This document discusses pipelining in microprocessors. Pipelining allows a microprocessor to begin executing the next instruction before the previous one has finished. It works by breaking down the instruction process into stages, like an assembly line, where each stage performs part of the process on individual instructions in parallel. The key steps are to divide the process into subtasks that form pipeline stages, have each stage perform an operation on a set of operands, pass results to the next stage, and feed a new set of inputs to each stage. Pipelining can be classified by the level of processing, configuration, and type of instruction and data.

1. Submitted By :
Sarbjeet Singh
MCA-2nd
Roll No: 5(DBU)

2. Introduction
A technique used in advanced
microprocessors where the
microprocessor begins executing a
second instruction before the first has
been completed.
A Pipeling is a series of stages, where some
work is done at each stage. The work is
not finished until it has passed through all
stages.

3. PIPELING PROCESSING
T o understand the concept of pipeling, we need to
understand first the concept of assembly lines in an
automated production plant where items are
assembled from separate parts (stages) and output
of one stage becomes the input to another stage.
To introduce pipeling in a processor P, the following
steps must be followed:
• Sub-divide the input process into a sequence of
subtasks. These subtasks will make stages of
pipeline, which are also known as segments.
……continue

4. • Each stage Si of the pipeling according to
the subtask will perform some operation on a
distinct set of operands.
• When stage Si has completed its operation,
results are passed to the next stage Si+1 for the
next operation.
• The stage Si receives a new set of input from
previous stage Si-1 .

5. • A common analogue for a pipeling is a factory
assembly line. Assume that there are three
stages:
• 1.Welding
• 2.Painting
• 3.Polishing
• For simplicity, assume that each task takes
one hour

6. • Classification of Pipeling Processors
• In this section, we describe various types of pipeling that can be
applied in computer operations. These types depend on the
following factors:
• • Level of Processing
• • Pipeling configuration
• • Type of Instruction and data
1. Level of Processing
1. Instruction Pipeling
The pipeling used for instruction cycle operations are known as
instruction pipelines.
1. Arithmetic Pipeling
The pipeling used for Arithmetic operations are known as instruction
pipelines.
.

7. Pipeling Configuration
• Uni-function Pipeling: When a fixed and dedicated function is performed
through a pipeling, it is called a Uni-function pipeling.
• Multifunction Pipeling: When different functions at different times are
performed through the pipeling, this is known as Multifunction pipeling.
Type of Instruction and data
• Scalar Pipeling: This type of pipeling processes scalar operands of
repeated scalar instructions.
• Vector Pipeling: This type of pipeling processes vector instructions
over vector operands.