Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) attain consideration because of their sky-scraping light to electricity conversion efficiencies,
simple and low cost manufacturing. Fruitful efficiency of a DSSC is that it should convert photon into current even at wavelength
of UV. Present work aimed at quantum efficiency ( Light Harvesting Efficiency) of 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle. Density
functional theory (DFT) has been used to determine the ground state geometries of dye 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle. The
time dependant density functional theory (TDDFT) has been used to calculate the excitation energies. All the calculations were
performed in both gas and solvent phase. The improved light harvesting efficiency (LHE) and free energy change of electron
injection of newly designed sensitizers revealed that these materials would be an excellent sensitizers. It may also be due to
dendrites of methyl group and cyno group which is present in the study material. The experimental spectrum of FTIR and FTRaman
supports the absorption levels.
Key Words: 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle,Dye-sensitized solar cells, Light harvesting efficiency, Density
functional Theory, FTIR, FT-Raman spectroscopy
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Coplanar Microstrip Directional Coupler with High Isolation and Goo...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a coplanar microstrip directional coupler with high isolation and directivity. The coupler was designed using standard microstrip coupling equations and simulated using HFSS software. After optimization, the simulated coupler achieved a maximum isolation of 71 dB, coupling of 9.8 dB, and directivity of 61.2 dB at an operating frequency of 3.2 GHz. This high performance coupler design could be useful for applications requiring good isolation and directivity, such as mobile and satellite communication systems.
Effects of Parameters of Photonic Crystal Fibre on Dispersion and ConfinementIJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes research on the effects of varying design parameters of a photonic crystal fiber on dispersion and confinement loss. A hexagonal lattice photonic crystal fiber with a solid core and five rings of air holes was simulated. It was found that:
1) Varying the diameter (d1) of the inner two air hole rings had a greater effect on dispersion than confinement loss, with dispersion increasing as d1 increased.
2) Varying the diameter (d2) of the outer three rings had little effect on dispersion but a greater effect on confinement loss.
3) Increasing the lattice constant decreased dispersion but increased confinement loss.
Dislocation Density in Multicomponent Alloys CoNi, CoFeNiIRJET Journal
This document discusses dislocation density in multi-component alloys CoNi and CoFeNi. It begins with an introduction to high entropy alloys and their properties. It then discusses the definition and calculation of dislocation density using X-ray diffraction peak broadening analysis. The document describes preparing CoNi, CoFeNi alloys by mechanical alloying and casting and characterizing the structural properties using X-ray diffraction to analyze dislocation density behavior.
This document discusses experimental and computational studies on the inhibition performance of benzimidazole and its derivatives for copper corrosion in nitric acid. Seven benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized and their inhibition efficiency was evaluated using mass loss, thermometric, and electrochemical polarization techniques. Quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were also performed to correlate the electronic structure of the inhibitors with their inhibition efficiencies and understand their adsorption and interaction with the copper surface. The results showed that the benzimidazole derivatives were effective inhibitors for copper corrosion in nitric acid.
IRJET- The Ab Initio Study of Electronic and Optical Properties of CH3NH3ZnI3...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an ab initio study of the electronic and optical properties of the perovskite solar cell material CH3NH3ZnI3. Key findings include:
1) CH3NH3ZnI3 has a direct bandgap of 0.34 eV, which is significantly smaller than the 1.53 eV bandgap of the commonly used CH3NH3PbI3 material.
2) X-ray diffraction data analysis showed that CH3NH3ZnI3 retains the original cuboctahedral crystal structure of CH3NH3PbI3.
3) Optical property calculations predicted CH3NH3ZnI3 would absorb electromagnetic radiation in the far UV region and
Decreasing CCT deviation of white light emitting diodes by employing SiO2 nan...journalBEEI
In this research, the SiO2 nano-particles (NPs) usage in enhancing optical performances of InGaN/GaN-based white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) with remote phosphor structure. The research subject shows better lighting capacity than the white LEDs devices without the space between the layers. The adjustment in development process resulted in enhancements of internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and light extraction efficiency (LEE) that lead to 13.5% luminous efficacy improvement. From the experiments, it can be concluded that the LEE is affected by the trapped light and enhancing the light output with SiO2 scattering properties reduce the amount of trapped light. These results confirm that SiO2 nano-particles is effective in enhancing the optical performance of WLEDs and can be considered for production of higher quality devices.
This document analyzes the optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composites with varying concentrations of chromium chloride (CrCl2). Absorbance, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants all increase with higher CrCl2 concentration. The forbidden energy gap of the composites decreases as CrCl2 concentration increases. Various graphs are presented showing the relationships between these optical properties and photon energy or wavelength.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Coplanar Microstrip Directional Coupler with High Isolation and Goo...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a coplanar microstrip directional coupler with high isolation and directivity. The coupler was designed using standard microstrip coupling equations and simulated using HFSS software. After optimization, the simulated coupler achieved a maximum isolation of 71 dB, coupling of 9.8 dB, and directivity of 61.2 dB at an operating frequency of 3.2 GHz. This high performance coupler design could be useful for applications requiring good isolation and directivity, such as mobile and satellite communication systems.
Effects of Parameters of Photonic Crystal Fibre on Dispersion and ConfinementIJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes research on the effects of varying design parameters of a photonic crystal fiber on dispersion and confinement loss. A hexagonal lattice photonic crystal fiber with a solid core and five rings of air holes was simulated. It was found that:
1) Varying the diameter (d1) of the inner two air hole rings had a greater effect on dispersion than confinement loss, with dispersion increasing as d1 increased.
2) Varying the diameter (d2) of the outer three rings had little effect on dispersion but a greater effect on confinement loss.
3) Increasing the lattice constant decreased dispersion but increased confinement loss.
Dislocation Density in Multicomponent Alloys CoNi, CoFeNiIRJET Journal
This document discusses dislocation density in multi-component alloys CoNi and CoFeNi. It begins with an introduction to high entropy alloys and their properties. It then discusses the definition and calculation of dislocation density using X-ray diffraction peak broadening analysis. The document describes preparing CoNi, CoFeNi alloys by mechanical alloying and casting and characterizing the structural properties using X-ray diffraction to analyze dislocation density behavior.
This document discusses experimental and computational studies on the inhibition performance of benzimidazole and its derivatives for copper corrosion in nitric acid. Seven benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized and their inhibition efficiency was evaluated using mass loss, thermometric, and electrochemical polarization techniques. Quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations were also performed to correlate the electronic structure of the inhibitors with their inhibition efficiencies and understand their adsorption and interaction with the copper surface. The results showed that the benzimidazole derivatives were effective inhibitors for copper corrosion in nitric acid.
IRJET- The Ab Initio Study of Electronic and Optical Properties of CH3NH3ZnI3...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an ab initio study of the electronic and optical properties of the perovskite solar cell material CH3NH3ZnI3. Key findings include:
1) CH3NH3ZnI3 has a direct bandgap of 0.34 eV, which is significantly smaller than the 1.53 eV bandgap of the commonly used CH3NH3PbI3 material.
2) X-ray diffraction data analysis showed that CH3NH3ZnI3 retains the original cuboctahedral crystal structure of CH3NH3PbI3.
3) Optical property calculations predicted CH3NH3ZnI3 would absorb electromagnetic radiation in the far UV region and
Decreasing CCT deviation of white light emitting diodes by employing SiO2 nan...journalBEEI
In this research, the SiO2 nano-particles (NPs) usage in enhancing optical performances of InGaN/GaN-based white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) with remote phosphor structure. The research subject shows better lighting capacity than the white LEDs devices without the space between the layers. The adjustment in development process resulted in enhancements of internal quantum efficiency (IQE) and light extraction efficiency (LEE) that lead to 13.5% luminous efficacy improvement. From the experiments, it can be concluded that the LEE is affected by the trapped light and enhancing the light output with SiO2 scattering properties reduce the amount of trapped light. These results confirm that SiO2 nano-particles is effective in enhancing the optical performance of WLEDs and can be considered for production of higher quality devices.
This document analyzes the optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composites with varying concentrations of chromium chloride (CrCl2). Absorbance, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants all increase with higher CrCl2 concentration. The forbidden energy gap of the composites decreases as CrCl2 concentration increases. Various graphs are presented showing the relationships between these optical properties and photon energy or wavelength.
Performance Investigation and Enhancement of Fiber Bragg Gratingfor Efficient...IOSRJECE
In this paper, the performance of various windowfunctions for Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor (FBGS)is investigated and evaluated in order to get optimized reflection spectrum with high reflectivity and an efficient side lobe suppression for efficient sensing measurement applications.For this purpose, a wide range of design parameters which include grating length and refractive index modulation amplitudehas been chosen to evaluate the sensor design. The performances of the different windowfunctions have been then compared in terms of reflectivity, full width half maximum bandwidth (FWHM), and sidelobe level(SLL) so as to get the most suitable design parametersto be used for sensing measurement.The simulation results presented in this paper show the effectiveness of the optimizedFBG sensor, which can be further implemented for high performance sensing applications.
This document presents a study of the electrical properties of chemically treated coir fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. Coir fiber was chemically treated using ferric nitrate and ammonium chloride, then composites were fabricated using a hand molding method. The dielectric constant, dissipation factor, and AC conductivity of the composites were measured at room temperature and different frequencies. The results showed that the electrical properties of the composites were dependent on fiber concentration and frequency. An artificial neural network model was also able to predict the electrical properties measured experimentally. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the crystalline nature and poor fiber-matrix bonding of the chemically treated coir fiber reinforced epoxy
Behaviour Analysis of Corroded Wires Based on Statistical ModelsIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Steel wires are the primary components of a lifting wire rope. The behaviour of a wire governs the behaviour of the whole of the cable. The physico-chemical processes like rates of degradation due to the environment (corrosion, etc.) are different for each layer, external layers being more exposed. The analysis of steel wires behaviour is traditionally based on statistical models describing the variability of its properties. For this purpose a statistical study was carried out on two populations of healthy and corroded wires by applying the Student distribution to select the most reliable results and the Weibull distribution to define the survival probability and the failure probability.
Study of Geometrical, Electronic Structure, Spectral and NLO Properties Of Al...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the geometrical, electronic, spectral, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of Allium cepa dye for use in solar cell applications. The dye's structure was optimized using density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional. Its electronic properties, including frontier orbital energies and density of states, were then analyzed. The dye's polarizability and hyperpolarizability were also calculated, showing potential for NLO applications. Finally, its electronic absorption spectrum was simulated using time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) in both vacuum and solvent environments, identifying optical transitions that could enable photoinduced electron transfer in dye-sensitized solar cells. The results indicate Allium cep
Flexible dual band dipole antenna incorporates with Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) to improve the well-known low profile characteristics of dipole antenna. The antenna operates at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz which is printed on Fast film with 0.13 mm thickness. While the EBG is designed at 5.8 GHz by using Arlon AD350 with 1.016 mm thickness. EBG works as a ground plane for the antenna and helps by improving the realized gainandradiation pattern. Besides, EBG also act as a filter as the resonant frequency of the antenna is close to the EBG band gap. The 2.45 GHz of is eliminated while the performances of antenna at 5.8 GHz is improved. Thus the realized gain is increased up to 6.86 dB and the back lobes are clearly reduced. The designs of dipole antenna with EBG application such as Wifi and others on-body communication devices.
The document discusses the preparation and thermal properties of carbonized fibers made from polyethylene. It describes how low-density polyethylene fibers were cross-linked using sulfuric acid at different temperatures from 130-170°C. Thermal analysis using DSC and TGA showed that the melting point, heat of fusion, and thermal stability of the fibers increased as the cross-linking temperature rose. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that cross-linking the fibers at 170°C produced the highest carbonization yield and most clearly fibrous form after carbonization. The carbonization yield of the fibers depended on the degree of cross-linking in the polyethylene precursors.
Removal of lead ions by nife2 o4 nanoparticleseSAT Journals
Abstract Nickel ferrite nanoparticles have been prepared by polymeric precursor method. The nanoparticles application in the removal of lead ion was investigated. The results showed that the adsorptive properties were dependent on pH, duration and temperature. Highest percentage (99%) lead adsorption was observed under basic condition at room temperature during 1 h stirring. Analysis of lead adsorbed nickel ferrite by powder XRD, FTIR and XPS techniques revealed the adsorption took place based on hydroxide mechanism. The lead salt formed on the surface of the ferrite powder was identified to be lead carbonate and lead hydroxy carbonate at pH 7 and 9 respectively. Keywords: Nickel ferrite; Nanoparticles; Lead; Adsorption; Hydroxide
An electric circuits' remote switching system based on gsm radio networkeSAT Journals
Abstract Mobile phone industry is classified among the fastest growing engineering branches. It has to be exploited for vast applications, reliability and affordability. Mobile cellular phone subscribers have reached saturation point; with such information, the basic cell phone that was mainly utilized to make calls will also be utilized for remote switching and control activities. The now developed system is based on the global system for mobile communications (GSM) radio network: it will operate as a very long distance remote switch. Utilizing the daily cell phone, a user will either put on/off any desired electric circuit located in an owned, controlled compound. Two cell phones are provided, one being a mobile transmitter user end and another being referred to as a fixed receiver end. A signal will be sent from the user end to put a consumer’s electric circuit either on or off at the receiver end; afterwards, the receiver end will notify the user-end about the on/off state of the consumer. The particularity of this publication is the system simplicity, yet cheap and safe, so that even very low income cell phone users can enjoy radio frequency (RF) technology’s increasing applications. The software utilized to develop and simulate circuits is the linear technology, LT spice. The calculative theory has quantitatively enriched the methodology. Both the building blocks and the physical implementation diagrams for the system are herein contained. The remote switching system based on GSM radio network has been successfully designed, implemented, tested and its functionality has been examined.
Keywords: Radio communication, LTspice, GSM, ON/OFF control
A novel approach for georeferenced data analysis using soft clustering algorithmeSAT Journals
Abstract The process of defining its existence in physical space is called as Georeferenceing.That is establishing its terms of projections or coordinate systems.When data from different sources need to be combined and then used in a GIS application.In this work georeferenced data on soil map is clustered using a soft clustering algorithm. Most georeferencing tasks are undertaken to generate new map. Thus a map generated using GIS software is clustered for data analysis of soil type and vegetation possibilities.Remotely sensed data plays an important role in data collection,the platforms usually consist of aircraft and satellites.GIS is attached to many operations and has many applications related to engineering, planning, management, telecommunications and business. Keywords: Soil map, K-Means Clustering Algorithm,Geographic Information System.
Qo s management for mobile satellite communicationeSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, a cross-layer architecture (QoSatAr) is developed to provide end-to-end quality of service (QoS) guarantees for Internet protocol (IP) traffic over the Digital Video Broadcasting-Second generation (DVB-S2) satellite systems. The architecture design is based on a cross-layer optimization between the physical layer and the network layer to provide QoS provisioning based on the bandwidth availability present in the DVB-S2 satellite channel. One of the most important aspects of the architecture design is that QoSatAr is able to guarantee the QoS requirements for specific traffic flows considering a single parameter: the bandwidth availability which is set at the physical layer (considering adaptive code and modulation adaptation) and sent to the network layer by means of a cross-layer optimization. The architecture has been evaluated using the NS-2 simulator. Keywords: QoSatAr, DVB-S2, ACM, RQM, DiffServ
Aggregates sustainability through preparation of bituminous mixes at combined...eSAT Journals
Abstract Aggregates have to primarily bear load stresses and resist abrasive action of traffic movement under dry and wet conditions, when used in the surface course of the pavement. The aggregate gradation plays a vital role in securing desirable properties of resulting bituminous mixes. Different types of mixes are used under different conditions. Generally, the mixes are designed adopting midpoint gradation from the respective gradation tables. Often, the desired mix properties are not completely satisfied and needs some reworking of gradation. Sometimes the required quantity of aggregates may not be available in nearby areas so as to design a required type of mix. To overcome this, the desired aggregates may have to be brought from far off places, leading to time and cost escalation. This further aggravates the already prevailing scarcity of aggregates. Alternatively, if aggregates are available and satisfies the graduation requirements of two different type of mixes, attempt may be made to design a mix combining the gradation of two types of mixes. Possibly, the resulting mix could still satisfy the specified requirements. If so, the available aggregates could be used economically, without compromising on the quality of mixes. This would result in aggregate sustainability. With this objective, two types of bituminous mixes namely SDBC and BC were prepared at midpoint gradation of the specified ranges, as per MoRTH gradation tables and subsequently by combining the above two gradations taking average of the two midpoint gradations. The Marshall mix properties were compared and found that the mix requirements are largely satisfied at the combined gradation as well. Keywords: Aggregate, sustainability, bituminous mixes, midpoint gradation, combined gradation
An investigation into non destructive testing techniques a specific case s...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper investigate applications of ultrasonic phased array technique over magnetic particle inspection, gamma rays radiographic and conventional ultrasonic testing applied during manufacturing of Low Pressure Heater (LPH) at a company X located in India. The existing non destructive testing techniques that are being used for detection of defects are compared with the alternative techniques. Most of the non destructive testing techniques are surely cost effective but time consuming this makes the overall stay time, production time and overall cost indulged in process high. By applying ultrasonic phased array technique the maintenance scheduling and incurred cost of maintenance and also the overall operational cost can be reduced remarkably. Keywords: Non destructive testing, maintenance, ultrasonic phased array, radiography.
Abstract Traffic congestion on city road networks is one of the main issues to be addressed by today’s traffic management schemes. The frequent traffic jams at major junctions call for an efficient traffic management system in place. The image sequences from a camera are analyzed using edge detection technique, object counting method and queue length estimation to obtain the most efficient technique. Subsequently, the number of vehicles at the intersection is evaluated and traffic is efficiently managed. The paper also proposes to implement a real-time emergency vehicle detection system. In case an emergency vehicle is detected, the lane is given priority over all the others. Using image-processing operations to calculate traffic density is cost effective as cameras are cheaper and affordable devices compared to any other devices such as sensors. Keywords: Edge detection, Object counting, vehicle queue length, traffic management, image processing.
Integration of artificial intelligence control to the unified power quality c...eSAT Journals
Abstract Modernization of the Industrial world is completely accompanied with growing power demands. It is very necessary to utilize the available power efficiently with as much less issues as possible rather than focusing on the excessive generation to meet the demand. UPQC consist of combined series active power filter that compensates voltage harmonics of the power supply, and shunt active power filter that compensates harmonic currents of a non-linear load. We need to focus on the control of UPQC to achieve the best results. Artificial Neural Networks is now considered as a tool for the design of controller for the Power Quality devices. In this paper, the ANN-based controller is designed for the current control of the shunt active power filter and trained offline using data from the conventional PI controller. An exhaustive simulation study is carried out to investigate the performance of the ANN controller and compare its performance with the conventional PI controller results. Index Terms: Power Quality, Unified Power Quality Conditioner, Artificial Neural Networks, Proportional Integral, CSI, VSI, Harmonics.
Night image enhancement using fusion techniqueeSAT Journals
Abstract Video surveillance is used in monitoring the road traffic. However because the surveillance system is limited by many objective factors. Surveillance video may not be seen clearly. Especially under the weak light conditions, the picture quality of the night video is very poor. In this paper, we propose an enhancement method of nighttime images for surveillance camera. We apply the moving target extraction technology and illumination estimation theory and combine the nighttime image with the daytime background by the image fusion. The proposed method recoveries scene information of the night video and highlights the details. The resultant images show the vehicles of the night time but surrounding is fused from the day image taken at day. In this, it is observed that the PSNR value is 65.9 dB is very high and MSE is 0.128 which is very low as compared with earlier reported night image enhancement technique [1]. Experimental results prove that our method is effective.
Web application based file transfer in customized cloudeSAT Journals
Abstract Web Application based File Transfer app in a Customized Cloud is an open source and cloud web app based on the File Transfer system application which should be organized, designed by the app designer and developed by the app developer, the webapp based file transfer system which it runs on the open cloud web server with the graphical user based interface system. The user interface turns automatically the customized web application environment into file transfer system management system. It uses the cloud web directory automated services with the powerful management tools as the web file transfer with the multiple options in the admin dashboard interface. It allows to configure the custom designs. Web application users or the web app sites can be modified or updated according to the developer needs, so the web file transfer application visitors or the users can open the webapp accounts in the file transfer web application for creating the file transfer based user accounts. It can store or save the unlimited data without any bandwidth permissions. As the webapp administrator allows the web moderators to setup the individual user quotas and the customized quota for the portal users known as the quota system for webapp. The application administrators and the application moderators will get the full access to the webapp portal administration managing area and to the permissions to block the individual and the unknown users, webapp site ads can be embedded into the webapp site portal or the cloud file transfer website. This application can also be converted into the customized individual mobile application such as for the various os- android, the windows phone etc. It allows the individual users or individual administrators to share their experience in the form of comments and the customized user article modules. Webapp portal enables to allow the various file formats where it can store the data files and other data on the file transfer oriented web-cloud. It’s as fully loaded features with the directory service mode in order to optimize the custom data and to optimize the file transfer oriented cloud server optimization. Web application can also be deployed on any file transfer system. The web app can be installed on the various operating platform which it allows the administrators to embed the search engine into the Cloud File Transfer Web site.
An eye gaze detection using low resolution web camera in desktop environmenteSAT Journals
This document presents a method for detecting eye gaze using a low-resolution webcam. The method uses OpenCV and the Viola-Jones algorithm to detect faces and eyes. It then calculates the eye centers and maps them to X-Y coordinates on the screen. The algorithm achieves 69-74% accuracy in detecting gaze positions. It can be used for applications like controlling interfaces for blind users or in military cockpits. The method provides an economical way to perform eye gaze detection using regular webcams and open-source tools.
Performance evaluation of bituminous concrete incorporating crumb rubber and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in environmental concerns has been leading to develop innovative and eco-friendly ideas to re-use the waste byproducts from
industries and domestic use. Waste plastic and waste tyres/crumb rubber considered as solid waste in India which causes
environmental pollution. These wastes will be disposed by land filling and incineration which are hazardous. Plastic is user friendly
but not eco-friendly. In this present study waste plastic and crumb rubber has been used to modify the conventional bituminous mix.
This modifier raw-material has been sourced from disposed waste plastic and crumb rubber. This provides a solution towards
ecological menace posed by increased use of plastic. Incorporation of waste plastic which is mainly consists of LDPE had been done
by “dry process”; an in-situ process which can be practiced locally. In this process addition of plastic has been done by replacing
bitumen by percentage by weight in varying percentage. Marshall Method of bituminous mix design was carried out. Significant
improvement in properties like Marshall Stability, retained stability, indirect tensile strength has been observed in waste plastic
bituminous mix compared to conventional mix.
Keywords: waste thermoplastic, bituminous mix, Marshall Properties, ITS, retained stability
Abstract
The exponential growth of knowledge in the World Wide Web, has understood the need to develop economical and effective ways for organizing relevant contents. In the field of web computing, document clustering plays a vital role and plays an interesting and challenging problem. Document clustering is mainly used for grouping the similar documents in the search engine. The web also has rich and dynamic collection of hyperlink information. The retrieval of relevant document from the internet is the complicated task. Based on the user’s query the document will be retrieved from the various databases to give relevant information and additional information for the given query. The documents are already clustered based on keyword extraction and stored in the database. The probabilistic relational approach for web document clustering is to find the relation between two linked pages and to define a relational clustering algorithm based on probabilistic graph representation. In document clustering, both content information and hyperlink structure of web page are considered and document is viewed as a semantic units. It also provides additional information to the user.
Keywords: Document Clustering, Agglomerative Clustering, Entropy, F-Measure
Dynamic analysis of a reinforced concrete horizontal curved beam using softwareeSAT Journals
Abstract
Dynamic analysis of a reinforced concrete beam bridge, horizontally curved in plan is done using a finite element software. The
support conditions considered are simple supports. Dynamic loading in the form of moving vehicular load is taken into account
for the purpose of analysis. IRC Class AA type of vehicle is simulated on two lanes on the beam of span 31m, having a box type
cross-section. A parametric study is done varying the radius of curvature of the beam from 50 m to 250 m with the interval of 50
m to check the behavior of the beam. Various responses of the beam like bending moment, shear force, torsional moment and
deflection are calculated. The influence of a non-dimensional parameter L/R i.e. ratio of length of the beam to radius of curvature
of the beam is verified for the responses of the beam. From the results, it has been found that the responses i.e. the bending
moment, shear force, torsional moment and deflection of the beam decrease as the radius of curvature of the beam in increased.
Also, the responses of the beam increase as the L/R ratio is increased.
Keywords: Dynamic analysis, horizontally curved beam, finite element, moving vehicular moving load, Simply
Supported, Box type, parametric study, L/R ratio
An offline signature recognition and verification system based on neural networkeSAT Journals
Abstract Various techniques are already introduced for personal identification and verification based on different types of biometrics which can be physiological or behavioral. Signatures lies in the category of behavioral biometric which can distort or changed with course of time. Signatures are considered to be most promising authentication method in all legal and financial documents. It is necessary to verify signers and their respective signatures. This paper presents an Offline Signature recognition and verification system(SRVS). In this system signature database of signature images is created, followed by image preprocessing, feature extraction, neural network design and training, and classification of signature as genuine or counterfeit. Keywords: biometrics, neural network design, feature extraction, classification etc.
Performance Investigation and Enhancement of Fiber Bragg Gratingfor Efficient...IOSRJECE
In this paper, the performance of various windowfunctions for Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor (FBGS)is investigated and evaluated in order to get optimized reflection spectrum with high reflectivity and an efficient side lobe suppression for efficient sensing measurement applications.For this purpose, a wide range of design parameters which include grating length and refractive index modulation amplitudehas been chosen to evaluate the sensor design. The performances of the different windowfunctions have been then compared in terms of reflectivity, full width half maximum bandwidth (FWHM), and sidelobe level(SLL) so as to get the most suitable design parametersto be used for sensing measurement.The simulation results presented in this paper show the effectiveness of the optimizedFBG sensor, which can be further implemented for high performance sensing applications.
This document presents a study of the electrical properties of chemically treated coir fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. Coir fiber was chemically treated using ferric nitrate and ammonium chloride, then composites were fabricated using a hand molding method. The dielectric constant, dissipation factor, and AC conductivity of the composites were measured at room temperature and different frequencies. The results showed that the electrical properties of the composites were dependent on fiber concentration and frequency. An artificial neural network model was also able to predict the electrical properties measured experimentally. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the crystalline nature and poor fiber-matrix bonding of the chemically treated coir fiber reinforced epoxy
Behaviour Analysis of Corroded Wires Based on Statistical ModelsIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Steel wires are the primary components of a lifting wire rope. The behaviour of a wire governs the behaviour of the whole of the cable. The physico-chemical processes like rates of degradation due to the environment (corrosion, etc.) are different for each layer, external layers being more exposed. The analysis of steel wires behaviour is traditionally based on statistical models describing the variability of its properties. For this purpose a statistical study was carried out on two populations of healthy and corroded wires by applying the Student distribution to select the most reliable results and the Weibull distribution to define the survival probability and the failure probability.
Study of Geometrical, Electronic Structure, Spectral and NLO Properties Of Al...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the geometrical, electronic, spectral, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of Allium cepa dye for use in solar cell applications. The dye's structure was optimized using density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional. Its electronic properties, including frontier orbital energies and density of states, were then analyzed. The dye's polarizability and hyperpolarizability were also calculated, showing potential for NLO applications. Finally, its electronic absorption spectrum was simulated using time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) in both vacuum and solvent environments, identifying optical transitions that could enable photoinduced electron transfer in dye-sensitized solar cells. The results indicate Allium cep
Flexible dual band dipole antenna incorporates with Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) to improve the well-known low profile characteristics of dipole antenna. The antenna operates at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz which is printed on Fast film with 0.13 mm thickness. While the EBG is designed at 5.8 GHz by using Arlon AD350 with 1.016 mm thickness. EBG works as a ground plane for the antenna and helps by improving the realized gainandradiation pattern. Besides, EBG also act as a filter as the resonant frequency of the antenna is close to the EBG band gap. The 2.45 GHz of is eliminated while the performances of antenna at 5.8 GHz is improved. Thus the realized gain is increased up to 6.86 dB and the back lobes are clearly reduced. The designs of dipole antenna with EBG application such as Wifi and others on-body communication devices.
The document discusses the preparation and thermal properties of carbonized fibers made from polyethylene. It describes how low-density polyethylene fibers were cross-linked using sulfuric acid at different temperatures from 130-170°C. Thermal analysis using DSC and TGA showed that the melting point, heat of fusion, and thermal stability of the fibers increased as the cross-linking temperature rose. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that cross-linking the fibers at 170°C produced the highest carbonization yield and most clearly fibrous form after carbonization. The carbonization yield of the fibers depended on the degree of cross-linking in the polyethylene precursors.
Removal of lead ions by nife2 o4 nanoparticleseSAT Journals
Abstract Nickel ferrite nanoparticles have been prepared by polymeric precursor method. The nanoparticles application in the removal of lead ion was investigated. The results showed that the adsorptive properties were dependent on pH, duration and temperature. Highest percentage (99%) lead adsorption was observed under basic condition at room temperature during 1 h stirring. Analysis of lead adsorbed nickel ferrite by powder XRD, FTIR and XPS techniques revealed the adsorption took place based on hydroxide mechanism. The lead salt formed on the surface of the ferrite powder was identified to be lead carbonate and lead hydroxy carbonate at pH 7 and 9 respectively. Keywords: Nickel ferrite; Nanoparticles; Lead; Adsorption; Hydroxide
An electric circuits' remote switching system based on gsm radio networkeSAT Journals
Abstract Mobile phone industry is classified among the fastest growing engineering branches. It has to be exploited for vast applications, reliability and affordability. Mobile cellular phone subscribers have reached saturation point; with such information, the basic cell phone that was mainly utilized to make calls will also be utilized for remote switching and control activities. The now developed system is based on the global system for mobile communications (GSM) radio network: it will operate as a very long distance remote switch. Utilizing the daily cell phone, a user will either put on/off any desired electric circuit located in an owned, controlled compound. Two cell phones are provided, one being a mobile transmitter user end and another being referred to as a fixed receiver end. A signal will be sent from the user end to put a consumer’s electric circuit either on or off at the receiver end; afterwards, the receiver end will notify the user-end about the on/off state of the consumer. The particularity of this publication is the system simplicity, yet cheap and safe, so that even very low income cell phone users can enjoy radio frequency (RF) technology’s increasing applications. The software utilized to develop and simulate circuits is the linear technology, LT spice. The calculative theory has quantitatively enriched the methodology. Both the building blocks and the physical implementation diagrams for the system are herein contained. The remote switching system based on GSM radio network has been successfully designed, implemented, tested and its functionality has been examined.
Keywords: Radio communication, LTspice, GSM, ON/OFF control
A novel approach for georeferenced data analysis using soft clustering algorithmeSAT Journals
Abstract The process of defining its existence in physical space is called as Georeferenceing.That is establishing its terms of projections or coordinate systems.When data from different sources need to be combined and then used in a GIS application.In this work georeferenced data on soil map is clustered using a soft clustering algorithm. Most georeferencing tasks are undertaken to generate new map. Thus a map generated using GIS software is clustered for data analysis of soil type and vegetation possibilities.Remotely sensed data plays an important role in data collection,the platforms usually consist of aircraft and satellites.GIS is attached to many operations and has many applications related to engineering, planning, management, telecommunications and business. Keywords: Soil map, K-Means Clustering Algorithm,Geographic Information System.
Qo s management for mobile satellite communicationeSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, a cross-layer architecture (QoSatAr) is developed to provide end-to-end quality of service (QoS) guarantees for Internet protocol (IP) traffic over the Digital Video Broadcasting-Second generation (DVB-S2) satellite systems. The architecture design is based on a cross-layer optimization between the physical layer and the network layer to provide QoS provisioning based on the bandwidth availability present in the DVB-S2 satellite channel. One of the most important aspects of the architecture design is that QoSatAr is able to guarantee the QoS requirements for specific traffic flows considering a single parameter: the bandwidth availability which is set at the physical layer (considering adaptive code and modulation adaptation) and sent to the network layer by means of a cross-layer optimization. The architecture has been evaluated using the NS-2 simulator. Keywords: QoSatAr, DVB-S2, ACM, RQM, DiffServ
Aggregates sustainability through preparation of bituminous mixes at combined...eSAT Journals
Abstract Aggregates have to primarily bear load stresses and resist abrasive action of traffic movement under dry and wet conditions, when used in the surface course of the pavement. The aggregate gradation plays a vital role in securing desirable properties of resulting bituminous mixes. Different types of mixes are used under different conditions. Generally, the mixes are designed adopting midpoint gradation from the respective gradation tables. Often, the desired mix properties are not completely satisfied and needs some reworking of gradation. Sometimes the required quantity of aggregates may not be available in nearby areas so as to design a required type of mix. To overcome this, the desired aggregates may have to be brought from far off places, leading to time and cost escalation. This further aggravates the already prevailing scarcity of aggregates. Alternatively, if aggregates are available and satisfies the graduation requirements of two different type of mixes, attempt may be made to design a mix combining the gradation of two types of mixes. Possibly, the resulting mix could still satisfy the specified requirements. If so, the available aggregates could be used economically, without compromising on the quality of mixes. This would result in aggregate sustainability. With this objective, two types of bituminous mixes namely SDBC and BC were prepared at midpoint gradation of the specified ranges, as per MoRTH gradation tables and subsequently by combining the above two gradations taking average of the two midpoint gradations. The Marshall mix properties were compared and found that the mix requirements are largely satisfied at the combined gradation as well. Keywords: Aggregate, sustainability, bituminous mixes, midpoint gradation, combined gradation
An investigation into non destructive testing techniques a specific case s...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper investigate applications of ultrasonic phased array technique over magnetic particle inspection, gamma rays radiographic and conventional ultrasonic testing applied during manufacturing of Low Pressure Heater (LPH) at a company X located in India. The existing non destructive testing techniques that are being used for detection of defects are compared with the alternative techniques. Most of the non destructive testing techniques are surely cost effective but time consuming this makes the overall stay time, production time and overall cost indulged in process high. By applying ultrasonic phased array technique the maintenance scheduling and incurred cost of maintenance and also the overall operational cost can be reduced remarkably. Keywords: Non destructive testing, maintenance, ultrasonic phased array, radiography.
Abstract Traffic congestion on city road networks is one of the main issues to be addressed by today’s traffic management schemes. The frequent traffic jams at major junctions call for an efficient traffic management system in place. The image sequences from a camera are analyzed using edge detection technique, object counting method and queue length estimation to obtain the most efficient technique. Subsequently, the number of vehicles at the intersection is evaluated and traffic is efficiently managed. The paper also proposes to implement a real-time emergency vehicle detection system. In case an emergency vehicle is detected, the lane is given priority over all the others. Using image-processing operations to calculate traffic density is cost effective as cameras are cheaper and affordable devices compared to any other devices such as sensors. Keywords: Edge detection, Object counting, vehicle queue length, traffic management, image processing.
Integration of artificial intelligence control to the unified power quality c...eSAT Journals
Abstract Modernization of the Industrial world is completely accompanied with growing power demands. It is very necessary to utilize the available power efficiently with as much less issues as possible rather than focusing on the excessive generation to meet the demand. UPQC consist of combined series active power filter that compensates voltage harmonics of the power supply, and shunt active power filter that compensates harmonic currents of a non-linear load. We need to focus on the control of UPQC to achieve the best results. Artificial Neural Networks is now considered as a tool for the design of controller for the Power Quality devices. In this paper, the ANN-based controller is designed for the current control of the shunt active power filter and trained offline using data from the conventional PI controller. An exhaustive simulation study is carried out to investigate the performance of the ANN controller and compare its performance with the conventional PI controller results. Index Terms: Power Quality, Unified Power Quality Conditioner, Artificial Neural Networks, Proportional Integral, CSI, VSI, Harmonics.
Night image enhancement using fusion techniqueeSAT Journals
Abstract Video surveillance is used in monitoring the road traffic. However because the surveillance system is limited by many objective factors. Surveillance video may not be seen clearly. Especially under the weak light conditions, the picture quality of the night video is very poor. In this paper, we propose an enhancement method of nighttime images for surveillance camera. We apply the moving target extraction technology and illumination estimation theory and combine the nighttime image with the daytime background by the image fusion. The proposed method recoveries scene information of the night video and highlights the details. The resultant images show the vehicles of the night time but surrounding is fused from the day image taken at day. In this, it is observed that the PSNR value is 65.9 dB is very high and MSE is 0.128 which is very low as compared with earlier reported night image enhancement technique [1]. Experimental results prove that our method is effective.
Web application based file transfer in customized cloudeSAT Journals
Abstract Web Application based File Transfer app in a Customized Cloud is an open source and cloud web app based on the File Transfer system application which should be organized, designed by the app designer and developed by the app developer, the webapp based file transfer system which it runs on the open cloud web server with the graphical user based interface system. The user interface turns automatically the customized web application environment into file transfer system management system. It uses the cloud web directory automated services with the powerful management tools as the web file transfer with the multiple options in the admin dashboard interface. It allows to configure the custom designs. Web application users or the web app sites can be modified or updated according to the developer needs, so the web file transfer application visitors or the users can open the webapp accounts in the file transfer web application for creating the file transfer based user accounts. It can store or save the unlimited data without any bandwidth permissions. As the webapp administrator allows the web moderators to setup the individual user quotas and the customized quota for the portal users known as the quota system for webapp. The application administrators and the application moderators will get the full access to the webapp portal administration managing area and to the permissions to block the individual and the unknown users, webapp site ads can be embedded into the webapp site portal or the cloud file transfer website. This application can also be converted into the customized individual mobile application such as for the various os- android, the windows phone etc. It allows the individual users or individual administrators to share their experience in the form of comments and the customized user article modules. Webapp portal enables to allow the various file formats where it can store the data files and other data on the file transfer oriented web-cloud. It’s as fully loaded features with the directory service mode in order to optimize the custom data and to optimize the file transfer oriented cloud server optimization. Web application can also be deployed on any file transfer system. The web app can be installed on the various operating platform which it allows the administrators to embed the search engine into the Cloud File Transfer Web site.
An eye gaze detection using low resolution web camera in desktop environmenteSAT Journals
This document presents a method for detecting eye gaze using a low-resolution webcam. The method uses OpenCV and the Viola-Jones algorithm to detect faces and eyes. It then calculates the eye centers and maps them to X-Y coordinates on the screen. The algorithm achieves 69-74% accuracy in detecting gaze positions. It can be used for applications like controlling interfaces for blind users or in military cockpits. The method provides an economical way to perform eye gaze detection using regular webcams and open-source tools.
Performance evaluation of bituminous concrete incorporating crumb rubber and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in environmental concerns has been leading to develop innovative and eco-friendly ideas to re-use the waste byproducts from
industries and domestic use. Waste plastic and waste tyres/crumb rubber considered as solid waste in India which causes
environmental pollution. These wastes will be disposed by land filling and incineration which are hazardous. Plastic is user friendly
but not eco-friendly. In this present study waste plastic and crumb rubber has been used to modify the conventional bituminous mix.
This modifier raw-material has been sourced from disposed waste plastic and crumb rubber. This provides a solution towards
ecological menace posed by increased use of plastic. Incorporation of waste plastic which is mainly consists of LDPE had been done
by “dry process”; an in-situ process which can be practiced locally. In this process addition of plastic has been done by replacing
bitumen by percentage by weight in varying percentage. Marshall Method of bituminous mix design was carried out. Significant
improvement in properties like Marshall Stability, retained stability, indirect tensile strength has been observed in waste plastic
bituminous mix compared to conventional mix.
Keywords: waste thermoplastic, bituminous mix, Marshall Properties, ITS, retained stability
Abstract
The exponential growth of knowledge in the World Wide Web, has understood the need to develop economical and effective ways for organizing relevant contents. In the field of web computing, document clustering plays a vital role and plays an interesting and challenging problem. Document clustering is mainly used for grouping the similar documents in the search engine. The web also has rich and dynamic collection of hyperlink information. The retrieval of relevant document from the internet is the complicated task. Based on the user’s query the document will be retrieved from the various databases to give relevant information and additional information for the given query. The documents are already clustered based on keyword extraction and stored in the database. The probabilistic relational approach for web document clustering is to find the relation between two linked pages and to define a relational clustering algorithm based on probabilistic graph representation. In document clustering, both content information and hyperlink structure of web page are considered and document is viewed as a semantic units. It also provides additional information to the user.
Keywords: Document Clustering, Agglomerative Clustering, Entropy, F-Measure
Dynamic analysis of a reinforced concrete horizontal curved beam using softwareeSAT Journals
Abstract
Dynamic analysis of a reinforced concrete beam bridge, horizontally curved in plan is done using a finite element software. The
support conditions considered are simple supports. Dynamic loading in the form of moving vehicular load is taken into account
for the purpose of analysis. IRC Class AA type of vehicle is simulated on two lanes on the beam of span 31m, having a box type
cross-section. A parametric study is done varying the radius of curvature of the beam from 50 m to 250 m with the interval of 50
m to check the behavior of the beam. Various responses of the beam like bending moment, shear force, torsional moment and
deflection are calculated. The influence of a non-dimensional parameter L/R i.e. ratio of length of the beam to radius of curvature
of the beam is verified for the responses of the beam. From the results, it has been found that the responses i.e. the bending
moment, shear force, torsional moment and deflection of the beam decrease as the radius of curvature of the beam in increased.
Also, the responses of the beam increase as the L/R ratio is increased.
Keywords: Dynamic analysis, horizontally curved beam, finite element, moving vehicular moving load, Simply
Supported, Box type, parametric study, L/R ratio
An offline signature recognition and verification system based on neural networkeSAT Journals
Abstract Various techniques are already introduced for personal identification and verification based on different types of biometrics which can be physiological or behavioral. Signatures lies in the category of behavioral biometric which can distort or changed with course of time. Signatures are considered to be most promising authentication method in all legal and financial documents. It is necessary to verify signers and their respective signatures. This paper presents an Offline Signature recognition and verification system(SRVS). In this system signature database of signature images is created, followed by image preprocessing, feature extraction, neural network design and training, and classification of signature as genuine or counterfeit. Keywords: biometrics, neural network design, feature extraction, classification etc.
Unconstrained health monitoring and effective position tracking using wireles...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper introduces a wireless sensor network platform specifically designed for the protection of workers employed in the building sector. The network configuration makes use of GSM communication which provides a more efficient and long range wireless transmission. The system has been developed to determine two different kinds of information, heart beat rate and latitude and longitude corresponding to the location of each worker. These data provide a periodic update of both health and position inside their working environment by sending SMS to higher officials. The sensor node is embedded on the worker garment by integrating within the fabric which forms a unique structure. This system provides a secure environment for the safety of constructional workers by the real-time monitoring of their working surface.
Keywords—GSM communication; Wireless Sensor Netowrks; Real-time monitoring; safety.
Esert the complete system design to make railway traffic effective, safer a...eSAT Journals
Abstract This proposal aims to develop complete system design for railways. It will focus to develop an Effective, Safer and Easier method to resolve Railway traffic issues. This simple method of continuous monitoring and assessment of the condition of the rail tracks can prevent major disasters and save valuable human spirits. Our system process is able to get attentive the train in case of any dislocations in the track, avert the collision of the train with train or other vehicle/mankind trying to moving across the level crossing. To accomplish this it uses wireless technology based Real time system with Web user interface. Keywords: Vibration sensors, Zigbee, PIC microcontroller, Level Crossing, DC motor, Railway Gate
Temperature and strain sensitivity of long period grating fiber sensor revieweSAT Journals
Abstract
Long period grating fibers are special class of fibers which are produced by periodic modulation of the refractive index of the core. This perturbation leads to forward guiding mode to couple with co propagating cladding modes depending on the phase matching condition. This coupling causes the cladding modes to attenuate during propagation in the fiber and leads to dips in the attenuation bands at discrete wavelengths in the transmission spectrum. These bands are shifted when the LPG is exposed to temperature, strain, refractive index changes in surrounding environment etc. This forms the basis of LPG sensor. The properties of LPG are modified in order to achieve the required sensitivity towards any measurands as per the applications. The performance of LPG by modifying the properties of LPG is reviewed.
Keywords: Optical fiber, Optical fiber sensor, Fiber Bragg, Long period grating, Strain, Temperature
Effect of the post weld heat treatments on the fatigue crack growth behavior ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of the post weld heat treatments (PWHTs) on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior in the welded zone of AA6063-T5 fabricated by the friction stir process was investigated. The FCG specimens are machined in which the loading axis is put perpendicular to the welding line and the initial notches are introduced in the welded zone. The experimental results showed the FCG rates are sensitive to the PWHT solutions. The FCG resistance in the welded zone could be fully restored to that of base metal by using PWHT. While the PWHT solution solely restores the precipitates dissolved and/or coarsened during welding process has a minor effect on the FCG rates, the PWHT solution remarkably recrystallizes the grain microstructure has a significant effect here.
Keywords: Aluminum alloy, Failure assessment, Fatigue crack propagation, Friction stir welding
Effect of the post weld heat treatments on the fatigue crack growth behavior ...
Similar to Quantum efficiency of 3, 5 dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle for dye sensitized solar cell and vibrational spectral analysis of the dye molecule
IRJET- Lanthanum Doped Strontium Titanate as photoanode by Pechini method for...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on synthesizing lanthanum-doped strontium titanate (LST) powder via the Pechini method for use as a photoanode material in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Key points:
1) LST was synthesized via a Pechini sol-gel process using titanium isopropoxide, lanthanum nitrate, and strontium nitrate precursors.
2) Characterization showed the material had a crystalline perovskite structure, spherical nanoparticle morphology, and bandgap of 3.5eV suitable for DSSC photoanodes.
3) BET analysis found the LST had a high surface area
Determination of Optical Constants and Mechanical Properties of Thiourea Base...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the growth and characterization of bis-thiourea stannous chloride dihydrate (BTSCD) crystals. BTSCD crystals were grown using the solution growth method at room temperature over 35-45 days. The crystals were characterized through single crystal XRD, powder XRD, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and SHG analysis. Optical properties like band gap, refractive index, and mechanical properties like microhardness were determined. The BTSCD crystals showed good optical transmission in the visible region with a band gap of 5.1 eV and SHG efficiency of 0.55 times that of KDP, indicating potential for non-linear optical applications.
Synthesis and characterization of MnO2/rGO nano composite for super capacitorsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of an MnO2/rGO nanocomposite for use in supercapacitors. Graphene oxide was produced using a modified Hummer's method and then reduced to rGO. MnO2 nanoparticles were prepared using a drop-feeding method and mixed with rGO to form a nanocomposite. The nanocomposite was characterized using various techniques and showed improved capacitance compared to MnO2 alone, with a highest value of 678 F/g measured. The nanocomposite therefore shows promise for supercapacitor applications due to its high specific capacitance.
FT IR and FT RAMAN SPECTRA of 4 Chloro 2 Methyl Benzonitrileijtsrd
FT IR spectrum of 4 chloro 2 methyl benzonitrile in the region 400 4000 cm 1 has been recorded in KBr pellet technique with a Bruker IFS 66 Fourier transform spectrometer. FT Raman spectrum in powder form has been recorded in the region 50 4000 cm on a Bruker IFS 66 optical bench with an FRA 106 Raman module attachment interfaced to a microcomputer. Geometry and vibrational wavenumbers were calculated using ab initio calculations with HF method. The results were compared with experimental values. The observed FT IR and FT Raman vibrational frequencies were analyzed and assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. Most of the modes have wavenumbers in the expected range and the error obtained was, in general, very low. Using PEDs, the contributions were determined for different modes to each wave number. From the PED, it is apparent that the frequency corresponding to C=N stretching contains 88 contribution from the C=N stretching force constant and it mixes with C CN stretching mode to the extent of 12 . Virendra Kumar Sharma "FT-IR and FT RAMAN SPECTRA of 4-Chloro 2 Methyl Benzonitrile" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49470.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/49470/ftir-and-ft-raman-spectra-of-4chloro-2-methyl-benzonitrile/virendra-kumar-sharma
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
C3N5: A Low Bandgap Semiconductor Containing an Azo-linked Carbon Nitride Fra...Pawan Kumar
Modification of carbon nitride based polymeric 2D materials for tailoring their optical, electronic and chemical properties for various applications has gained significant interest. The present report demonstrates the synthesis of a novel modified carbon nitride framework with a remarkable 3:5 C:N stoichiometry (C3N5) and an electronic bandgap of 1.76 eV, by thermal deammoniation of the melem hydrazine precursor. Characterization revealed that in the C3N5 polymer, two s-heptazine units are bridged together with azo linkage, which constitutes an entirely new and different bonding fashion from g-C3N4 where three heptazine units are linked together with tertiary nitrogen. Extended conjugation due to overlap of azo nitrogens and increased electron density on heptazine nucleus due to the aromatic π network of heptazine units lead to an upward shift of the valence band maximum resulting in bandgap reduction down to 1.76 eV. XRD, He-ion imaging, HR-TEM, EELS, PL, fluorescence lifetime imaging, Raman, FTIR, TGA, KPFM, XPS, NMR and EPR clearly show that the properties of C3N5 are distinct from pristine carbon nitride (g-C3N4). When used as an electron transport layer (ETL) in MAPbBr3 based halide perovskite solar cells, C3N5 outperformed g-C3N4, in particular generating an open circuit photovoltage as high as 1.3 V, while C3N5 blended with MAxFA1–xPb(I0.85Br0.15)3 perovskite active layer achieved a photoconversion efficiency (PCE) up to 16.7%. C3N5 was also shown to be an effective visible light sensitizer for TiO2 photoanodes in photoelectrochemical water splitting. Because of its electron-rich character, the C3N5 material displayed instantaneous adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution reaching complete equilibrium within 10 min, which is significantly faster than pristine g-C3N4 and other carbon based materials. C3N5 coupled with plasmonic silver nanocubes promotes plasmon-exciton coinduced surface catalytic reactions reaching completion at much low laser intensity (1.0 mW) than g-C3N4, which showed sluggish performance even at high laser power (10.0 mW). The relatively narrow bandgap and 2D structure of C3N5 make it an interesting air-stable and temperature-resistant semiconductor for optoelectronic applications while its electron-rich character and intra sheet cavity make it an attractive supramolecular adsorbent for environmental applications.
This document summarizes the design and testing of a photonic gas sensor using a silicon strip waveguide to detect carbon dioxide (CO2). Finite element simulations were used to design a strip waveguide with a high evanescent field ratio to enable gas absorption sensing. The sensor was experimentally tested and could detect CO2 concentrations as low as 5000 parts per million, the workplace exposure limit. Measurements matched predictions from the Beer-Lambert law for light absorption, demonstrating the sensor's potential for quantitative gas detection.
Theoretical Study of (RS) - (4-chlorophenyl) (pyridine-2yl) Methanol using De...IRJET Journal
1) The document reports on a theoretical study using density functional theory to analyze the molecular structure and properties of (RS)-(4-chlorophenyl)(pyridine-2yl)methanol.
2) Geometry optimization and vibrational analysis were performed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level to calculate structural parameters, vibrational wavenumbers, and infrared spectrum.
3) Key structural features of the molecule were confirmed, such as bond lengths and angles, and vibrational modes such as O-H, C-C, C-H, and ring stretches and bends were assigned.
Synthesis and characterization of octaazatricyclotetracosane (octc) macrocycl...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with the synthesis and characterization of macrocyclic ligand and its complex compound. Template condensation of chlorocarbons such as 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane with 1,3-diaminopropane in presence of nickel (II) or copper (II) yielded the corresponding metal complexes such as 3,7,10,14,15,19,20,24- octaazatricyclotetracosane (OCTC). The macrocyclic ligands and their complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, conductance, IR and NMR spectral studies. The magnetic moments, along with electronic spectral data suggested hexa coordinated state for Nickel, its geometry is outer orbit octa hedral and tetra coordinated state for copper, its geometry is square planner .Conductivity data suggests that they behave as electrolytes. The formulation of the complexes has been established on the basis of chemical composition. Keywords: Ni (II), Cu (II), Transitional Macrocyclic Complex, Synthesis, Spectroscopy.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of octaazatricyclotetracosane (OCTC) macrocyclic complexes of nickel(II) and copper(II) transition metal ions derived from 1,3-diaminopropane ligands. Template condensation reactions of 1,3-diaminopropane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in the presence of nickel(II) or copper(II) ions yield the corresponding metal complexes. The macrocyclic ligands and their complexes were characterized through techniques such as elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, conductivity measurements, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The data indicated hexacoordinated nickel
This document summarizes research into improving the lighting properties of 7000K in-cup packaged white LEDs (IPW-LEDs) by co-doping them with Ca[Mg3SiN4]Ce3+ phosphor. By varying the concentration of Ca[Mg3SiN4]Ce3+ phosphor from 0% to 1.8%, the effect on color rendering index (CRI), color quality scale (CQS), dominant correlated color temperature (D-CCT), and luminous flux (LO) was investigated using light simulation software. The results showed that increasing the phosphor concentration improved LO and D-CCT, but reduced CRI and CQS. Scattering analysis found the phosphor
Investigations on the Growth and Characterization of NLO Active Cadmium Picra...IRJET Journal
1) Cadmium picrate single crystals were grown using the slow evaporation solution growth technique.
2) The crystals were characterized through techniques such as single crystal XRD, powder XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, microhardness testing, and dielectric measurements.
3) Second harmonic generation measurements showed that the grown cadmium picrate crystals have nonlinear optical properties making them suitable for frequency conversion applications.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic (FT-IR, FT-Raman), First Order HYPERPOLARIZABILITY a...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the synthesis, spectroscopic analysis, and density functional theory calculations of the molecule (2E)-N-phenyl-3-(4H-pyran-4-yl)prop-2-enamide (P3P2E). Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy were used to analyze the vibrational modes of the molecule experimentally. Density functional theory with B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) was used to calculate the molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies, and other properties. The theoretical calculations showed good agreement with the experimental spectroscopic data. Frontier molecular orbital analysis and other properties like first hyperpolarizability were also calculated to understand the reactivity and nonlinear optical behavior of the
Comparison of calcium carbonate and titania particles on improving color homo...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
1) The document compares the effects of adding calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and titania (TiO2) particles to yellow phosphor in phosphor-converted LEDs (pc-LEDs) to improve color uniformity and luminous flux.
2) Simulation results show that pc-LEDs with 30% CaCO3 concentration have a 620K lower correlated color temperature deviation compared to no additional particles, indicating better color uniformity. In contrast, increasing TiO2 concentration sharply reduces luminous flux.
3) CaCO3 particles are recommended for achieving both higher color homogeneity and lumen output in pc-LEDs due to their scattering properties being more equal between blue and yellow light wavelengths.
Ba[Mg2Al2N4]Eu2+ phosphor for enhancing the optical quality of the 6600K CPW-...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Compared with conventional lamps, LED-based light sources have a superior lifetime, efficiency, and reliability, which promise significant reductions in power consumption and pollution from fossil fuel power plants. The main purpose of this paper is proposed and investigated the effect of the concentration of Ba[Mg2Al2N4]Eu2+conversion phosphor on the CCT deviation (D-CCT) and lumen output (LO) of the 6600 K conformal-packaging white LEDs (CPW-LEDs). For this purpose, we used the Light Tools and Mat Lab software to investigate this problem. From the research results, we can state that the concentration of the red phosphor crucially influenced on the optical quality of the 6600 K CPW-LEDs. The D-CCT can be decreased from 4700K to 2500K, and the LO can be increased from 600 lm. to 1200 lm. This research can provide the new recommendation for LEDs industry at this time.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in seawater solution (3.5%NaCl and DMSO) by pure
curcumin has been studied at temperature range (298-328K) and different concentrations (2.7*10-6
,1.3*10-5
,2.7*10-
5
,3.2*10-5M) using potentiostatic techniques. The results showed that the best corrosion inhibition efficiency was
obtained with2.7*10-5Mpure curcumin concentration which reach to 77.5% at 298K.The corrosionrate increase
with increase temperature at all purecurcuminconcentrations.Thecorrosion rate decreasewith
purecurcuminconcentration increaseup to 2.7*10-5Mthen with increasing pure curcumin concentration than 2.7*10-
5M the corrosion ratewill be increase. Apparent activation energy, Arrhenius factor, free energyΔG*
, enthalpy ΔH*
and entropy ΔS*
for corrosion processeswere calculated. The inhibition mechanism according to adsorption of pure
curcumin molecules in the interface metal/solution and Langmuir adsorption isotherm type were applied.
Sr[Mg3SiN4]Eu2+ phosphor: solution for enhancing the optical properties of th...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In the last decade, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which based on spontaneous light emission in semiconductors can be considered as the main light sources for civil and industrial purposes. In this paper, we presented and investigated the effect of the Sr[Mg3SiN4]Eu2+ concentration on the optical properties of the 5600K remote-packaging WLEDs (RP-WLEDs). We use the Mat Lab and the LightTool software to investigate the effect of the Sr[Mg3SiN4]Eu2+ concentration on the CRI, CQS, D-CCT and LO of the 5600K RP-WLEDs. From the result, we can state that the concentration of the Sr[Mg3SiN4]Eu2+ influenced on the CRI, CQS, D-CCT and LO of the RP-WLEDs. The red Sr[Mg3SiN4]Eu2+ phosphor can be considered as the novel recommendation for LEDs industry.
Impedance spectroscopic studies on pani ceo2 compositesIAEME Publication
This document summarizes impedance spectroscopic studies on polyaniline/cerium oxide composites with varying weight percentages of cerium oxide. Key findings include:
1. Polyaniline-cerium oxide composites were prepared using in situ polymerization and characterized using FTIR and SEM.
2. AC conductivity was found to decrease with increasing cerium oxide content from 10-30% and 50% but increase at 40% due to extended polymer chains and cerium oxide distribution.
3. Dielectric constant decreased and real impedance increased with frequency for all composites due to a near Debye relaxation mechanism.
Synthesis & Bio-Evaluation of 4-Amino-5-Benzyl-2, 4-Dihydro-3H-1, 2, 4-Triazo...IJERA Editor
Synthesis of 4-amino-5-benzyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione Capped Silver NanoParticles by a simple procedure. Spherical shaped Capped Ag-NPs with average size of 14.65 nm are obtained by the treatment of aqueous silver ions with hot ethanolic solution of 4-amino-5-benzyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione as Stabilizing/Reducing agent. The Nanoparticles are characterized using TEM, XRD and FTIR studies. The synthesized Nanoparticles were tested for in vitro antimicrobial activity at concentrations of 50, 100, 200 μg /ml. The Nanoparticles showed good activity, nearly equal to the inhibition zone value of ciprofloxacin, against the E.coli bacteria. For the antifungal activity, the compound showed equipotent activity against A.niger.
Similar to Quantum efficiency of 3, 5 dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle for dye sensitized solar cell and vibrational spectral analysis of the dye molecule (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Quantum efficiency of 3, 5 dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle for dye sensitized solar cell and vibrational spectral analysis of the dye molecule
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 250
QUANTUM EFFICIENCY OF 3, 5-DIMETHYL PYRIDINE 2-
CARBONITIRLE FOR DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL AND
VIBRATIONAL SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF THE DYE MOLECULE
Uthayakumar.B1
, G.Meenakshi2
, S.Ramadasse3
1
Research Scholar, 2,3
Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Kanchi Mamunivar Centre for Post Graduate
Studies, Lawspet, Puducherry, India
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) attain consideration because of their sky-scraping light to electricity conversion efficiencies,
simple and low cost manufacturing. Fruitful efficiency of a DSSC is that it should convert photon into current even at wavelength
of UV. Present work aimed at quantum efficiency ( Light Harvesting Efficiency) of 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle. Density
functional theory (DFT) has been used to determine the ground state geometries of dye 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle. The
time dependant density functional theory (TDDFT) has been used to calculate the excitation energies. All the calculations were
performed in both gas and solvent phase. The improved light harvesting efficiency (LHE) and free energy change of electron
injection of newly designed sensitizers revealed that these materials would be an excellent sensitizers. It may also be due to
dendrites of methyl group and cyno group which is present in the study material. The experimental spectrum of FTIR and FT-
Raman supports the absorption levels.
Key Words: 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitirle,Dye-sensitized solar cells, Light harvesting efficiency, Density
functional Theory, FTIR, FT-Raman spectroscopy
-------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) attain consideration
because of their sky-scraping light to electricity conversion
efficiencies, simple and low cost manufacturing.1-3
The
sensitizer is a critical element in DSSC, which improves the
power conversion efficiency and increases the stability of the
devices. The Ruthenium base photosensitizers give a solar
energy to electricity conversion efficiency of 10% in
average.2
Metal free organic DSSCs have benefits over metal
holding sensitizers, e.g., easy and cheap preparation methods,
environment friendly and elevated molar extinction
coefficient.4
Different metal free dyes have been examined
which have comparable efficiencies to metal holding
sensitizers.5-7
Designing of dye sensitizer plays an important
role in the optimization of DSSC,8
and it depends on the
quantitative information of dye sensitizer. In most of the
organic sensitizers presence of donor, bridge and acceptor
(DBA) moieties is very important to get better performance
of the photo induced intramolecular charge transfer.
Figure 1(a). Schematic illustration of the dye-sensitized TiO2
interface
Figure.1(b): Schematic pictures of (A) the basic parts, and
(B) the photoinduced processes of a dye-sensitized solar cell
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 251
During electronic transition, charge transfer depends on the
conjugation across the donor and anchoring groups.
Efficiency of organic sensitizers decreases due to dye
aggregation and charge recombination.9
To model and design
efficient metal-free sensitizers for DSSC, suitable DBA
systems are needed whose properties can be altered by
applying the drivable structural modifications. In this
research work, we report an organic dye 3,5-dimethyl
pyridine 2-carbonitrile, shows the light harvesting efficiency
which is overall of 12% . We also investigated its Molecular
structure, vibrational spectroscopic FT-IR,FT-Raman
analysis.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
Freshly prepared 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitrile has
been purchased from Sigma Aldrich and used without further
purification. Fourier transform infrared spectra of the title
compound is measured at the room temperature in the region
4000-400 cm-1
using a BRUCKER IFS-66 V FTIR
spectrometer at a resolution of 1cm-1
equipped with a MCT
detector, a KBr beam splitter and globar source. The FT-
Raman spectrum of 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitrile is
recorded on a BRUKER IFS -66 V model interferometer
equipped with FRA-106 FT-Raman accessory in the 3500–
100 cm−1
Stokes region using the 1064 nm line of a Nd: YAG
laser for excitation operating at 200 mW power. The reported
wave numbers are believed to be accurate within 1 cm−1
.
Figure.2: Chemical Structure of 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-
carbonitrile
3. COMPUTATIONAL DETAILS
Density functional theory (DFT) and time dependant density
functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations were performed to
determine geometries, electronic structures and electronic
absorption spectra selected dye. All the calculations, both in
gas and solvent phase, were performed using Gaussian09
package.12
All calculations were performed by employing
CAM-B3LYP functional and 6-311+G* basis set. The free
energy change for electron injection onto a titanium dioxide
(TiO2) surface and dye’s excited state oxidation potential
were calculated using mathematical equations.
The light harvesting efficiency (LHE) was determined by
formula14
:
LHE = 1−10–f
Where f is the oscillator strength of dye
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. The geometric structure:
The optimized geometry of the 3,5-dimethylpyridine 2-
carbonitrile is shown in Figure.3, and the bond lengths, bond
angles and dihedral angles are listed in Table.1(a),(b),(c).
Since the crystal structure of the exact title compound is not
available till now, the optimized structure can be only be
compared with other similar systems for which the crystal
structures have been solved. From the theoretical values we
can find that most of the optimized bond lengths, bond angles
and dihedral angles. The optimized bond lengths of C-C
single and double bond inside and outside the pyridine ring
differs. These values are reported in Table 1(a),(b),(c). The
bonds length between Carbon atoms C1-C2=1.4087Å, C3-C4
=1.3961 Å and C2-C3=1.3935 Å, C4-C5 =1.3998 Å these C-
C bonds are skeletal C-C bonds of the pyridine ring which
are having merely same value of bond length this is due to
interaction made by localized electron inside the ring. Bond
angle betweenC1-N6-C5 is 117.768 which support the
presence of Nitrogen in pyridine ring. Dihedral angle implies
the sample under study have a ring structure.
Figure.3: Optimized geometrical structure of dye 3,5-
dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile.
Table 1(a): Bond lengths (Å) of the dye 3,5-
dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile
Bond length B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)(Å)
C1-C2 1.4087
C1-N6 1.3384
C1-C9 1.4405
C2-C3 1.3935
C2-C8 1.5055
C3-C4 1.3961
C3-H11 1.0861
C4-C5 1.3998
C4-C7 1.5056
C5-N6 1.3299
C5-H12 1.0868
C7-H13 1.0914
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C7-H14 1.094
C7-H15 1.094
C8-H16 1.0936
C8-H17 1.0936
C8-H18 1.091
C9-N10 1.1549
Table 1(b): Bond angle (°) of the dye 3,5-dimethylpyridine
2-carbonitrile
Bond angle B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) (°)
C2-C1-N6 124.1532
C2-C1-C9 119.4946
N6-C1-C9 116.3521
C1-C2-C3 116.1263
C1-C2-C8 121.822
C3-C2-C8 122.0517
C2-C3-C4 121.1168
C2-C3-H11 119.1001
C4-C3-H11 119.783
C3-C4-C5 116.8421
C3-C4-C7 121.7516
C5-C4-C7 121.4063
C4-C5-N6 123.9938
C4-C5-H12 120.1051
N6-C5-H12 115.9011
C1-N6-C5 117.7678
C4-C7-H13 111.2781
C4-C7-H14 111.0938
C4-C7-H15 111.0924
H13-C7-H14 107.9317
H13-C7-H15 107.9312
H14-C7-H15 107.3447
C2-C8-H16 111.2016
C2-C8-H17 111.2009
C2-C8-H18 110.8354
H16-C8-H17 106.8458
H16-C8-H18 108.3013
H17-C8-H18 108.3014
Table 1(c): Dihedral angle (°) of the dye 3,5-
dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile
Dihedral angle B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) (°)
N6-C1-C2-C3 0.001
N6-C1-C2-C8 180.0002
C9-C1-C2-C3 -179.9972
C9-C1-C2-C8 0.002
C2-C1-N6-C5 -0.0013
C9-C1-N6-C5 179.997
C1-C2-C3-C4 0.0001
C1-C2-C3-H11 -179.9997
C8-C2-C3-C4 -179.9992
C8-C2-C3-H11 0.001
C1-C2-C8-H16 59.4652
C1-C2-C8-H17 -59.4652
C1-C2-C8-H18 179.9961
C3-C2-C8-H16 -120.5356
C3-C2-C8-H17 120.526
C3-C2-C8-H18 -0.0047
C2-C3-C4-C5 -0.0007
C2-C3-C4-C7 -180.0027
H11-C3-C4-C5 -180.0009
H11-C3-C4-C7 -0.0029
C3-C4-C5-N6 0.0004
C3-C4-C5-H12 180.0012
C7-C4-C5-N6 180.0012
C7-C4-C5-H12 0.0032
C3-C4-C7-H13 -180.0068
C3-C4-C7-H14 59.7042
C3-C4-C7-H15 -59.7194
C5-C4-C7-H13 -0.009
C5-C4-C7-H14 -120.2979
C5-C4-C7-H15 120.2785
C4-C5-N6-H11 0.0006
H12-C5-N6-C1 -180.003
4.2. Vibrational spectral Analysis
Figure 5 and 6 shows the observed IR and Raman spectra of
3,5-dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile respectively. The 3,5-
dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile molecule give rise to three
C-H stretching, two C-H torsion vibrations, two C-H out of
plane bending vibrations ,one C-H in-plane bending
vibration, four wagging C-C-N vibrations, one C-C-N
bending vibration, two C=C stretching vibrations, three C-N
stretching vibrations, one C-C-C torsion vibration, one C-C-
C in plane vibration, one ring stretching and one ring
deformation were assigned using experimental spectrum.
The strongest IR absorption for 3,5-dimethylpyridine 2-
carbonitrile corresponds to the vibrational mode 28 near
about 1455 cm-1
, which is corresponding to stretching mode
of C=C bonds. The next stronger IR absorption is attributed
to vibrational mode 16 near about 895 cm-1
, corresponding to
the Torsion mode of C-H bonds. In the Raman spectrum,
however, the strongest activity mode is the vibrational mode
29 near about 2213 cm-1
, which is corresponding to
stretching mode of C-N triple bond. This peak is also
observed in FTIR spectrum at 2224 cm-1
.
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 253
4.3. C–H vibrations
The C–H stretching vibrations in the benzene derivatives
arises from non-degenerate mode (3072 cm−1
) and two
degenerate modes (3047 cm−1
), (3099 cm−1
). In this region,
the bands are not appreciably affected by the nature of
substituents. Hence in the present investigation, the FT-IR
bands at 3057, 3022 cm−1
and FT-Raman bands at 3059,
3009 cm−1
have been assigned to C–H stretching vibrations.
In general most of them are weak in either the FT-Raman or
FT-IR, with the exception of 3059 cm−1
which appears as
very strong band in the FT-Raman spectra is assigned C–H
in-phase stretching mode. The upper limit of frequency
comparatively decreases may be due to the presence of
methyl group. The C–H in-plane bending vibrations appear in
the region 1000–1520 cm−1
and C–H out of- plane bending
vibrations in the range of 700–1000 cm−1
. The bands
corresponding to the C–H in-plane bending modes of
pyridine are observed at 1177 and 1081 cm−1
in the FT-IR
spectra. The corresponding calculated modes are dominated
by C-H in plane bending, and coupled mostly with CC
stretching. The medium strong bands observed at 947, 898
and 866, 812 cm−1
in the FT-IR spectrum modes of pyridine.
Figure.4: Observed FT-IR Spectra of 3,5-dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile
Figure.5: Observed FT-Raman Spectra of 3,5-dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile
433.48
473.97
517.43
572.71
613.58
723.53747.76
838.81
895.55
964.02
1045.10
1131.42
1213.90
1265.13
1375.95
1454.74
1562.92
1595.54
1650.52
1833.87
1886.31
2224.46
2526.36
2928.07
2990.50
3646.23
3708.57
3850.81
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
%T
5001000150020002500300035004000
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Wavelength (nm)
I
N
T
E
N
S
I
T
Y
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 254
4.4. C–C vibrations
The C–C stretching frequencies are generally predicted in
the region 650–1650 cm−1
. In pyridine, the C–C stretching
frequencies arise from the two doubly degenerated
vibrations (1596 cm−1
) and (1485 cm−1
) and two non-
degenerate modes at (1300 cm−1
) and (998 cm−1
) which
corresponds to skeletal vibrations. The doubly degenerated
(1485 cm−1
) mode is basically a ring deformation, since it
involves both stretching and bending of the C–C bonds. The
frequency of the vibrational pair in substituted pyridine is
rather insensitive of substitution. The strong bands observed
at 1318, 1305 cm−1
in FT-IR spectrum are assigned to 40%
contribution of the CC-stretching mode. The CC in-plane
bending modes result from non-degenerate value (1010
cm−1
).
4.5. Methyl group vibrations
The asymmetric and symmetric stretching modes of methyl
group attached to the pyridine ring are usually downshifted
due to electronic effects and are expected in the range
2850–3000 cm−1
for asymmetric and symmetric stretching
vibrations. From spectrum the asymmetric stretching CH3
mode in which two C–H bonds of the methyl group are
extending while the third one is contracting. The second
arises from symmetrical stretching CH3 in which all three of
the C–H bonds extend and contract in phase. The two CH3
frequencies are calculated to be 2933 and 2931 cm−1
, which
are well comparable with the experimental values observed
at 2913(m) cm−1
, 2862(m) cm−1
in FT-IR and 2915 (m)
cm−1
, 2862 (m) cm−1
in FT-Raman spectra. The frequency of
calculated values of CH3 frequencies and 2979 cm−1
observed only in FT-IR spectra at 2933 (m) cm−1. The two
CH3 out of plane modes are calculated at 2830 and 2824
cm−1
both are not observed from experiment. In many
molecules the symmetric deformation labeled CH3
symmetric bending and CH3 in plane bending appears with
an intensity varying from medium to strong and expected in
the range 1380±25 cm−1
. The two CH3 stretching bending
frequencies are observed at 1379 and 1361 cm−1
. Out of
these two modes one is observed in the FT-IR and FT-
Raman spectra at 1377 and 1379 cm−1. The out-of-plane
rocking in the region 970±70 cm−1
is more difficult to find
among the C–H out-of-plane deformations.
4.6. Quantum Efficiency
Light harvesting efficiency of 3,5-dimethylpyridine 2-
carbonitrile is calculated from the oscillator value obtained
from TDDFT and tabulated in Table.3 , the highest light
harvesting efficiency value 0.8611 is obtained at 165.84nm
in solution and 0.7882 is obtained at 163.61nm in gas
phase. Each photon ejects one electron from a molecule of
the dye, hence 3,5-dimethyl pyridine 2-carbonitrile achieve
up to 86% of efficiency in solution and 78% in vacuum at
UV region. Average light harvesting efficiency is calculated
and the result is 12.7976% in solution and 12.2604% in gas
phase.
Table 2: Light Harvesting Efficiency of the Dye
Light Harvesting Efficiency
of the dye in SOLUTION
Light Harvesting Efficiency
of the dye in GAS PHASE
Wavelength(nm) % Wavelength(nm) %
218.58 0.4461 215.28 0.3390
207.74 0.0579 211.14 0.0133
205.25 0.01213 207.65 0.0779
174.11 0.00757 175.47 0.00597
170.05 0.01599 173.19 0.00046
168.86 0.7418 169.43 0.00391
166.11 0.00688 165.27 0.6251
165.84 0.8611 163.61 0.7882
158.72 0.00023 160.20 0.0084
157.13 0.00459 159.51 0.00023
154.92 0.1318 156.72 0.1696
153.94 0.0000 155.86 0.0000
150.94 0.0993 153.14 0.01213
150.92 0.1104 151.84 0.3583
145.53 0.00757 147.21 0.01916
141.88 0.00207 144.45 0.00069
141.21 0.00962 141.98 0.01122
140.09 0.00574 141.36 0.0000
138.96 0.0124 139.40 0.00253
137.61 0.02634 137.16 0.01599
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 256
-0.11797 (35 -> 55)
16
-0.18404 (34 -> 37)
-0.19197 (35 -> 38)
0.48689 (35 -> 40)
-0.33905 (35 -> 43)
0.10811 (35 -> 44)
-0.10276 (35 -> 65)
8.7386/141
.88
.0009
17
-0.17304 (34 -> 38)
0.10398 (35 -> 37)
0.15111 (35 -> 38)
0.40633 (35 -> 40)
0.41638 (35 -> 43)
8.7799/141
.21
.0042
18
-0.30212 (34 -> 39)
-0.20100 (34 -> 41)
-0.11772 (34 -> 42)
-0.20479 (35 -> 41)
0.37188 (35 -> 42)
0.31961 (35 -> 45)
8.8504/140
.09
.0025
19
-0.32104 (34 -> 37)
0.43895 (34 -> 38)
-0.13453 (34 -> 40)
-0.11421 (34 -> 44)
-0.17331 (34 -> 46)
-0.10973 (34 -> 53)
0.18038 (35 -> 43)
8.9225/138
.96
.0054
20
0.39563 (33 -> 36)
-0.19618 (33 -> 37)
0.34153 (33 -> 38)
0.15808 (33 -> 40)
-0.11647 (33 -> 43)
-0.15267 (33 -> 46)
-0.13717 (33 -> 47)
0.10273 (33 -> 55)
-0.10699 (33 -> 57)
9.0098/137
.61
.0116
Figure .4: Light Harvesting Efficiency of the dye in
SOLUTION
Figure .5: Light Harvesting Efficiency of the dye in GAS
PHASE
5. CONCLUSION
The electronic absorption spectral features in FTIR, FT-
Raman, visible and near-UV region qualitatively agrees with
TD-DFT calculations. The absorptions are all ascribed to
π→π* transition. Three excited states with the lowest
excited energies of 3,5-dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile is the
result of photo induced electron transfer that contributes
sensitization of photo-to current conversion. The interfacial
electron transfer between semiconductor TiO2 electrode and
dye sensitizer3,5-dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile is due to
electron injection from excited dye as donor to the
semiconductor conduction band. Based on the analysis of
geometries, quantum efficiency, and spectral properties of
3,5-dimethylpyridine 2-carbonitrile, the nitro group and
methyl group enlarges the distance between electron donor
group and semiconductor surface, and decreases the time
scale of the electron injection rate, which results in higher
conversion efficiency at maximum absorption. This
indicates that the choice of the appropriate conjugate bridge
in dye sensitizer is very important to improve the
performance of DSSC.
REFERENCES
[1]. Regan, B. O.; Gratzel, M. Nature 1991, 353, 737-740.
[2]. Nazeeruddin, M. K.; De Angelis, F.; Fantacci, S.;
Selloni, A.;Viscardi, G.; Liska, P.; Ito, S.; Takeru, B.;
Grätzel, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 16835-16847.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
140 160 180 200 220
Wavelength (nm)
%
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
140 160 180 200 220
Wavelength (nm)
%
Wavelength (nm)
%
9. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 258