INSTRUCTION PIPELING in TMS320C55x
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The document discusses pipeline operation in TMS320C55x processors. It explains that pipelining allows overlapping the execution of multiple instructions by breaking down operations like fetch, decode, read, and execute into separate stages. This allows one instruction to be processed per clock cycle, improving performance. It provides examples of instructions moving through the pipeline stages and discusses handling of branch instructions and memory-mapped register updates in the pipeline.
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This document discusses instruction pipelining in processors. It begins with an introduction that defines pipelining as breaking down operations into sequential stages that can overlap execution. An example is given of pipelining laundry tasks to complete work more efficiently. The document then explains how instruction execution in computers lends itself to pipelining by separating tasks like fetch, decode, and execute into distinct stages. A six-stage instruction pipeline and timing diagram are presented. Advantages of pipelining include more efficient use of resources and faster execution for large programs. However, pipeline hazards like structural, data, and control hazards can cause problems if not addressed properly.
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Computer Architecture is very tough course. Here is a small project on it. In this slide I describe the design of pipeline , how to design it ,the function in details. And it easy to understand .
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1) Arithmetic pipelines divide arithmetic operations like multiplication and floating point addition into multiple stages to perform the operations concurrently and increase computational speed.
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Here are the key steps in designing a pipelined processor:
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3. Examine the datapath and control signals to ensure data and resource dependencies flow correctly through the pipeline with no conflicts.
4. Add pipeline registers between stages to break up instruction flow into discrete packets and enable overlapped execution.
5. Design pipeline control logic to assert appropriate control signals in each stage, such as read/write enables for register file.
6. Handle exceptions like hazards properly with
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Structural hazard
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The document discusses pipelining in computer processors. It describes how pipelining can increase throughput by overlapping the execution of multiple instructions. It discusses the basic pipeline stages for a RISC instruction set, including fetch, decode, execute, memory access, and writeback. It also describes several types of pipeline hazards that can occur, such as structural hazards caused by resource conflicts, data hazards when instructions depend on previous results, and control hazards with branches. Forwarding techniques are presented to help address data hazards.
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Here are the key steps in designing a pipelined processor:
1. Identify the stages in the instruction execution pipeline, such as fetch, decode, execute, memory, writeback.
2. Associate functional units and resources with each pipeline stage. For example, register file access in execute stage.
3. Examine the datapath and control signals to ensure data and resource dependencies flow correctly through the pipeline with no conflicts.
4. Add pipeline registers between stages to break up instruction flow into discrete packets and enable overlapped execution.
5. Design pipeline control logic to assert appropriate control signals in each stage, such as read/write enables for register file.
6. Handle exceptions like hazards properly with
Pipelining
Interstage buffer B1 feeds the Decode stage with a newly-fetched instruction.
Interstage buffer B2 feeds the Compute stage with the two operands
Interstage buffer B3 holds the result of the ALU operation
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This document discusses instruction pipelining as a technique to improve computer performance. It explains that pipelining allows multiple instructions to be processed simultaneously by splitting instruction execution into stages like fetch, decode, execute, and write. While pipelining does not reduce the time to complete individual instructions, it improves throughput by allowing new instructions to begin processing before previous instructions have finished. The document outlines some challenges to achieving peak performance from pipelining, such as pipeline stalls from hazards like data dependencies between instructions. It provides examples of how data hazards can occur if the results of one instruction are needed by a subsequent instruction before they are available.
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This document discusses instruction-level parallelism (ILP), which refers to executing multiple instructions simultaneously in a program. It describes different types of parallel instructions that do not depend on each other, such as at the bit, instruction, loop, and thread levels. The document provides an example to illustrate ILP and explains that compilers and processors aim to maximize ILP. It outlines several ILP techniques used in microarchitecture, including instruction pipelining, superscalar, out-of-order execution, register renaming, speculative execution, and branch prediction. Pipelining and superscalar processing are explained in more detail.
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Pipeline Hazards can be classified into three types: structural hazards caused by hardware resource conflicts, data hazards caused when an instruction depends on the results of a previous instruction, and control hazards from conditional branches. Structural hazards arise from limited hardware resources like register files and memory ports. Data hazards include RAW, WAW, and WAR and are resolved by stalling or forwarding. Forwarding minimizes stalls by directly connecting new values to the next stage.
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INSTRUCTION PIPELING in TMS320C55x
- 1. INSTRUCTION PIPELING in TMS320C55x VARUN K varunkpa@gmail.com
- 2. Pipe line operation • In computers, a pipeline is the continuous and somewhat overlapped movement of instruction to the processor • Without a pipeline, a computer processor gets the first instruction from memory, performs the operation it calls for, and then goes to get the next instruction from memory, and so forth. • Improvement in 4 stage pipeline. One instruction=0.25 clocks
- 3. Pipe line operation • Fetch: Fetches the instruction from memory and updates program counter. • Decode:Decoding+address generation+ARAU updates • Read: Operand reading,ARUP:read the memory location before the update of previous decode • Execute: Specific operation, write back
- 4. Pipe line operation • ADD*+ • SAMM TREG0 • MPY*+ • SQRA *+,AR2
- 5. Pipe line operation CYCLE PC FETCH DECODE READ EXECUTE 1 [SAMM] ADD 2 [MPY] SAMM ADD 3 [SQRA] MPY SAMM ADD 4 SQRA MPY SAMM ADD 5 SQRA MPY SAMM 6 SQRA MPY 7 SQRA
- 6. PIPELINE WITH BRANCH INSTRUCTIONS • Branch instruction takes 2 cycles(no branch occurs).1-to enter execute phase 2-fetching branch address • 4 cycles (when branching). 1-to enter execute phase 2-fetching branch address3,4-flushing the unnecessary instructions. • ZAP • B pgm 1250H • ADD* • SACL *+ • MAC 4500H,25H • Pgm 1250h: LACC*+
- 7. Pipe line operation CYCLE PC FETCH DECODE READ EXECUTE 1 [B] ZAP 2 [1250H] B ZAP 3 [ADD*] 1250H B ZAP 4 [SACL*+] ADD* Dummy B ZAP 5 [LACC*+] SACL*+ Dummy Dummy B 6 LACC*+ Dummy Dummy Dummy 7 LACC*+ Dummy Dummy 8 LACC*+ Dummy 9
- 8. Pipeline with ARAU memory mapped registers • Auxiliary register arithmetic unit updates of ARs occurs during the decode phase of the pipeline • So AR update also happens in the decode phase • (164h)=90h,(165h)=80h,(166h)=60h,(167h)=40h,(168h)= 30h • LAR AR1,#167h • LACC #164h • SAMM AR1 • LACC *+ • ADD *+
- 9. Pipeline with ARAU memory mapped registers CYCLE PC FETCH DECODE READ EXECUTE 1 [LACC] LAR 2 [164h] LACC LAR 3 [SAMM] 164h LACC LAR 4 [LACC] SAMM Dummy LACC LAR 5 [ADD] LACC SAMM Dummy LACC 6 ADD LACC SAMM Dummy 7 ADD LACC SAMM 8 ADD LACC 9 ADD
- 10. Pipeline with ARAU memory mapped registers • We want to add [164h],[165h] and store the result in ACC • But [167h]+[168h] happens; LACC ==167h • LACC=167h • ADD=168h • The problem is solved by introducing two NOP instructions so that AR1 gets updated by executing SAMM prior to LACC decode
- 11. THANK YOU