Millimeter waves is considered as a key enabling technology for the future wireless networks, 5G network.
To that end, these simple slides go further in the motivation, characteristics, applications, and many others related to the mmWaves.
enjoy .. :)
This thesis focuses on mobile phones antenna design with brief description about the historical development, basic parameters and the types of antennas which are used in mobile phones. Mobile phones antenna design section consists of two proposed PIFA antennas. The first design concerns a single band antenna with resonant frequency at GPS frequency (1.575GHz). The first model is designed with main consideration that is to have the lower possible PIFA single band dimensions with reasonable return loss (S11) and the efficiencies. Second design concerns in a wideband PIFA antenna which cover the range from 1800MHz to 2600MHz. This range covers certain important bands: GSM (1800MHz & 1900MHz), UMTS (2100MHz), Bluetooth & Wi-Fi (2.4GHz) and LTE system (2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, and 2.6GHz). The wideband PIFA design is achieved by using slotted ground plane technique. The simulations for both models are performed in COMSOL Multiphysics.
The last two parts of the thesis present the problems of mobile phones antenna. Starting with Specific absorption rate (SAR) problem, efficiency of Mobile phones antenna, and hand-held environment.
Deterministic MIMO Channel Capacity
• CSI is Known to the Transmitter Side
• CSI is Not Available at the Transmitter Side
Channel Capacity of Random MIMO Channels
An antenna array (or array antenna) is a set of multiple connected antennas which work together as a single antenna, to transmit or receive radio waves. The individual antenna elements are connected to a single receiver or transmitter by feedlines that feed the power to the elements in a specific phase relationship. The radio waves radiated by each individual antenna combine and superpose, adding together (interfering constructively) to enhance the power radiated in desired directions, and cancelling (interfering destructively) to reduce the power radiated in other directions. Similarly, when used for receiving, the separate radio frequency currents from the individual antennas combine in the receiver with the correct phase relationship to enhance signals received from the desired directions and cancel signals from undesired directions.
MicroStrip Antenna
Introduction .
Micro-Strip Antennas Types .
Micro-Strip Antennas Shapes .
Types of Substrates (Dielectric Media) .
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed antennas .
Advantages & DisAdvantages of MSAs .
Applications of MSAs .
Radiation patterns of MSAs .
How to Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth ?
Comparing the different feed techniques .
By completing this presentation will be have a clear idea about Antenna's working principles, Antenna's Types & Antenna's Parameters. At the end to this document you'll have a brief idea about Antenna's Tilt vs Distance Calculation & Cluster wise optimum Antenna Selection procedure. Impact of antenna PIM & VSWR have been described elaborately in this document as well.
Millimeter waves is considered as a key enabling technology for the future wireless networks, 5G network.
To that end, these simple slides go further in the motivation, characteristics, applications, and many others related to the mmWaves.
enjoy .. :)
This thesis focuses on mobile phones antenna design with brief description about the historical development, basic parameters and the types of antennas which are used in mobile phones. Mobile phones antenna design section consists of two proposed PIFA antennas. The first design concerns a single band antenna with resonant frequency at GPS frequency (1.575GHz). The first model is designed with main consideration that is to have the lower possible PIFA single band dimensions with reasonable return loss (S11) and the efficiencies. Second design concerns in a wideband PIFA antenna which cover the range from 1800MHz to 2600MHz. This range covers certain important bands: GSM (1800MHz & 1900MHz), UMTS (2100MHz), Bluetooth & Wi-Fi (2.4GHz) and LTE system (2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, and 2.6GHz). The wideband PIFA design is achieved by using slotted ground plane technique. The simulations for both models are performed in COMSOL Multiphysics.
The last two parts of the thesis present the problems of mobile phones antenna. Starting with Specific absorption rate (SAR) problem, efficiency of Mobile phones antenna, and hand-held environment.
Deterministic MIMO Channel Capacity
• CSI is Known to the Transmitter Side
• CSI is Not Available at the Transmitter Side
Channel Capacity of Random MIMO Channels
An antenna array (or array antenna) is a set of multiple connected antennas which work together as a single antenna, to transmit or receive radio waves. The individual antenna elements are connected to a single receiver or transmitter by feedlines that feed the power to the elements in a specific phase relationship. The radio waves radiated by each individual antenna combine and superpose, adding together (interfering constructively) to enhance the power radiated in desired directions, and cancelling (interfering destructively) to reduce the power radiated in other directions. Similarly, when used for receiving, the separate radio frequency currents from the individual antennas combine in the receiver with the correct phase relationship to enhance signals received from the desired directions and cancel signals from undesired directions.
MicroStrip Antenna
Introduction .
Micro-Strip Antennas Types .
Micro-Strip Antennas Shapes .
Types of Substrates (Dielectric Media) .
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed antennas .
Advantages & DisAdvantages of MSAs .
Applications of MSAs .
Radiation patterns of MSAs .
How to Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth ?
Comparing the different feed techniques .
By completing this presentation will be have a clear idea about Antenna's working principles, Antenna's Types & Antenna's Parameters. At the end to this document you'll have a brief idea about Antenna's Tilt vs Distance Calculation & Cluster wise optimum Antenna Selection procedure. Impact of antenna PIM & VSWR have been described elaborately in this document as well.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Wideband Patch Antenna Design for Wi-MAX and WLAN Application with Modified Ground Plane.
ABSTRACT
The Microstrip Patch Antenna design for new emerging
technologies is an area of extensive research these days
because se of their low profile and ease of fabrication. Antenna
design presented in this paper is well suited for Wi-MAX and
WLAN application. The antenna is providing -l0dB
bandwidth of 4.l4GHz from frequency 2.5GHz to 6.6GHz
which is coming under the standards of these two
technologies and good results have been achieved in the
return loss and radiation pattern of the antenna. The design
is made of FR4 substrate with modified ground plane
structure and by inserting rectangular slits between feed line
and radiating patch was implemented to change the effective
length of the antenna. The radiation pattern of the antenna is
presented using CST Microwave Studio which is well suited
for wirelesss application.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This report gives the viewers a broad description about using a light wave generated from a typical LED's or LASER source for an effective communication.
Analysis of Multi-Band Characteristics of Fractal Shape AntennaAM Publications
This paper put forward the relative study of rectangle shaped Microstrip patch antenna for two different dielectric substrate. If the substrate material’s dielectric constant is escalated, resulting in shrinking /depression of patch antenna. This depression of coordinate is result of back-and-forth in efficiency, bandwidth and impedance. FR4 and RT- Duroid are considered for determine the performances. Feeding technique used is coaxial probe-feed. Measurement like feed-point coordinates, width, length, and ground measurement for each substrate is determined. The model of antenna is performed using the Method of Moments based on IE3D Simulator from Zeland Software Inc, USA.
Analysis of Multi-Band Characteristics of Fractal Shape AntennaAM Publications
This paper put forward the relative study of rectangle shaped Microstrip patch antenna for two different dielectric substrate. If the substrate material’s dielectric constant is escalated, resulting in shrinking /depression of patch antenna. This depression of coordinate is result of back-and-forth in efficiency, bandwidth and impedance. FR4 and RT- Duroid are considered for determine the performances. Feeding technique used is coaxial probe-feed. Measurement like feed-point coordinates, width, length, and ground measurement for each substrate is determined. The model of antenna is performed using the Method of Moments based on IE3D Simulator from Zeland Software Inc, USA.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
1. Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS)
Domain: 5G Beyond Wireless Communication Research
Dr. Varun Kumar
Domain: 5G Beyond Wireless Communication Research Dr. Varun KumarDr. Varun Kumar 1 / 12
2. Outlines
1 Introduction to Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS)
2 Existing Key Technology for Improvising the SNR
3 Need of IRS
4 Research Direction in IRS
5 References
Domain: 5G Beyond Wireless Communication Research Dr. Varun KumarDr. Varun Kumar 2 / 12
3. Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS):
Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS)
⇒ Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is a cost-effective solution for
achieving high spectrum and energy efficiency.
⇒ It consists of massive low-cost passive elements that are able to
reflect the signals with adjustable phase shifts.
⇒ It minimize the transmit power at the access point (AP).
⇒ SNR is maximized by passive beamforming through the IRS.
Domain: 5G Beyond Wireless Communication Research Dr. Varun KumarDr. Varun Kumar 3 / 12
4. Fundamentals of reflection phenomenon
⇒ When a electro-magnetic wave strike to the surface then three things
may occur at a same time
1. Refraction
2. Reflection
3. Scattering
Electrical characteristics of surface
⇒ Skin depth:The skin depth is a measure of the penetration of a plane
electromagnetic wave into a material. It is denoted by δ.
δ =
1
α
⇒ α = ω
µ
2
1 +
σ2
ω2 2
− 1
1/2
≈
ωµσ
2
=
ωµ0µr σ
2
(1)
α is called as attenuation factor.
⇒ Higher the skin depth, greater be the chance of absorption/refraction
from the respective surface.
Domain: 5G Beyond Wireless Communication Research Dr. Varun KumarDr. Varun Kumar 4 / 12
5. Continued–
δ =
2
ωµ0µr σ
(2)
From (2), it is clear that skin depth decreases (more chance of
reflection) by
ω → Frequency of incident wave
σ → Conductivity of the surface
µr → Relative permeability
⇒ When the nature of surface is metallic then reflected wave has high
amount of energy.
⇒ For non-intelligent surface, reflection phenomena dominates, when
surface has high conductivity.
Domain: 5G Beyond Wireless Communication Research Dr. Varun KumarDr. Varun Kumar 5 / 12
6. Continued–
⇒ On the other side, if the nature of surface is non-metallic/di-electric
then that surface absorbs huge amount of incident energy.
⇒ If surface is not smooth then multiple reflected and refracted wave
components can be observed from that surface. → Scattering
⇒ From figure given below, reflection, refraction and scattering can be
observed through the ray tracing operation.
Note: If surface is non-intelligent and passive in nature then the angle of
incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
Domain: 5G Beyond Wireless Communication Research Dr. Varun KumarDr. Varun Kumar 6 / 12
7. What is intelligent surface?
⇒ The inherent quality of IRS should be as follows
1 The nature of surface should be metallic.
2 Surface should be smooth enough, so that uni-direction of reflected
wave could be achieved.
3 Direction change ability of the reflected wave.
⇒ In communication system, the strength of reflected signal decides the
SNR quality in multi path environment.
⇒ The signal strength becomes prominent in case small IoT devices or a
mobile user.
Domain: 5G Beyond Wireless Communication Research Dr. Varun KumarDr. Varun Kumar 7 / 12
8. Continued–
⇒ IRS should have the beam steering capability, which has been shown
in above figure.
⇒ It never transmit the power from reflecting surface to the desired user
equipment.
⇒ Phase shifter is an important ingredient of IRS aided communication
set-up.
Domain: 5G Beyond Wireless Communication Research Dr. Varun KumarDr. Varun Kumar 8 / 12
9. Fundamental advantage and challenges of IRS
Advantage
⇒ It forwards the RF signals using passive reflection beamforming.
⇒ The power consumption of IRS is much lower than that of the AF
relay.
⇒ There is nearly no additional thermal noise added during reflecting.
Challenges
1 The reflection element suffers a stringent instantaneous power
constraint, which makes the passive beamforming more challenging.
2 Joint beamforming (active and passive) in multi-path environment.
3 Computational complexity
4 Passive reflector has discrete set of phase shifter that may or may not
track the user equipment.
Domain: 5G Beyond Wireless Communication Research Dr. Varun KumarDr. Varun Kumar 9 / 12
10. Similar key technology for improvising the SNR/data rate
⇒ Massive MIMO
Large arrays of antennas are utilized to improve spectral and energy
efficiencies.
One of the important breakthrough for 5G wireless communication.
⇒ mm-Wave communication
It helps in active beamforming operation.
Very high carrier frequency of operation helps for integrating large
number of antenna elements within a fixed physical space. → Base for
massive MIMO network formation
Spatial multiplexing and beamforming enhances the data rate as well
end user received signal strength.
⇒ Back-scatter communication
It enable the low-power communications as required in the Internet of
things (IoTs) and green communications.
Domain: 5G Beyond Wireless Communication Research Dr. Varun KumarDr. Varun Kumar 10 / 12
11. Research direction
1 In the field of material science for making good quality reflecting
surface.
2 To develop a software based RF propagation control mechanism.
3 How to integrate the reconfigurable meta-surfaces into wireless
networks?
4 What are the ultimate performance limits of wireless networks in the
presence of reconfigurable meta-surfaces?
5 How to attain such performance limits in practice?
Domain: 5G Beyond Wireless Communication Research Dr. Varun KumarDr. Varun Kumar 11 / 12
12. References
M. Di Renzo, M. Debbah, D.-T. Phan-Huy, A. Zappone, M.-S. Alouini, C. Yuen,
V. Sciancalepore, G. C. Alexandropoulos, J. Hoydis, H. Gacanin et al., “Smart
radio environments empowered by reconfigurable ai meta-surfaces: An idea whose
time has come,” EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking,
vol. 2019, no. 1, pp. 1–20, 2019.
H. Guo, Y.-C. Liang, J. Chen, and E. G. Larsson, “Weighted sum-rate optimization
for intelligent reflecting surface enhanced wireless networks,” arXiv preprint
arXiv:1905.07920, 2019.
Q. Wu and R. Zhang, “Intelligent reflecting surface enhanced wireless network via
joint active and passive beamforming,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless
Communications, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 5394–5409, 2019.
J.-P. Niu and G. Y. Li, “An overview on backscatter communications,” 2019.
Domain: 5G Beyond Wireless Communication Research Dr. Varun KumarDr. Varun Kumar 12 / 12