocol always outperforms single path routing protocol. A guideline for choosing an appropriate routing protocol for adhoc network has also been provided in this work.
SHADOWING EFFECTS ON ROUTING PROTOCOL OF MULTIHOP AD HOC NETWORKSijasuc
Two-ray ground reflection model has been widely used as the propagation model to investigate the
performance of an ad hoc network. But two-ray model is too simple to represent a real world network. A
more realistic model namely shadowing propagation model has been used in this investigation. Under
shadowing propagation model, a mobile node may receive a packet at a signal level that is below a
required threshold level. This low signal level affects the routing protocol as well as the medium access
control protocol of a network. An analytical model has been presented in this paper to investigate the
shadowing effects on the network performance. The analytical model has been verified via simulation
results. Simulation results show that the performance of a network becomes very poor if shadowing
propagation model is used in compare to the simple two-ray model. Two solutions have also been proposed
in this paper to overcome the effects of shadowing. One solution is a physical layer solution and the other
one is a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer solution. Simulation results show that these two solutions
reduce the shadowing effect and improve network performance.
SHADOWING EFFECTS ON ROUTING PROTOCOL OF MULTIHOP AD HOC NETWORKSijasuc
Two-ray ground reflection model has been widely used as the propagation model to investigate the
performance of an ad hoc network. But two-ray model is too simple to represent a real world network. A
more realistic model namely shadowing propagation model has been used in this investigation. Under
shadowing propagation model, a mobile node may receive a packet at a signal level that is below a
required threshold level. This low signal level affects the routing protocol as well as the medium access
control protocol of a network. An analytical model has been presented in this paper to investigate the
shadowing effects on the network performance. The analytical model has been verified via simulation
results. Simulation results show that the performance of a network becomes very poor if shadowing
propagation model is used in compare to the simple two-ray model. Two solutions have also been proposed
in this paper to overcome the effects of shadowing. One solution is a physical layer solution and the other
one is a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer solution. Simulation results show that these two solutions
reduce the shadowing effect and improve network performance.
SHADOWING EFFECTS ON ROUTING PROTOCOL OF MULTIHOP AD HOC NETWORKSijasuc
Two-ray ground reflection model has been widely used as the propagation model to investigate the
performance of an ad hoc network. But two-ray model is too simple to represent a real world network. A
more realistic model namely shadowing propagation model has been used in this investigation. Under
shadowing propagation model, a mobile node may receive a packet at a signal level that is below a
required threshold level. This low signal level affects the routing protocol as well as the medium access
control protocol of a network. An analytical model has been presented in this paper to investigate the
shadowing effects on the network performance. The analytical model has been verified via simulation
results. Simulation results show that the performance of a network becomes very poor if shadowing
propagation model is used in compare to the simple two-ray model. Two solutions have also been proposed
in this paper to overcome the effects of shadowing. One solution is a physical layer solution and the other
one is a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer solution. Simulation results show that these two solutions
reduce the shadowing effect and improve network performance.
Mobility is one of the basic features that define an ad hoc network, an asset that leaves the field
free for the nodes to move. The most important aspect of this kind of network turns into a great
disadvantage when it comes to commercial applications, take as an example: the automotive
networks that allow communication between a groups of vehicles. The ad hoc on-demand
distance vector (AODV) routing protocol, designed for mobile ad hoc networks, has two main
functions. First, it enables route establishment between a source and a destination node by
initiating a route discovery process. Second, it maintains the active routes, which means finding
alternative routes in a case of a link failure and deleting routes when they are no longer
desired. In a highly mobile network those are demanding tasks to be performed efficiently and
accurately. In this paper, we focused in the first point to enhance the local decision of each node
in the network by the quantification of the mobility of their neighbours. Quantification is made
around RSSI algorithm a well known distance estimation method.
A SURVEY OF ENHANCED ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR MANETspijans
This document summarizes and surveys several enhanced routing protocols that have been developed for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins by providing background on routing challenges in MANETs and classifications of routing protocols. It then describes several traditional and widely used routing protocols, including DSDV, OLSR, TORA, DSR, and AODV. The document focuses on summarizing several new routing protocols that have been proposed to improve upon existing protocols. It discusses protocols such as BAWB-DSR, CCSR, RAMP, AODV-SBA, CBRP-R, and CBTRP - noting techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of each. The overall purpose is to review
A Survey of Enhanced Routing Protocols for Manetspijans
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) form a class of dynamic multi-hop networks consisting of a set of
mobile nodes that intercommunicate on shared wireless channels. MANETs are self-organizing and selfconfiguring multi-hop wireless networks, where the network structure changes dynamically due to the node
mobility. There exists no fixed topology due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation
and path loss. Hence efficient dynamic routing protocols are required for these networks to function
properly. Many routing protocols have been developed to accomplish this task. In this paper we survey
various new routing protocols that have been developed as extensions or advanced versions of previously
existing routing protocols for MANETs such as DSR, AODV, OLSR etc.
Efficient Routing Protocol in the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) by using Gene...IOSR Journals
This document discusses using a genetic algorithm to improve routing in mobile ad hoc networks. It begins with background on mobile ad hoc networks and common routing protocols. It then introduces genetic algorithms and how they work by simulating natural evolution. The document proposes using a genetic algorithm with the AODV routing protocol to find optimal paths between source and destination nodes. It describes implementing this approach and comparing its performance to traditional AODV routing. The results showed the genetic algorithm approach performed better in terms of quality of service and throughput.
IMPROVED NETWORK CONNECTIVITY IN MANETSIJCNCJournal
The growth in wireless communication technologies has resulted in a considerable amount of
attention given to mobile adhoc networks. All mobile hosts in an adhoc network are embedded with
packet forwarding capabilities. It is decentralized and is independent of infrastructure. Since mobile
hosts in an adhoc network usually move freely, the topology of the network changes dynamically and
disconnection occurs frequently. These characteristics require the routing protocols to find an
alternative path towards the destination for data transfer. The existing on-demand routing protocols
does the alternative path establishment only after the disconnection of links in the existing path. The
data sent by the source during alternate path establishment period will be lost leading to incomplete
data transfer. The network traffic will therefore increase considerably. This problem can be overcome
by establishing an alternative path when the existing path is more likely to be broken, by sending a
warning message to the source indicating the likelihood of disconnection. In this paper an attempt has
been made to analyze a protocol that improves the network connectivity by preempting the alternative
path before the existing link gets failed by monitoring the signal strength and ‘age of the path’.
MOBILITY AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOL IN AD-HOC NETWORK cscpconf
A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that communicate and collaborate with each other without reliance on any pre-existing infrastructure. In MANETs, wireless links are subject to frequent breakages due to nodes high mobility. While several routing protocols such AODV and DSR have been designed for MANETs, many of operate efficiently under low network mobility conditions and do not adapt well with high mobility conditions. Therefore, considering mobility is a demanding task that should be performed efficiently and accurately. Here, we proposed novel mobility-aware routing protocol based on the well known Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol called: MA-AODV (Mobility Aware Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector) in an attempt to improve the handling of high mobility factor in ad-hoc networks. MA-AODV protocols perform periodic quantification of nodes mobility for the sake of establishing more stable paths between source/destination pairs, hence, avoiding the frequent link breakages associated with using unstable paths that contain high mobile nodes.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a hotspot algorithm to improve node stability in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The paper first provides background on MANETs and challenges with routing in dynamic network topologies. It then discusses the importance of node stability and proposes using a hotspot algorithm to identify stable nodes. The algorithm calculates stability factors for nodes based on their mobility and neighbors' mobility. Routing is done through stable nodes to improve efficiency. The paper models this approach in a network simulator and analyzes results on parameters like packet loss and throughput. Future work involves further optimizing the network using this routing method.
This document analyzes the effects of shadowing and fading on the performance of ad hoc routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It simulates the performance of three routing protocols - Location-Aided Routing (LAR), Routing Information Protocol (RIP), and LANMAR - under different shadowing and fading conditions using the QualNet simulator. The simulation evaluates the protocols based on application layer metrics like end-to-end delay, jitter, throughput, and packet delivery ratio, as well as physical layer metrics like power consumption and battery usage. The results show the impact of realistic channel models like shadowing and fading on routing protocol performance in MANETs.
Link Stability Based On Qos Aware On - Demand Routing In Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that considers link stability and quality of service (QoS) metrics. The protocol estimates link quality based on node mobility prediction using GPS data. It calculates a "cost" metric factoring in link stability and power consumption to select paths with more stable, lower-cost links. Simulation results show the proposed protocol achieves higher throughput and packet delivery ratio compared to existing protocols, with lower control overhead. Future work could incorporate additional link quality metrics and statistical classifiers to further optimize path selection in MANETs.
Similar to Route Stability in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (20)
International Journal of Digital Signal and Image Processing (IJDSIP)arpublication
The International Journal of Digital Signal and Image Processing is calling for papers on signal and image processing topics. Papers must be submitted by December 10, 2014. Authors will be notified of acceptance by December 30, 2014 and final versions are due by January 10, 2015. The journal publishes original research, reviews, and technical notes on areas related to signal and image processing such as digital storage, video processing, and pattern recognition. Papers should be submitted as a word file by email.
International Journal of Computer Science Applications & Information Technolo...arpublication
The International Journal of Computer Science Applications & Information Technologies (IJCSAIT) is an international peer reviewed open access journal. It publishes top-level work from all areas of computer science and information technologies applications. It aims to provide an international forum for researchers, professionals, and industrial practitioners on all topics related to computer science and information technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Computer Networking and Communication (IJCNAC)arpublication
The International Journal of Computer Networking and Communication (IJCNAC) is an international peer reviewed open access journal. It publishes top-level work from all areas of networking and communication. It aims to provide an international forum for researchers, professionals, and industrial practitioners on all topics related to networking area. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Networking (IJWAMN)arpublication
The International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Networking (IJWAMN) is an open access peer-reviewed international research journal. It publishes top-level work from all areas of wireless and Mobile networking. It aims to provide an international forum for researchers, professionals, and industrial practitioners on all topics related to wireless mobile networks. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications..
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical and Electronics Engi...arpublication
The International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IJAREEE) is an international peer reviewed open access journal. It publishes top-level work from all areas of electrical and electronics engineering. It aims to provide an international forum for researchers, professionals, and industrial practitioners on all topics related to electrical and electronics engineering area. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Advanced Mechanical Engineering & Applications (IJAMEA)arpublication
The International Journal of Advanced Mechanical Engineering & Applications (IJAMEA) is an international peer reviewed open access journal. It publishes top-level work from all areas of mechanical engineering. It aims to provide an international forum for researchers, professionals, and industrial practitioners on all topics related to mechanical engineering area. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning (IJAIML)arpublication
The International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning (IJAIML) is an international peer reviewed open access journal. It publishes top-level work from all areas of artificial intelligence and machine learning. It aims to provide an international forum for researchers, professionals, and industrial practitioners on all topics related to artificial intelligence and machine learning area. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Digital Signal and Image Processing (IJDSIP)arpublication
The International Journal of Digital Signal and Image Processing (IJDSIP) is an international peer reviewed open access journal. It publishes top-level work from all areas of signal and image processing. It aims to provide an international forum for researchers, professionals, and industrial practitioners on all topics related to signal and image processing area. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Computer Science Applications & Information Technolo...arpublication
The International Journal of Computer Science Applications & Information Technologies (IJCSAIT) is an international peer reviewed open access journal. It publishes top-level work from all areas of computer science and information technologies applications. It aims to provide an international forum for researchers, professionals, and industrial practitioners on all topics related to computer science and information technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Computer Networking and Communication (IJCNAC)arpublication
The document announces a call for papers for the International Journal of Computer Networking and Communication, with submission deadlines of November 20th for notification by December 10th and final versions due by December 20th. It focuses on original research and reviews on topics related to networking, including ad hoc networks, wireless technologies, multimedia networking, network security, and more. Authors are invited to submit manuscripts by email to the provided addresses.
International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Networking (IJWAMN)arpublication
The International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Networking (IJWAMN) is an open access peer-reviewed international research journal. It publishes top-level work from all areas of wireless and Mobile networking. It aims to provide an international forum for researchers, professionals, and industrial practitioners on all topics related to wireless mobile networks. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Digital Signal and Image Processing (IJDSIP)arpublication
The International Journal of Digital Signal and Image Processing (IJDSIP) is an international peer reviewed open access journal. It publishes top-level work from all areas of signal and image processing. It aims to provide an international forum for researchers, professionals, and industrial practitioners on all topics related to signal and image processing area. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Computer Science Applications & Information Technolo...arpublication
The International Journal of Computer Science Applications & Information Technologies (IJCSAIT) is an international peer reviewed open access journal. It publishes top-level work from all areas of computer science and information technologies applications. It aims to provide an international forum for researchers, professionals, and industrial practitioners on all topics related to computer science and information technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Networking (IJWAMN)arpublication
The International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Networking (IJWAMN) is an open access peer-reviewed international research journal. It publishes top-level work from all areas of wireless and Mobile networking. It aims to provide an international forum for researchers, professionals, and industrial practitioners on all topics related to wireless mobile networks. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Computer Networking and Communication (IJCNAC)arpublication
The International Journal of Computer Networking and Communication (IJCNAC) is an international peer reviewed open access journal. It publishes top-level work from all areas of networking and communication. It aims to provide an international forum for researchers, professionals, and industrial practitioners on all topics related to networking area. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical and Electronics Engi...arpublication
The document announces a call for papers for the International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical and Electronics Engineering. It provides important submission deadlines of October 20, 2014 for submission, November 10, 2014 for notification, and November 20, 2014 for final versions. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on topics related to electrical and electronics engineering, including circuit design, control systems, power engineering, and communication systems. Authors are invited to submit manuscripts by email.
International Journal of Advanced Mechanical Engineering & Applications (IJAMEA)arpublication
The document announces a call for papers for the International Journal of Advanced Mechanical Engineering & Applications, providing important submission deadlines of October 20, 2014 for papers, November 10, 2014 for notification, and November 20, 2014 for final versions. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on all areas of mechanical engineering, including topics like advanced manufacturing, applied mechanics, robotics, materials engineering, and more. Authors are invited to electronically submit manuscripts by the given deadline for free publication consideration. The document also invites applications to join the journal's editorial board.
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning (IJAIML)arpublication
The International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning (IJAIML) is an international peer reviewed open access journal. It publishes top-level work from all areas of artificial intelligence and machine learning. It aims to provide an international forum for researchers, professionals, and industrial practitioners on all topics related to artificial intelligence and machine learning area. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Digital Signal and Image Processing (IJDSIP)arpublication
The International Journal of Digital Signal and Image Processing (IJDSIP) is an international peer reviewed open access journal. It publishes top-level work from all areas of signal and image processing. It aims to provide an international forum for researchers, professionals, and industrial practitioners on all topics related to signal and image processing area. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Computer Science Applications & Information Technolo...arpublication
The International Journal of Computer Science Applications & Information Technologies (IJCSAIT) is an international peer reviewed open access journal. It publishes top-level work from all areas of computer science and information technologies applications. It aims to provide an international forum for researchers, professionals, and industrial practitioners on all topics related to computer science and information technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 2 – CoE RolesDianaGray10
In this session, we will review the players involved in the CoE and how each role impacts opportunities.
Topics covered:
• What roles are essential?
• What place in the automation journey does each role play?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
In our second session, we shall learn all about the main features and fundamentals of UiPath Studio that enable us to use the building blocks for any automation project.
📕 Detailed agenda:
Variables and Datatypes
Workflow Layouts
Arguments
Control Flows and Loops
Conditional Statements
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Variables, Constants, and Arguments in Studio
Control Flow in Studio
GlobalLogic Java Community Webinar #18 “How to Improve Web Application Perfor...GlobalLogic Ukraine
Під час доповіді відповімо на питання, навіщо потрібно підвищувати продуктивність аплікації і які є найефективніші способи для цього. А також поговоримо про те, що таке кеш, які його види бувають та, основне — як знайти performance bottleneck?
Відео та деталі заходу: https://bit.ly/45tILxj
The Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) invited Taylor Paschal, Knowledge & Information Management Consultant at Enterprise Knowledge, to speak at a Knowledge Management Lunch and Learn hosted on June 12, 2024. All Office of Administration staff were invited to attend and received professional development credit for participating in the voluntary event.
The objectives of the Lunch and Learn presentation were to:
- Review what KM ‘is’ and ‘isn’t’
- Understand the value of KM and the benefits of engaging
- Define and reflect on your “what’s in it for me?”
- Share actionable ways you can participate in Knowledge - - Capture & Transfer
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation F...AlexanderRichford
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation Functions to Prevent Interaction with Malicious QR Codes.
Aim of the Study: The goal of this research was to develop a robust hybrid approach for identifying malicious and insecure URLs derived from QR codes, ensuring safe interactions.
This is achieved through:
Machine Learning Model: Predicts the likelihood of a URL being malicious.
Security Validation Functions: Ensures the derived URL has a valid certificate and proper URL format.
This innovative blend of technology aims to enhance cybersecurity measures and protect users from potential threats hidden within QR codes 🖥 🔒
This study was my first introduction to using ML which has shown me the immense potential of ML in creating more secure digital environments!
AI in the Workplace Reskilling, Upskilling, and Future Work.pptxSunil Jagani
Discover how AI is transforming the workplace and learn strategies for reskilling and upskilling employees to stay ahead. This comprehensive guide covers the impact of AI on jobs, essential skills for the future, and successful case studies from industry leaders. Embrace AI-driven changes, foster continuous learning, and build a future-ready workforce.
Read More - https://bit.ly/3VKly70
Introducing BoxLang : A new JVM language for productivity and modularity!Ortus Solutions, Corp
Just like life, our code must adapt to the ever changing world we live in. From one day coding for the web, to the next for our tablets or APIs or for running serverless applications. Multi-runtime development is the future of coding, the future is to be dynamic. Let us introduce you to BoxLang.
Dynamic. Modular. Productive.
BoxLang redefines development with its dynamic nature, empowering developers to craft expressive and functional code effortlessly. Its modular architecture prioritizes flexibility, allowing for seamless integration into existing ecosystems.
Interoperability at its Core
With 100% interoperability with Java, BoxLang seamlessly bridges the gap between traditional and modern development paradigms, unlocking new possibilities for innovation and collaboration.
Multi-Runtime
From the tiny 2m operating system binary to running on our pure Java web server, CommandBox, Jakarta EE, AWS Lambda, Microsoft Functions, Web Assembly, Android and more. BoxLang has been designed to enhance and adapt according to it's runnable runtime.
The Fusion of Modernity and Tradition
Experience the fusion of modern features inspired by CFML, Node, Ruby, Kotlin, Java, and Clojure, combined with the familiarity of Java bytecode compilation, making BoxLang a language of choice for forward-thinking developers.
Empowering Transition with Transpiler Support
Transitioning from CFML to BoxLang is seamless with our JIT transpiler, facilitating smooth migration and preserving existing code investments.
Unlocking Creativity with IDE Tools
Unleash your creativity with powerful IDE tools tailored for BoxLang, providing an intuitive development experience and streamlining your workflow. Join us as we embark on a journey to redefine JVM development. Welcome to the era of BoxLang.
Northern Engraving | Modern Metal Trim, Nameplates and Appliance PanelsNorthern Engraving
What began over 115 years ago as a supplier of precision gauges to the automotive industry has evolved into being an industry leader in the manufacture of product branding, automotive cockpit trim and decorative appliance trim. Value-added services include in-house Design, Engineering, Program Management, Test Lab and Tool Shops.
Discover the Unseen: Tailored Recommendation of Unwatched ContentScyllaDB
The session shares how JioCinema approaches ""watch discounting."" This capability ensures that if a user watched a certain amount of a show/movie, the platform no longer recommends that particular content to the user. Flawless operation of this feature promotes the discover of new content, improving the overall user experience.
JioCinema is an Indian over-the-top media streaming service owned by Viacom18.
QA or the Highway - Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend appl...zjhamm304
These are the slides for the presentation, "Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend applications" that was presented at QA or the Highway 2024 in Columbus, OH by Zachary Hamm.
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
"What does it really mean for your system to be available, or how to define w...Fwdays
We will talk about system monitoring from a few different angles. We will start by covering the basics, then discuss SLOs, how to define them, and why understanding the business well is crucial for success in this exercise.
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
Twitter: https://twitter.com/mydbopsofficial
Blogs: https://www.mydbops.com/blog/
Facebook(Meta): https://www.facebook.com/mydbops/
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during Migration
Route Stability in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
1. International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Networking (IJWAMN)Vol. 2, No. 1(May 2014) 11
www.arpublication.org
Route Stability in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks
Pooja M R 1
, Arpitha T S 2
, Apoorva S A 3
, Gurudath K S 4
1.
Associate Professor, Dept of CS&E, Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysore, Karnataka, India
2.
Span Infotech, India
3.
Accord Software Systems, India
4.
Synowledge PV Services India Ltd
Abstract:
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network consisting of mobile nodes,
which can communicate with each other without any infrastructure support. In these
networks, nodes typically cooperate with each other, by forwarding packets for nodes
which are not in the communication range of the source node. A fundamental issue
arising in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is the selection of the optimal path between
any two nodes. A method that has been advocated to improve routing efficiency is to
select the most stable path so as to reduce the latency and the overhead due to route
reconstruction. In this work we study the stability of a routing path, which is subject to
link failures caused by node mobility, and we consider as metrics of interest the duration
and the availability of a path. Moreover, using the results on path duration and
availability, we show how to determine the optimal path in terms of route stability, under
the Random Direction mobility models.
Keywords- MANETs, node mobility, mobility model, path availability, optimal path.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is different from traditional wireless networks in many
ways. One of the basic differences is that a MANET is a multi-hop wireless network, i.e., a
routing path is composed of a number of intermediate mobile nodes and wireless links connecting
them which can communicate with each other without any infrastructure support. In these
networks, nodes typically cooperate with each other, by forwarding packets for nodes which are
not in the communication range of the source node. Since nodes can move at any time, wireless
links are prone to be broken. Any link breakage along an established routing path will lead to a
path failure. A shortest path may fail sooner than another path connecting a given source and
destination pair. Frequent routing discovery is costly and inefficient.
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) consists of mobile platform which communicate with each
other through wireless links, without infrastructure base stations. Each node not only is a host but
also a router that maintains routes to and forwards data packets for other nodes in the network
that may not be within direct wireless transmission range. Topology of a mobile ad hoc network
will often change rapidly; this behavior needs some management and solving problem of this type
of networks. If source and destination nodes are not within the transmission range of each other,
intermediate nodes are needed to serve as intermediate routers for the communication between
the two nodes [1]. Moreover, mobile platforms moves autonomously and communicate via
dynamically changing network. Thus, frequent change of network topology is a main challenge
for many important topics, such as routing protocol robustness, and performance degradation [2,
3].
2. 12
www.arpublication.org
Originally, the MANET was proposed for military applications in the battlefield. However,
future MANETs could be deployed in various environments. City-wide MANETs (Bai et al.,
2003) have attracted research attentions recently because of its potential applications. Different
from movements in the battlefield, movements in a city are highly restricted by roadways, i.e., the
following movement rules must be obeyed: a vehicle or person can only move along roads, turn
or stay at intersections. In addition, the driving speed of a vehicle on a specific road segment
cannot exceed its prescribed speed limit. A similar mobility pattern is described in the Manhattan
mobility model (Bai et al., 2003). Therefore, it is possible for us to make a relatively accurate
prediction for mobility of mobile nodes, which will provide a good insight for finding reliable
routing paths.
Traffic relaying in MANETs, however, is a difficult task. Node mobility, signal interference
and power outages make the network topology frequently change. As a consequence, the links
along a route may fail, and an alternate path must be found. To avoid the degradation of the
system performance, several solutions for route creation and maintenance have been proposed in
the literature, taking into account various metrics of interest. A method that has been advocated to
improve routing efficiency is to select the most stable path [4], [5], [6], [7] so as to avoid packet
losses and limit the latency and overhead due to route reconstruction. Specifically, an algorithm
should be able to select a route based on some knowledge of the nodes motion and on a
probability model of the future availability of the route. Furthermore, if an estimate of the route
duration is available, route disruption can be avoided by creating an alternative path before the
current one breaks [7].
2. ASSUMPTIONS AND DEFINITIONS
While studying path duration and availability in MANETs, we make the following assumptions.
(i) The network comprises of nodes having a common transmission range, R, and has the same
mobility pattern.
(ii) Nodes move independently of each other.
(iii)The received signal only depends on its distance from the transmitter.
(iv)Communication links are bidirectional.
Let us consider two generic nodes, A and B, and let X (A) and X (B) be their positions,
respectively, at time t. We define the distance between the two nodes at time t as d A, B (t) = ||X
(A)-X (B) ||. According to assumption (3), a communication link between A and B exists if the
two nodes are within the radio range of each other. Then, considering assumption (1), we say that
a link between A and B exists at time t if d A, B (t) <R, and this link is bidirectional.
A. SSA Routing Protocol
Signal Stability based Adaptive (SSA) is a routing protocol, which finds route based on signal
strength, and location stability. In SSA, a mobile node measures the signal strength received
from other nodes, and this information is used to estimate the link stability between them. The
location stability mechanism is considered only as a supplement to signal-strength
measurements.
B. Link Stability
Link stability refers to the ability of a link to survive for certain duration. The higher the link
stability, the longer is the link duration. The stability of a link depends on how long two nodes,
which form that link, remain as neighbors. Two nodes are neighbors when they remain within
each other’s communication range, or the signal strength is above certain threshold. Mobility
causes link breakage and leads causes link breakage and leads to route recovery.
3. International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Networking (IJWAMN)Vol. 2, No. 1(May 2014) 13
www.arpublication.org
C. Path Duration and Path Availability
We define the path duration as the time interval from when the route is established until one of
the links along the route becomes unavailable, while we say that a path is available at a given
time instant t when all links along the path are active at time t.
D. Mobility Patterns
Node mobility is one of the most important characteristics of MANET. There have been
various mobility models or patterns proposed for MANETs. These patterns try to capture most
of the common mobility patterns, but few patterns capture realistic movements of nodes in
MANETs. Here we focus on bidimensional random mobility [8], and we consider nodes
moving according to the Random Direction (RD) mobility model, which was first introduced in
[9], [10]. According to such model, each node alternates periods of movement (move phase) to
periods during which it pauses (pause phase); at the beginning of each move phase, a node
independently selects its new direction and speed of movement [9]. Speed and direction are
kept constant for the whole duration of the node move phase.
3. SYSTEM DESIGN
3.1 Product Description
A fundamental issue arising in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is the selection of the optimal
path between any two nodes. A method that has been advocated to improve routing efficiency is
to select the most stable path so as to reduce the latency and the overhead due to route
reconstruction. In this work, we study both the availability and the duration probability of a
routing path that is subject to link failures caused by node mobility. In particular, we focus on the
case where the network nodes move according to the Random Direction model, and we derive
both exact and approximate (but simple) expressions of these probabilities. Through our results,
we study the problem of selecting an optimal route in terms of path availability. Finally, we
propose an approach to improve the efficiency of reactive Routing protocols.
3.2 Module Description
There are mainly three modules, they are:
1. Module for Routing
By this Module the server determines the nodes in Range and determines the nodes within
range among which communication has to be started applying proper Routing Algorithms.
2. Module for finding the path
The implicit neighbor detection techniques used by routing protocols is based on periodic
broadcast of hello messages by a node, allowing neighbors to detect it. Two nodes that are at
two hop distance can be made to believe that they are neighbors, by simply replaying their
messages by the middle node. This is how the path is found out between nodes. The search
mechanism goes this way:
• UP-CLOCKWISE
• UP-ANTICLOCKWISE
• DOWN-CLOCKWISE
• DOWN-ANTICLOCKWISE
3. Module for Network Establishment
By this Module the Network among which transmission has to take place is determined. The
number of Nodes and the Network range is detected.
4. 14
www.arpublication.org
3.3 Performance Requirements
Increased admin security: The PC should be highly secured and accessible only by the
administrator to avoid the misuse of the application.
Portability: The GUIs of this application is user-friendly so it is very easy for the user to
understand and respond to the same.
Reliability: This system has high probability to deliver us the required queries and the
functionalities available in the application.
Response time: The time taken by the system to complete a task given by the user is found to be
very less.
Scalability: The system can be extended to integrate the modifications done in the present
application to improve the quality of the product. This is meant for the future works that is to be
done on the application.
3.4 Requirement Analysis
Requirement analysis in system engineering and software engineering encompasses those tasks
that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered product, taking
account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stake holders, such as
beneficiaries or users.
3.4.1 Functional Requirements
These are statements of services the system should provide, how the system should react to
particular inputs and how the system should behave in particular situations.
• Simulation should run and it should simulate the network.
• Topology should have mobile nodes with pre defined frequency.
• Nodes should keep entering and leaving the network.
• Nodes should have all the information about itself.
• Get the network path and number of hops of the transmission.
• Get the Path availability and probability of the overall network.
3.4.2 Non Functional requirements
Non-Functional requirements presents a systematic and pragmatic approach to ‘building quality
into’ software systems. System must exhibit software quality attributes, such as accuracy,
performance, security, and modifiability. Since NFRs might not be absolutely achieved, they may
simply be satisfied sufficiently. To reflect this, NFRs are represented ‘soft goals’ whose
interdependencies, such as tradeoffs and synergy, are captured in graphs.
4. ARCHITECTURE OF PROPOSED METHOD
4.1 Existing System
A mobile ad hoc network, sometimes called a mobile mesh network, is a self-configuring network
of mobile devices connected by wireless links. Each device in a MANET is free to move
independently in any direction, and will therefore changes its links to other devices frequently.
Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own use, and therefore be a route. The primary
challenge in building a MANET is equipping each device to continuously maintain the
information required to properly route traffic. MANETs are a kind of wireless ad hoc networks
that usually has a routable networking environment on top of a link layer ad hoc network. They
are also a type of mesh network, but many mesh networks are not mobile or not wireless.
4.2 Proposed System
We focus on the stability of a routing path, which is subject to link failures caused by
node mobility.
5. International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Networking (IJWAMN)Vol. 2, No. 1(May 2014) 15
www.arpublication.org
We define the path duration as the time interval from when the route is established until
one of the links along the route becomes unavailable
While we say that a path is available at a given time instant t when all links along the
path are active at time t.
Then, our objective is to derive the probability of path duration till time t and the
probability of path availability at time t.
4.3 Design Consideration
The software is framed in such a way that it provides the flexibility for analyzing for various
sender and recipient maintaining account in same or different bank. A Joint bank account is
owned together (jointly) by two or more people. A joint account agreement is typically needed to
open such an account. This agreement will detail whether transactions require the signatures of all
parties or whether one party can take actions on his/her own. The way to restrict each holder’s
authority over the account is to request collective signing arrangements. To support this feature
we have come up with a scheme in which an e-cheque signed by all the Joint Account Holders,
when submitted for clearance, can be verified that it is signed by all the Joint Account Holders by
the clearing bank using a single verification equation. We propose to use the concept of Forward-
secure Multi-signatures for signing e-cheques used with Joint Accounts.
4.3.1 Development Methods
The development method used in this software design is the modular or functional development
method. In this, the system is broken down into different modules, with a certain amount of
dependency among them. The input-output data that flows from one-module to another will show
the dependency.
4.3.2 Process Flow Chart
A flowchart is a common type of chart that represents an algorithm or process, showing the steps
as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with arrows. Flowcharts are used in
analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields.
7. International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Networking (IJWAMN)Vol. 2, No. 1(May 2014) 17
www.arpublication.org
Fig 5.1 Simulation Run
Fig 5.2 shows the options in the simulations. By selecting Topology button, user can view the
network, by selecting Throughput button, user can calculate the network throughput and number
of collisions, by clicking on Statistics button, user can calculate the overall statistics of the
network, by clicking on Traffic button, user can know the network traffic and by selecting Exit
button, user comes out of the simulation.
Fig 5.2 Simulation Run with Options
In fig 5.3 blue circles represent the nodes and brown line indicates the nodes moving according to
Random Direction Mobility Model.
8. 18
www.arpublication.org
Fig 5.3 Network Topology
Fig 5.4 Throughput and Collision calculator
Fig 5.4 shows the calculator which is used to calculate the throughput based on number of
covered nodes in the network and number of collisions which is based on the formula number of
collisions in each node/ broadcastpeers (No of active nodes at that point of time) in the network.
Fig 5.5 General Status Update of the Network
Fig 5.5 provides the status of the mobile ad hoc network like number of Broadcastpeers (active
nodes in the network at that point of time), broadcast peers count will be equal to number of
nodes in the network, leaves (a node which can’t be destination to itself), channelnoise nodes
9. International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Networking (IJWAMN)Vol. 2, No. 1(May 2014) 19
www.arpublication.org
(nodes from which the optimal path can’t be established), Uptime (time during which the node is
active), average number of connections( number of immediate neighbors) capacity (source
capacity of each node) and used capacity (capacity/broadcastpeers) at that point of time.
Fig 5.6 Traffic Update
Fig 5.6 provides the traffic update like number of bytes up (avg bytes up / broadcastpeers where
bytes up is the number of bytes sent), bytes down (avg bytes down / broadcastpeers where bytes
down is the number of bytes received), bytes dropped (avg Bytes Dropped / broadcastpeers) ,
bytes collided (avg Bytes Collided / brodcastpeers), packet queue (avg Packet Queue
/brodcastpeers) of the mobile ad hoc network at that point of time.
6. CONCLUSION
We studied the duration and availability probabilities of routing paths in MANETs—a
fundamental issue to provide reliable routes and short route disruption times. We focused on the
Random Direction mobility model and derived both exact and approximate (but simple)
expressions for the probability of path duration and availability. We used these results to
determine the optimal path in terms of route stability; in particular, we showed some properties of
the optimal path.. Finally, based on our findings, we proposed an approach to find and select
routes, which accounts for the expected data transfer time over the path and allows to reduce the
overhead of reactive routing protocols.
REFERENCES
[1] C. E. Perkins and E. M. Royer, “Ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing.” In Proc. WMCSA. New
Orleans. LA. Feb. 1999. Pp. 90-100.
[2] Zhi Li and Yu-Kwong Kwok, “A New Multipath Routing Approach to Enhancing TCP Security in Ad
Hoc Wireless Networks” in Proc. ICPPW 2005.
[3] Y. Kim. J. Jung.S. Lee and C. Kim, “A Belt-Zone Method for Decreasing Control Messages in Ad Hoc
Networks,” ICSA 2006, LNCS 3982, pp 64-72. 2006.
[4] C. K. Toh, “Associativity-Based Routing for Ad-Hoc Mobile Networks,” Wireless Personal
Communications Journal, Vol 4, No. 2, pp. 103-139, Mar. 1997.
10. 20
www.arpublication.org
[5] K. Dube, C. D. Rais, K. Y. Wang, S. K Tripathi, “Signal Stability based Adaptive Routing(SSA) for
Ad-Hoc Mobile Networks,” IEEE Personnal Communication,pp. 36-45, Feb. 1997.
[6] S. Agarwal, A. Ahuja, J. P. Singh, and R Shorey, “Route Lifetime Assesment Basesd Routing(RABR)
Protocol for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks,” ICC 2000, New Orleans, USA, pp. 1697-1701, June 2000.
[7] W. Su, S. J. Lee, M. Gerla, “Mobility Prediction and Routing in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks,”
International Journal of Networks Management, Vol. 11. No. 1, pp. 3-30, Jan-Feb. 2001.
[8] T. Camp, J. Boleng, and V. Davies, “A Survey of Mobility Models for Ad Hoc Network Research,”
Wireless Comm. & Mobile Computing (WCMC ’02), special issue on mobile ad hoc networking: research,
trends, and applications, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 483-502, 2002.
[9] P. Nain, D. Towsley, B. Liu, and Z. Liu, “Properties of Random Direction Model,” Proc. IEEE
INFOCOM, Mar. 2005.
[10] E.M. Royer, P.M. Melliar, and L.E. Moser-Smith, “An Analysis of the Optimum Node Density for Ad
hoc Mobile Networks,” Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. Comm. (ICC ’01), June 2001.