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Can REDD+ social safeguards reach the ‘right’
people?
Mahesh Poudyal, Bruno S. Ramamonjisoa, Alexandra Rasoamanana,
Rina Mandimbiniaina, James Gibbons, Neal J. Hockley, Sarobidy
Rakotonarivo, Julia P.G. Jones
@juliapgjones, julia.jones@bangor.ac.uk, www.p4ges.org
Social safeguards in REDD+ (Reducing Emissions
from Deforestation and Degradation)
▪ Aims to ensure that people are not harmed
or made worse off by REDD+ activities:
recent commitments BUT criticism that
planned provision is weak
▪ Social safeguards are not new-many donors
have their own social safeguard procedures
in place e.g.World Bank identifies Project
Affected Persons (PAP) for compensation
2
Corridor Ankeniheny Zahamena
(CAZ) REDD+ pilot project
3
4
CAZ aims to generate carbon credits by reducing
deforestation-main driver of which is swidden agriculture
Therefore project success depends on economic
displacement of people from this livelihood
2500 PAPs identified in safeguard assessment in 2010
Study site-Ampahitra fokontany
5
 Very high deforestation from 2005-2010
 77 households identified as PAPs
Aim: to compare characteristics of households
identified as PAPs with a random sample of
households in the area
(to explore characteristics which make it more or less
likely for households to be identified as eligible for
compensation under safeguards)
6
Methods
7
Sketch maps with key
informants to identify
villages
Visiting each
village/hamlet to
map location
417
households
identified
Constructing a sampling frame (33% of field time!)
Household interviews with stratified
random sample (203)
39 had been identified as PAPs
8
▪ We used a binomial GLM to explore which variables predict
whether a household is identified as a PAP
▪ Expectation: HHs identified as PAPs would be more
dependent on swidden agriculture, be more dependent on
wild-harvested products, be more recently established
▪ We also included variables such as food security, membership
of forest management associations, proximity to
administrative centre to check whether wealth, socio-political
power and access increases chances of being identified as PAP
9
 Indicators of wealth and socio-political power/access were the
most important predictors of whether a household was identified
as eligible to receive compensation
10
Results
More accessible households are nearly 2x more likely to be PAPs
11
4x increase in
probability of PAP
identification
2x increase in
probability of PAP
identification
More food secure households are 5X more likely to be PAPs
Committee members 16x more likely to be PAPs
Discussion
12
▪ Households identified as PAPs may well be deserving (all are
poor) BUT many HHs likely to be affected were omitted and
appears to be a systematic bias in safeguard assessments process
due to local elite capture
Available maps and
gazetteers showed
only 3 of the 8 villages
in the area
▪ This would be hard to avoid
i) VERY poor information
ii) Unwillingness to self-identify
▪ Reliance on existing institutions (such as forest management
associations) may have exacerbated inequalities
Conclusions
▪ An effective social safeguard assessment to identify
individual households affected by a REDD+ project may not
be practical (or cost-effective) in settings with poor
information on local populations and challenging access.
▪ Blanket compensation of all households may be the optimal
solution.
13
Acknowledgements
▪ TheWorld Bank Madagascar and CI Madagascar for providing
information on the safeguarding process
▪ The president of fokontany of Ampahitra, Mayor of
Ambohibary and local communities for taking part in the
research
14
15
16
▪ In one village (entirely within the PA boundary) no one was
identified as a PAP
Outside
protectedarea
Inside
protectedarea

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Can REDD+ social safeguards reach the 'right' people?

  • 1. Can REDD+ social safeguards reach the ‘right’ people? Mahesh Poudyal, Bruno S. Ramamonjisoa, Alexandra Rasoamanana, Rina Mandimbiniaina, James Gibbons, Neal J. Hockley, Sarobidy Rakotonarivo, Julia P.G. Jones @juliapgjones, julia.jones@bangor.ac.uk, www.p4ges.org
  • 2. Social safeguards in REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation) ▪ Aims to ensure that people are not harmed or made worse off by REDD+ activities: recent commitments BUT criticism that planned provision is weak ▪ Social safeguards are not new-many donors have their own social safeguard procedures in place e.g.World Bank identifies Project Affected Persons (PAP) for compensation 2
  • 3. Corridor Ankeniheny Zahamena (CAZ) REDD+ pilot project 3
  • 4. 4 CAZ aims to generate carbon credits by reducing deforestation-main driver of which is swidden agriculture Therefore project success depends on economic displacement of people from this livelihood 2500 PAPs identified in safeguard assessment in 2010
  • 5. Study site-Ampahitra fokontany 5  Very high deforestation from 2005-2010  77 households identified as PAPs
  • 6. Aim: to compare characteristics of households identified as PAPs with a random sample of households in the area (to explore characteristics which make it more or less likely for households to be identified as eligible for compensation under safeguards) 6
  • 7. Methods 7 Sketch maps with key informants to identify villages Visiting each village/hamlet to map location 417 households identified Constructing a sampling frame (33% of field time!) Household interviews with stratified random sample (203) 39 had been identified as PAPs
  • 8. 8
  • 9. ▪ We used a binomial GLM to explore which variables predict whether a household is identified as a PAP ▪ Expectation: HHs identified as PAPs would be more dependent on swidden agriculture, be more dependent on wild-harvested products, be more recently established ▪ We also included variables such as food security, membership of forest management associations, proximity to administrative centre to check whether wealth, socio-political power and access increases chances of being identified as PAP 9
  • 10.  Indicators of wealth and socio-political power/access were the most important predictors of whether a household was identified as eligible to receive compensation 10 Results
  • 11. More accessible households are nearly 2x more likely to be PAPs 11 4x increase in probability of PAP identification 2x increase in probability of PAP identification More food secure households are 5X more likely to be PAPs Committee members 16x more likely to be PAPs
  • 12. Discussion 12 ▪ Households identified as PAPs may well be deserving (all are poor) BUT many HHs likely to be affected were omitted and appears to be a systematic bias in safeguard assessments process due to local elite capture Available maps and gazetteers showed only 3 of the 8 villages in the area ▪ This would be hard to avoid i) VERY poor information ii) Unwillingness to self-identify ▪ Reliance on existing institutions (such as forest management associations) may have exacerbated inequalities
  • 13. Conclusions ▪ An effective social safeguard assessment to identify individual households affected by a REDD+ project may not be practical (or cost-effective) in settings with poor information on local populations and challenging access. ▪ Blanket compensation of all households may be the optimal solution. 13
  • 14. Acknowledgements ▪ TheWorld Bank Madagascar and CI Madagascar for providing information on the safeguarding process ▪ The president of fokontany of Ampahitra, Mayor of Ambohibary and local communities for taking part in the research 14
  • 15. 15
  • 16. 16 ▪ In one village (entirely within the PA boundary) no one was identified as a PAP Outside protectedarea Inside protectedarea

Editor's Notes

  1. Verification and mapping was exhausting work-a first 3 weeks the team spent most of their time walking, mapping hamlets etc. This was vital as we needed to know where the people were in the study area.