The document discusses integrated municipal solid waste management in India. It notes that solid waste generation in India is expected to increase substantially by 2050 due to population growth and increasing urbanization. The collection and transportation of municipal solid waste involves various types of vehicles and bins at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels, ranging from tricycles and auto rickshaws for primary door-to-door collection to larger bins and skips that can be mechanically emptied for secondary storage and transportation to processing or disposal sites. The suitable applications of different equipment are described.

1. Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management
Bashir Ahmed Shirazi
Expert in Urban Infrastructure and Waste Management
bashir.shirazi@gmail.com

2. Growth in MSW Generation – India
• The MSW generation in India is expected
to increase from 62 million MT in 2012
to 436 million MT per annum in 2050 @
5% annual growth rate
• The per capita generation in India
0.42kg/day which is relatively lower than
the levels of 2kg/day of US
• increasing urbanization and income
levels would result in increase in per
capita generation in India
• 40% of India’s population by 2030 would
reside in urban areas compared to 31%
in 2011
• The MSW generation in India is expected
to increase from 62 million MT in 2012
to 436 million MT per annum in 2050 @
5% annual growth rate
• The per capita generation in India
0.42kg/day which is relatively lower than
the levels of 2kg/day of US
• increasing urbanization and income
levels would result in increase in per
capita generation in India
• 40% of India’s population by 2030 would
reside in urban areas compared to 31%
in 2011

3. Components of MSW
Integrated
MSW
Management
Primary
Collection
Street
Sweeping &
Drain Cleaning
Disposal
Integrated
MSW
Management
Secondary
Storage &
Transportation
Transfer
Station and
Tertiary
Transport
Processing

4. Collection and TransportationCollection and Transportation

5. Primary / Door to Door Collection
Type Tricycle with bins
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from households and commercial
establishment s
 Collection of waste from open dumping points
 Transportation of waste to nearest bin or directly into
the bigger vehicle
 Covers streets and colonies
 Can travel / cover very short distances
 Manual operations involved
Models available  The tricycles can be fabricated by the local vendors
as per the requirements
Suitable for  Door to door collection of waste from residential areas
/ colonies in corporations / municipalities
 Suitable in plain areas only
 Suitable for closely located individual households like
slums and LIG colonies
Type Tricycle with bins
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from households and commercial
establishment s
 Collection of waste from open dumping points
 Transportation of waste to nearest bin or directly into
the bigger vehicle
 Covers streets and colonies
 Can travel / cover very short distances
 Manual operations involved
Models available  The tricycles can be fabricated by the local vendors
as per the requirements
Suitable for  Door to door collection of waste from residential areas
/ colonies in corporations / municipalities
 Suitable in plain areas only
 Suitable for closely located individual households like
slums and LIG colonies

6. Primary / Door to Door Collection
Type 3-wheeler auto with tipping hopper
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from households, commercial
establishments and institutions
 Collection of waste from open dumping points
 Collection and transportation of street sweeping &
drain cleaning silt
 Transportation of waste to nearest bin or directly into
the bigger vehicle
 Covers small areas and short distances
Models available  3-wheeler auto are supplied by different
manufacturers. The hopper can be designed for 0.5 to
0.8 m3
capacity.
Suitable for  Door to door collection of waste from residential areas
/ colonies in corporations & municipalities
 Direct collection of waste from commercial and
institutional sources in corporations & municipalities
 Direct collection of horticulture waste and street
sweeping & drain cleaning silt in corporations &
municipalities
 Can collect waste from narrow lanes and congested
areas.
Type 3-wheeler auto with tipping hopper
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from households, commercial
establishments and institutions
 Collection of waste from open dumping points
 Collection and transportation of street sweeping &
drain cleaning silt
 Transportation of waste to nearest bin or directly into
the bigger vehicle
 Covers small areas and short distances
Models available  3-wheeler auto are supplied by different
manufacturers. The hopper can be designed for 0.5 to
0.8 m3
capacity.
Suitable for  Door to door collection of waste from residential areas
/ colonies in corporations & municipalities
 Direct collection of waste from commercial and
institutional sources in corporations & municipalities
 Direct collection of horticulture waste and street
sweeping & drain cleaning silt in corporations &
municipalities
 Can collect waste from narrow lanes and congested
areas.

7. Primary / Door to Door Collection
Type 4-wheeler mini van/auto with tipping hopper
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from households, commercial
establishments and institutions
 Collection of waste from open dumping points
 Collection and transportation of street sweeping &
drain cleaning silt
 Transportation of waste to nearest bin or directly into
the bigger vehicle or to the treatment & disposal
facility
 Covers ward level areas and medium distances
Models available  4-wheeler auto are supplied by different
manufacturers. The hopper can be designed for 0.8 to
1.2 m3
capacity.
Suitable for  Door to door collection of waste from residential areas
/ colonies in corporations & municipalities
 Direct collection of waste from commercial and
institutional sources in corporations / municipalities
 Direct collection of horticulture waste and street
sweeping & drain cleaning silt in corporations &
municipalities
 Collection of waste from areas with steep slopes
 Can collect waste from narrow lanes
Type 4-wheeler mini van/auto with tipping hopper
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from households, commercial
establishments and institutions
 Collection of waste from open dumping points
 Collection and transportation of street sweeping &
drain cleaning silt
 Transportation of waste to nearest bin or directly into
the bigger vehicle or to the treatment & disposal
facility
 Covers ward level areas and medium distances
Models available  4-wheeler auto are supplied by different
manufacturers. The hopper can be designed for 0.8 to
1.2 m3
capacity.
Suitable for  Door to door collection of waste from residential areas
/ colonies in corporations & municipalities
 Direct collection of waste from commercial and
institutional sources in corporations / municipalities
 Direct collection of horticulture waste and street
sweeping & drain cleaning silt in corporations &
municipalities
 Collection of waste from areas with steep slopes
 Can collect waste from narrow lanes

8. Primary / Door to Door Collection
Type Chute Collection System
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from residential, commercial and
office buildings
 Collection of waste directly into the bin
 Covers one building
Models available  The system can be designed to suit the requirement
of the building and collection arrangements
 The system can be gravity or pneumatic operated
Suitable for  Collection of waste from residential apartments and
high rise buildings
 Collection of waste from office complexes
 Direct collection of waste households and offices in
corporations & municipalities
 Very convenient system for high rise & tall structures
Type Chute Collection System
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from residential, commercial and
office buildings
 Collection of waste directly into the bin
 Covers one building
Models available  The system can be designed to suit the requirement
of the building and collection arrangements
 The system can be gravity or pneumatic operated
Suitable for  Collection of waste from residential apartments and
high rise buildings
 Collection of waste from office complexes
 Direct collection of waste households and offices in
corporations & municipalities
 Very convenient system for high rise & tall structures

9. Secondary Collection
Type Small Mechanically Lifted Bins
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from residential colonies,
commercial areas and institutional premises
 Storage of waste at hotels, function halls malls and
multiplexes
 Stores the waste till it is being transported
 Movable bins and easy to handle
 The bins can be emptied mechanically into the
compactor / front end loader
 Limited manual operations involved
Models available  Generally these bins are made of HDPE material
 The bins are available in 60, 80, 90, 120, 140, 180,
240, 260, 270, 320, 340 and 360 lit capacity
 Various colours are available to suit the requirements
of the users
Suitable for  Waste collection from communities, colonies and
street side in corporations & municipalities
 More suitable for small municipalities
 Suitable for areas where more bins are required to be
placed in less area
Type Small Mechanically Lifted Bins
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from residential colonies,
commercial areas and institutional premises
 Storage of waste at hotels, function halls malls and
multiplexes
 Stores the waste till it is being transported
 Movable bins and easy to handle
 The bins can be emptied mechanically into the
compactor / front end loader
 Limited manual operations involved
Models available  Generally these bins are made of HDPE material
 The bins are available in 60, 80, 90, 120, 140, 180,
240, 260, 270, 320, 340 and 360 lit capacity
 Various colours are available to suit the requirements
of the users
Suitable for  Waste collection from communities, colonies and
street side in corporations & municipalities
 More suitable for small municipalities
 Suitable for areas where more bins are required to be
placed in less area

10. Secondary Collection
Type Large Mechanically Lifted Bins
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from community collection points,
residential colonies, commercial areas, parks,
markets and institutional premises
 Storage of waste at hotels, function halls, malls and
multiplexes
 Stores the waste till it is being transported
 Movable bins and easy to handle
 The bins can be emptied mechanically into the
Compactors
 Limited manual operations involved
Models available  Generally these bins are made of HDPE material
 The bins are available in 500, 660, 770, 1000, 1100,
1700 and 2000 lit capacity
 Various colours and shapes are available to suit the
requirements of the users
Suitable for  Waste collection from secondary collection points,
communities, colonies and street side in corporations
& municipalities
 More suitable for medium to large municipalities and
corporations
 Suitable for areas where medium quantity of waste is
accumulated
Type Large Mechanically Lifted Bins
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from community collection points,
residential colonies, commercial areas, parks,
markets and institutional premises
 Storage of waste at hotels, function halls, malls and
multiplexes
 Stores the waste till it is being transported
 Movable bins and easy to handle
 The bins can be emptied mechanically into the
Compactors
 Limited manual operations involved
Models available  Generally these bins are made of HDPE material
 The bins are available in 500, 660, 770, 1000, 1100,
1700 and 2000 lit capacity
 Various colours and shapes are available to suit the
requirements of the users
Suitable for  Waste collection from secondary collection points,
communities, colonies and street side in corporations
& municipalities
 More suitable for medium to large municipalities and
corporations
 Suitable for areas where medium quantity of waste is
accumulated

11. Secondary Collection
Type Dumper Placer Bins
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from community collection points,
commercial areas, parks and markets
 Storage of waste at function halls and exhibitions /
public gatherings
 Stores the waste till it is being transported
 These bins can not be moved manually
 The bins can be mechanically lifted by dumper placer
and transported to treatment & disposal facility
 Limited manual operations involved
Models available  Generally these bins are made of MS with rust proof
painting
 The bins are available in 0.5 to 5m3
capacity
 Various shapes and sizes can be fabricated to suit the
requirements of the users
Suitable for  Waste collection from secondary collection points,
communities, colonies and street side in corporations
& municipalities
 More suitable for medium to large municipalities and
corporations
 Suitable for areas where large quantity of waste is
accumulated
Type Dumper Placer Bins
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from community collection points,
commercial areas, parks and markets
 Storage of waste at function halls and exhibitions /
public gatherings
 Stores the waste till it is being transported
 These bins can not be moved manually
 The bins can be mechanically lifted by dumper placer
and transported to treatment & disposal facility
 Limited manual operations involved
Models available  Generally these bins are made of MS with rust proof
painting
 The bins are available in 0.5 to 5m3
capacity
 Various shapes and sizes can be fabricated to suit the
requirements of the users
Suitable for  Waste collection from secondary collection points,
communities, colonies and street side in corporations
& municipalities
 More suitable for medium to large municipalities and
corporations
 Suitable for areas where large quantity of waste is
accumulated

12. Secondary Collection
Type Hook Loader Skips or Roll On – Roll Off Bins
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from large community collection
points, parks and markets
 Storage of waste at exhibitions / public gatherings
 Stores the waste till it is being transported
 These bins can not be moved manually
 The bins can be mechanically lifted by hook loaders
and transported to treatment & disposal facility
Models available  Generally these bins are made of MS with rust proof
painting
 The bins are available in 9 to 40m3
capacity
 The bins can be fabricated to suit the requirements of
the users
Suitable for  Waste collection from large secondary collection
points, parks, markets in corporations & municipalities
 More suitable for medium to large municipalities and
corporations
 Suitable for areas where very large quantity of waste
is accumulated
Type Hook Loader Skips or Roll On – Roll Off Bins
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from large community collection
points, parks and markets
 Storage of waste at exhibitions / public gatherings
 Stores the waste till it is being transported
 These bins can not be moved manually
 The bins can be mechanically lifted by hook loaders
and transported to treatment & disposal facility
Models available  Generally these bins are made of MS with rust proof
painting
 The bins are available in 9 to 40m3
capacity
 The bins can be fabricated to suit the requirements of
the users
Suitable for  Waste collection from large secondary collection
points, parks, markets in corporations & municipalities
 More suitable for medium to large municipalities and
corporations
 Suitable for areas where very large quantity of waste
is accumulated

13. Secondary Collection
Type Banks
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from community collection points,
residential colonies, parks, commercial areas, etc.
 Storage of waste at function halls
 Stores the waste till it is being transported
 These bins can not be operated manually
 The bins can be mechanically lifted by hook loaders
and emptied into the vehicles
Models available  Generally these bins are made of HDPE
 The bins are available in capacities as required
 The bins can be fabricated to suit the requirements of
the users in different sizes & shapes
Suitable for  Waste collection from secondary collection points,
parks, residential colonies in corporations &
municipalities
 More suitable for medium to large municipalities and
corporations
Type Banks
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from community collection points,
residential colonies, parks, commercial areas, etc.
 Storage of waste at function halls
 Stores the waste till it is being transported
 These bins can not be operated manually
 The bins can be mechanically lifted by hook loaders
and emptied into the vehicles
Models available  Generally these bins are made of HDPE
 The bins are available in capacities as required
 The bins can be fabricated to suit the requirements of
the users in different sizes & shapes
Suitable for  Waste collection from secondary collection points,
parks, residential colonies in corporations &
municipalities
 More suitable for medium to large municipalities and
corporations

14. Secondary Collection
Type Underground Bins
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from community collection points,
residential colonies, parks, commercial areas, etc.
 Storage of waste at function halls
 Stores the waste till it is being transported
 These bins can not be operated manually
 The bins can be mechanically lifted by hook loaders
and emptied into the vehicles
Models available  Generally these bins are made of HDPE / MS with
rust proof painting
 The bins are available in capacities as required
 The bins can be fabricated to suit the requirements of
the users in different sizes & shapes
Suitable for  Waste collection from secondary collection points,
parks, residential colonies in corporations &
municipalities
 More suitable for large municipalities and corporations
 Suitable for areas where organised waste collection is
targeted
Type Underground Bins
Application / Usage  Collection of waste from community collection points,
residential colonies, parks, commercial areas, etc.
 Storage of waste at function halls
 Stores the waste till it is being transported
 These bins can not be operated manually
 The bins can be mechanically lifted by hook loaders
and emptied into the vehicles
Models available  Generally these bins are made of HDPE / MS with
rust proof painting
 The bins are available in capacities as required
 The bins can be fabricated to suit the requirements of
the users in different sizes & shapes
Suitable for  Waste collection from secondary collection points,
parks, residential colonies in corporations &
municipalities
 More suitable for large municipalities and corporations
 Suitable for areas where organised waste collection is
targeted

15. Secondary Transportation
Type Open Body Trucks
Application / Usage  Transportation of waste from open collection /
community points and static containers / bins
 Transportation of waste from medium to long distance
depending upon the size of the truck
Models available  Various manufactures available providing the models
ranging from 3Ton to 25Ton vehicle capacity
Suitable for  Suitable for small to medium municipalities and
corporations for transportation of waste
 The system involves manual handling of waste which
is not in compliance with MSW Rules, 2000
Type Open Body Trucks
Application / Usage  Transportation of waste from open collection /
community points and static containers / bins
 Transportation of waste from medium to long distance
depending upon the size of the truck
Models available  Various manufactures available providing the models
ranging from 3Ton to 25Ton vehicle capacity
Suitable for  Suitable for small to medium municipalities and
corporations for transportation of waste
 The system involves manual handling of waste which
is not in compliance with MSW Rules, 2000

16. Secondary Transportation
Type Compactors
Application / Usage  Collection and transportation of waste from compactor
bins of all sizes
 Transportation of waste from short to long distance
depending upon the size of the compactor
Models available  Various manufactures available providing the models
ranging from 3.5m3
to 18m3
capacity
Suitable for  Suitable for small & medium municipalities and
corporations for transportation of waste
 The system involves limited manual handling i.e
dragging & connecting the bin to unloading arm
Type Compactors
Application / Usage  Collection and transportation of waste from compactor
bins of all sizes
 Transportation of waste from short to long distance
depending upon the size of the compactor
Models available  Various manufactures available providing the models
ranging from 3.5m3
to 18m3
capacity
Suitable for  Suitable for small & medium municipalities and
corporations for transportation of waste
 The system involves limited manual handling i.e
dragging & connecting the bin to unloading arm

17. Secondary Transportation
Type Front End Loaders
Application / Usage  Collection and transportation of waste from compactor
bins of all sizes
 Transportation of waste from medium to long
distances depending upon the size of the vehicle
Models available  Various manufactures available providing the models
ranging 14m3
and 18m3
capacity
Suitable for  Suitable for medium municipalities and corporations
for transportation of waste
 The system involves limited manual handling i.e
dragging & connecting the bin to the lifting arm
Type Front End Loaders
Application / Usage  Collection and transportation of waste from compactor
bins of all sizes
 Transportation of waste from medium to long
distances depending upon the size of the vehicle
Models available  Various manufactures available providing the models
ranging 14m3
and 18m3
capacity
Suitable for  Suitable for medium municipalities and corporations
for transportation of waste
 The system involves limited manual handling i.e
dragging & connecting the bin to the lifting arm

18. Secondary Transportation
Type Auto Lifters or Small Dumper Placers
Application / Usage  Transportation of dumper bins of small sizes
 Transportation of waste to short distances
Models available  Various manufactures available providing various size
as per the requirements
Suitable for  Suitable for small and medium municipalities for
transportation of waste
 The system involves limited manual handling i.e
connecting the bin to loading arm
Type Auto Lifters or Small Dumper Placers
Application / Usage  Transportation of dumper bins of small sizes
 Transportation of waste to short distances
Models available  Various manufactures available providing various size
as per the requirements
Suitable for  Suitable for small and medium municipalities for
transportation of waste
 The system involves limited manual handling i.e
connecting the bin to loading arm

19. Secondary Transportation
Type Dumper Placers
Application / Usage  Transportation of dumper bins of various sizes
 Transportation of waste from short to medium
distance depending upon the size of the vehicle
Models available  Various manufactures available providing both single
and dual loader dumper placers
Suitable for  Suitable for medium municipalities and corporations
for transportation of waste
 The system involves limited manual handling i.e
connecting the bin to loading arm
Type Dumper Placers
Application / Usage  Transportation of dumper bins of various sizes
 Transportation of waste from short to medium
distance depending upon the size of the vehicle
Models available  Various manufactures available providing both single
and dual loader dumper placers
Suitable for  Suitable for medium municipalities and corporations
for transportation of waste
 The system involves limited manual handling i.e
connecting the bin to loading arm

20. Secondary Transportation
Type Hook Loaders
Application / Usage  Transportation of hook loader skips or roll on – roll off
bins
 Transportation of waste to long distances
 Transportation of bulk waste, garden waste,
construction & demolition waste
Models available  Various manufactures available providing the vehiclle
to suit the requirement
 Generally used hook loaders are 16ton or 25ton
chassis with hook lifts
Suitable for  Suitable for medium municipalities and corporations
for transportation of waste
 The system is suitable for transportation of high
density bulky waste
Type Hook Loaders
Application / Usage  Transportation of hook loader skips or roll on – roll off
bins
 Transportation of waste to long distances
 Transportation of bulk waste, garden waste,
construction & demolition waste
Models available  Various manufactures available providing the vehiclle
to suit the requirement
 Generally used hook loaders are 16ton or 25ton
chassis with hook lifts
Suitable for  Suitable for medium municipalities and corporations
for transportation of waste
 The system is suitable for transportation of high
density bulky waste

21. Transfer Station & Tertiary Transport
• Large quantities of waste
• Large cities
• Processing & disposal facilities located far away (> 20 km)
• Transfer Station Capacity: Generally 300 MT/day for mechanised TS
• Can act as buffer stations, recycling stations and decentralised processing facilities
• Reduces cost of MSW management considerably

22. ICT Based MSW Management
– ICT based Integrated MSW
• Cluster level online weighment
• Biometric attendance of field staff
• RFID and geo fencing of each bin
• CCTV surveillance of each bin
• GPS tracking of vehicles
• Real time monitoring of bins and
vehicles
• Dedicated Mobile App and Website
• Interactions with Citizen through
Facebook
• Customer Care and Compliant
Redressal System
• Comprehensive and deviation report
generation
– ICT based Integrated MSW
• Cluster level online weighment
• Biometric attendance of field staff
• RFID and geo fencing of each bin
• CCTV surveillance of each bin
• GPS tracking of vehicles
• Real time monitoring of bins and
vehicles
• Dedicated Mobile App and Website
• Interactions with Citizen through
Facebook
• Customer Care and Compliant
Redressal System
• Comprehensive and deviation report
generation

23. ICT Based MSW Management

24. Underground Bin Collection System

25. Vacuum Collection System
• The vacuum system is an interconnection of underground bins through
underground pipes through which waste is collected in to the containers by
creating vaccum / pressure difference.
• The waste into the containers is compacted which are located at outskirts from
where they can be transported without any hassles
• With a vacuum system, nobody needs to come into contact with waste or
containers. All full inlets are emptied at regular intervals via a control system in a
terminal building on the periphery of the area. This terminal building is linked to
the inlets by means of an underground pipe system.
• The vacuum system eliminates the need for heavy waste collection trucks in the
city centre.
• The problem of over-full containers in the streets disappears as waste is emptied
automatically as required
• Waste will no longer attract pests or insects or release unpleasant odours
• Digital technology provides information on individual units connected. The
quantity and type of waste and the time are recorded. This method allows in case
the user charges collection and tipping fee payments are involved
• The vacuum system is an interconnection of underground bins through
underground pipes through which waste is collected in to the containers by
creating vaccum / pressure difference.
• The waste into the containers is compacted which are located at outskirts from
where they can be transported without any hassles
• With a vacuum system, nobody needs to come into contact with waste or
containers. All full inlets are emptied at regular intervals via a control system in a
terminal building on the periphery of the area. This terminal building is linked to
the inlets by means of an underground pipe system.
• The vacuum system eliminates the need for heavy waste collection trucks in the
city centre.
• The problem of over-full containers in the streets disappears as waste is emptied
automatically as required
• Waste will no longer attract pests or insects or release unpleasant odours
• Digital technology provides information on individual units connected. The
quantity and type of waste and the time are recorded. This method allows in case
the user charges collection and tipping fee payments are involved

26. Vacuum Collection System – Stationary

27. Vacuum Collection System – Mobile

28. Processing and DisposalProcessing and Disposal

29. Compost

30. Anaerobic Digestion
 Anaerobic Digestion
 Decomposition of organic matter in
the absence of oxygen
 The Process
 Digesting Organic Waste in Closed
Vessel
 Organic material is converted by
series of bacteria into CH4 & CO2
 This bio gas could be used for heating
and energy conversion
 The sludge / residue consisting
bacterial biomass could be used as
compost
 Anaerobic Digestion
 Decomposition of organic matter in
the absence of oxygen
 The Process
 Digesting Organic Waste in Closed
Vessel
 Organic material is converted by
series of bacteria into CH4 & CO2
 This bio gas could be used for heating
and energy conversion
 The sludge / residue consisting
bacterial biomass could be used as
compost

31. Refuse Derived Fuel
 RDF – Refuse Derived Fuel
 Process and separate the combustible and non-combustible
portions of the MSW stream prior to combustion.
 The combustible fraction is shredded into fluff or pelletized to be
used as either fuel or mixed with another fuel and burned
 RDF – Refuse Derived Fuel
 Process and separate the combustible and non-combustible
portions of the MSW stream prior to combustion.
 The combustible fraction is shredded into fluff or pelletized to be
used as either fuel or mixed with another fuel and burned

32. Incineration / Mass Burn
 Incineration Means?
 Controlled burning of MSW
 Incineration Process
 Drying – moisture is driven off
 Ignition – solid waste is ignited
 Burnout – Solid waste is gradually moved through the furnace by the grate
subsystem where the combustible fraction of solid waste is burned out

33. Compost with WTE Option

34. Segregation of MSW & WTE Option

35. Segregation of MSW & WTE Option

36. ImplementationImplementation

37. Technology Options – MSW Processing

38. Technology Options – MSW Processing

39. Swachh Bharat Mission

40. Implementation Options
Components Options
Primary Collection NGOs
Local resources
BOT
BOOT
BOO BOT
BOOT
BOO
DFBOOT
Secondary Collection &
Transportation
O&M
BOT
BOOT
BOO
Transfer Station & Tertiary
Transportation
O&M
BOT
BOOT
O&M
BOT
BOOT
DFBOOT
Transfer Station & Tertiary
Transportation
O&M
BOT
BOOT
O&M
BOT
BOOT
Processing EPC
O&M
DFBOOT
DFBOOT DFBOOT
Disposal EPC
O&M
DFBOOT
Street Sweeping & Drain
Cleaning
Manpower
O&M

41. Driving Factors for Private Sector’s Participation
Government
Funding
Demand for
Outputs
Availability
of Financing
Increasing
MSW
Quantities
PPP
Business
Model
Legal
Obligation
of ULB
Improving
Quality of
MSW

42. Challenges for ULBs
• Funds – Capital as well as O&M Expenditure
• Technical Expertise – Design, Estimates, Supervision, Monitoring,
Environmental Protection
• Commercial Competence – Project Feasibility
• Bid Process Management – Bid Documents and Evaluation of
proposals technically and financially
• Skilled Manpower – to take up O&M
• Availability of Land – Extent & Suitability of Land, Cost of Land and
NIMBY
• Business Approach – Mostly Capital Budget not Profit Centre
• Funds – Capital as well as O&M Expenditure
• Technical Expertise – Design, Estimates, Supervision, Monitoring,
Environmental Protection
• Commercial Competence – Project Feasibility
• Bid Process Management – Bid Documents and Evaluation of
proposals technically and financially
• Skilled Manpower – to take up O&M
• Availability of Land – Extent & Suitability of Land, Cost of Land and
NIMBY
• Business Approach – Mostly Capital Budget not Profit Centre

43. What PPP Partner Offers
• Private Partner brings in Investment/Capital/Finance, Technology,
Sector Expertise, Skilled Manpower
• Private Partner Manages the project for 5 – 30 years
• Improvement of service levels (mostly linked with payments)
• Compliances with statutory requirements
• Protection of Environment
• Professional planning, execution and operations
• Transparency in payments
• Stakeholders can also monitor performance of concessionaire
• Private Partner brings in Investment/Capital/Finance, Technology,
Sector Expertise, Skilled Manpower
• Private Partner Manages the project for 5 – 30 years
• Improvement of service levels (mostly linked with payments)
• Compliances with statutory requirements
• Protection of Environment
• Professional planning, execution and operations
• Transparency in payments
• Stakeholders can also monitor performance of concessionaire

44. Risks and Mitigations
• Well Drafted Concession Agreement
• Political will at the highest levelPolitical Risk
• Accurate forecasting
• Considering economic factors in assessing the
payments like WPI
Economic Risk
• Stakeholder Consultation
• Strict Monitoring
• Campaigning
• Compliance
Social Risk
• Phase wise Planning
• Selection of already demonstrated technology for the
quantity and quality of waste considered
• Modular in nature
Technological Risk

45. Bio-Mining and Open Dumps ReclamationBio-Mining and Open Dumps Reclamation

46. This is Not Hill StationThis is Not Hill Station

47. It’s Dump SiteIt’s Dump Site

48. Open DumpsOpen Dumps
Stray animals, birds,
rodents, insects, etc. Gaseous products i.e. methane, CO2, Volatile Organics, etc.
to atmosphere
Vehicle unloading
As per CPCB report 2012-13 ULBs generate 1,33,760 TPD of MSW, of which
only 91,152 TPD (68%) waste is collected and 25,884 TPD (19%) is treated.
The MSW, therefore, dumped in low lying urban areas is a whopping 1,07,876
TPD (81%), which needs 2,12,752 cubic meter space every day and 776
hectare of precious land per year
48
Ground level
Ground level
Wastes
Land
Ground water

49. Is LandfillIs Landfill CappingCapping AA Solution?Solution?

50. BioBio--Mining and Land ReclamationMining and Land Reclamation
•Revenue Generation - Extraction of Compost and
Recyclables
•Reclamation of precious land resources
•Permanently mitigating pollution issues
•Scope for new developments
•Increase in surrounding land prices
•Improved health and social conditions
•Revenue Generation - Extraction of Compost and
Recyclables
•Reclamation of precious land resources
•Permanently mitigating pollution issues
•Scope for new developments
•Increase in surrounding land prices
•Improved health and social conditions

51. Material BalanceMaterial Balance
Excavation, Stabilization
and Processing of MSW
Volatile and Moisture
Loss (15%)
Compost
(40%)
Compost
(40%)
Recyclables
(5%)
Inerts / Remnants
(40%)
* The material balance depends on characteristics of waste, age, burning activities and method of dumping

52. ProcessProcess
Assess the Situation
Excavation & Stabilization
Sieving the Material
Compost Recyclables Inerts / RemnantsCompost
Mixing the Additives
Packing & Storage
Recyclables
Storage and Sale
Inerts / Remnants
Landfill Cover

53. Cost EconomicsCost Economics
•Case: 10 Ac open dump with 1 lakhs MT waste
•Compost Produced: 40,000 MT
•Recyclables: 5,000 MT
•Inerts / Remnants: 40,000 MT
Compost
Production Cost:
Rs.7.2Cr @
Rs.1800/MT
Revenue: Rs.6 Cr @
Rs.1500/MT
Net Loss: Rs.1.2Cr
@ Rs.300/MT
Recyclables
Separation Cost:
Rs.5Lakhs @
Rs.100/MT
Revenue: Rs.5 lakhs
@ Rs.100/MT
Net Profit / Loss: Nil
Inerts
Area required to
landfill 40,000 MT
inerts is 2.5 Ac
Cost of Landfill:
Rs.1.8Cr
Compost
Production Cost:
Rs.7.2Cr @
Rs.1800/MT
Revenue: Rs.6 Cr @
Rs.1500/MT
Net Loss: Rs.1.2Cr
@ Rs.300/MT
Recyclables
Separation Cost:
Rs.5Lakhs @
Rs.100/MT
Revenue: Rs.5 lakhs
@ Rs.100/MT
Net Profit / Loss: Nil
Inerts
Area required to
landfill 40,000 MT
inerts is 2.5 Ac
Cost of Landfill:
Rs.1.8Cr
Reclaim 7.5 acres of land with Rs.3 Cr cost i.e. Rs.40 lakhs/acre
Environmental Cost Benefit needs to be assessed
Make a choice between capping and bio-mining + reclamation

54. Thank You