The document discusses climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies within agriculture. It outlines roles for community-based approaches in areas like weather monitoring, natural resource management, developing drought and pest resistant crops, local safety nets, and disaster management. It also discusses adaptation strategies outside of agriculture like occupational diversification and migration. The document concludes that institutional diversity increases resilience and that a range of local organizational forms and property rights regimes are needed. Both local and higher-level institutions are critical, with policies and mandates establishing standards and supporting a variety of strategies.

1. Ruth Meinzen-Dick, Kelsey Moore and Stephan Dohrn

2. Climate Change Mitigation Adaptation Within Agriculture Raised awareness of climate change on agriculture and resources Community-based weather monitoring and forecasting Natural resource management Drought and pest resistant crops Out of Agriculture Occupational diversification Migration Remittances Coping Strategies Local safety nets Insurance Disaster Management Early warning systems Disaster preparedness Disaster and Emergency response GHG Emission Reduction Energy diversification Regulations including Cap and Trade Carbon Sequestration CDM: Payments for Environmental Services Voluntary Emission Reductions Voluntary Carbon Markets REDD

3. Time Short Long Space Plot Com-munity Nation International

4. Time Short Long Space Plot Com-munity Nation International Property Rights Coordination International State Co llec tive Act ion

5. Institutional Dimensions of Mitigation GHG Emission Reduction —national or international level cooperation Energy diversification Biofuels Renewable Energy Regulations including Cap and Trade—PR to pollute?

6. Institutional Dimensions of Mitigation Carbon Sequestration CDM: Payments for Environmental Services—PR , scale often prohibit smallholders from participating, CA can help overcome these barriers Voluntary Emission Reductions—role for CA? Voluntary Carbon Markets—may be more geared to smallholders because of goodwill, willing to work with groups rather than individuals? REDD—will depend on how PR are defined for participation

7. Adaptation within Agriculture Raised awareness of climate change on agriculture and resources Role for CA in reaching farmers, links to larger institutions Community-based weather monitoring and forecasting Role for CA, links to larger institutions Natural resource management Drought and pest resistant crops

8. Time Short Long Space Plot Com-munity Nation International Property Rights Coordination International State Co llec tive Act ion Tree planting Forests Ponds Reservoirs Transboundary River Basins Watershed management Terracing

9. Time Short Long Space Plot Com-munity Nation International Property Rights Coordination International State Co llec tive Act ion New Seeds Seed supply Developing new varieties

10. Coping Strategies Local safety nets CA can be effective in delivery of safety nets, but don’t idealize Insurance CA can manage idiosyncratic risk, but not covariate risk Need for higher level institutions

11. Disaster Management Early warning systems State and CA Disaster preparedness State and CA Disaster and Emergency response State and CA PR implications for rebuilding after disasters (who is compensated, do property boundaries shift)

12. Adaptation: Out of Agriculture Occupational diversification Individual, with state support and social networks Migration and remittances Individual, with state support and social networks

13. Conclusions Institutional diversity increases resilience Range of local organizational forms for CA Range of property rights regimes Local institutions are critical, but no specific community level mandates: allow local organizations to select strategy compatible with their needs and context Government policies, international mandates more effective if they established ecological and human rights standards, then support variety of institutional strategies

14. Conclusions Harmonization between spheres and sectors Large overarching goals at the highest level More detailed, task oriented programs at the national level Complex programs at community levels tailored to diverse needs Connect community and higher level organizations