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Institutional Dimensions of Climate-Smart-Agriculture: The Role of Property Rights and Collective Action
The document discusses institutional dimensions of climate-smart agriculture, focusing on the roles of property rights and collective action in enhancing climate change response within agriculture. It highlights key strategies such as community-based monitoring, natural resource management, and the importance of inclusiveness for marginalized groups. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for coordinated efforts across various levels to ensure effective adaptation and mitigation strategies against climate change.
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Institutional Dimensions of Climate-Smart-Agriculture: The Role of Property Rights and Collective Action
- 1. MSc degree (ClimateChange, Agriculture & Food Security) www.nuigalway.ie/ccafs Dr. Ruth Meinzen, IFPRI, Washington DC, USA Lecture Topic: Institutional Dimensions of Climate-Smart-Agriculture: The Role of Property Rights and Collective Action
- 2. Learning Outcomes /Key Messages for MSc CCAFS students 1) Ability to identify the institutional dimensions of climate change response, especially the role of collective action and property rights 2) Ability to address key questions of how to make adaptation and mitigation be inclusive and pro-poor
- 3. Climate Change Mitigation Adaptation Within Agriculture •Raised awareness of climate change on agriculture and resources • Community-based weather monitoring and forecasting • Natural resource management • Drought and pest resistant crops Out of Agriculture • Occupational diversification • Migration • Remittances Coping Strategies • Local safety nets • Insurance Disaster Management • Early warning systems • Disaster preparedness • Disaster and Emergency response Climate change responses GHG Emission Reduction • Energy diversification • Regulations including Cap and Trade Carbon Sequestration • CDM: Payments for Environmental Services • Voluntary Emission Reductions • Voluntary Carbon Markets • REDD
- 4. • “Rules ofthe game” • Shape access to resources, information – How benefits (and costs) are accessed and distributed • Include both formal and non-formal, e.g. – Organizations (formal and informal) – Social networks – Property rights institutions – Gender norms Why are Institutions Relevant?
- 5. Collective Action • “Actiontaken by a group (either directly or on its behalf through an organization) in pursuit of members’ perceived shared interest” (Marshall 1998). • Includes forming and enforcing rules for use (or non-use) of resources • Important for: – Management of natural resources – Facilitates joint investment by small farmers – Dissemination of technologies – Marketing – Group empowerment – Development policies premised on CA, e.g. microfinance
- 6. Property Rights • “Thecapacity to call upon the collective to stand behind one’s claim to a benefit stream (Bromley)” • “Claims that are recognized as legitimate” • Only as strong as the institutions that back them up • Different legitimizing institutions – State law – Project regulations – “Customary” law – Religious law – Local norms
- 7. Climate Change Mitigation Adaptation Within Agriculture •Raised awareness of climate change on agriculture and resources • Community-based weather monitoring and forecasting • Natural resource management • Drought and pest resistant crops Out of Agriculture • Occupational diversification • Migration • Remittances Coping Strategies • Local safety nets • Insurance Disaster Management • Early warning systems • Disaster preparedness • Disaster and Emergency response Climate change responses GHG Emission Reduction • Energy diversification • Regulations including Cap and Trade Carbon Sequestration • CDM: Payments for Environmental Services • Voluntary Emission Reductions • Voluntary Carbon Markets • REDD
- 8. The Case ofClimate-Smart Agriculture • “sustainably increases productivity, resilience (adaptation), reduces/removes greenhouse gases (mitigation) while enhancing the achievement of national food security and development goals.” (FAO 2010:ii)
- 9. Examples of Climate-SmartAgriculture Crop Management Livestock Management Soil and Water Management Agroforestry Integrated Food Energy Systems Infra- structure Access to Climate Information Intercropping with legumes Crop rotations New crop varieties Improved storage and processing Cop diversity Value chain and marketing Improved feeding Rotational grazing Fodder crops Grassland restoration Manure treatment Improved livestock health Animal husbandry improvement Conservation agriculture Contour planting Terraces, bunds Planting pits Water storage Alternate wet/dry rice Dams, pits, ridges Irrigation Rehabilitating degraded landscapes Boundary trees, hedgerows Nitrogen- fixing trees on farms Multipurpose trees Improved fallow, fertilizer shrubs Woodlots Fruit orchards Biogas Energy plants Improved stoves Climate proof infrastructure for storage Retrofit rural infrastructure to cope with climate risks (flooding or water shortage) Use of climate analogues to predict future changes Farmer exchanges Local expertise in climate science and agriculture Introduce forecasting and scenario planning
- 10. Key Requirements ofPro-poor CSA • Inclusiveness at the global as well as local level, to ensure that the poor benefit • Information about changing climatic conditions as well as possible responses • Innovation to develop and disseminate new practices and technologies • Investment in physical infrastructure and learning new ways • Insurance to cope with risks due to climate shocks and risks of adopting new practices
- 11. Inclusiveness • Different levels:countries, disadvantaged groups, gender • Processes of decision-making • Distribution of costs and benefits Institutions: • Are state and farmer groups inclusive? – Formal rules and informal processes • Are those without formal property rights precluded from CSA?
- 12. Information • Climate andweather information • Response options: technology, practices, markets • Not packages, but info and ability to process it Institutions: • State weather services, NARS, extension • Farmer organizations—2-way communication • Social networks • Information not always shared or used: build adaptive capacity (e.g. FFS, experiential learning)
- 13. Innovation • Process andcapacity, not packages to adopt Institutions: • State, collective, private sector • Articulation between local and outside sources • What rewards for local innovation and sharing of innovation?
- 14. Investment • Time, learning,labor, cash, land, equipment, other resources • Who has these resources, who is excluded?
- 15. Time Short Long S p a c e Plot Com- munity Nation Global Property Rights C o o r d i n a t i o n Inter national State CollectiveAction Transboundary RiverBasins Forests Reservoirs Watershed management Check dams Terracing New seeds Carbon Markets AgroforestrySoil Carbon Info sharing Irrigation Seed Systems
- 16. Time Short Long S p a c e Plot Com- munity Nation Global Property Rights C o o r d i n a t i o n Inter national State CollectiveAction NARS Agrobiodiversity Newseeds Gene Banks AgroforestrySoil Carbon Info sharing Seed Systems
- 18. Insurance • To withstandshocks, encourage innovation and investment • Options: – Formal crop insurance (state) – Weather index-based (state) – Microfinance insurance (private sector, NGOs) – Social groups, e.g. iddir in Ethiopia – Social networks (remittances, access options) – Assets (self-insurance) – Public works, safety nets • Examine biases, inclusiveness of each
- 19. Climate Change Mitigation Adaptation Within Agriculture •Raised awareness of climate change on agriculture and resources • Community-based weather monitoring and forecasting • Natural resource management • Drought and pest resistant crops Out of Agriculture • Occupational diversification • Migration • Remittances Coping Strategies • Local safety nets • Insurance Disaster Management • Early warning systems • Disaster preparedness • Disaster and Emergency response Climate change responses GHG Emission Reduction • Energy diversification • Regulations including Cap and Trade Carbon Sequestration • CDM: Payments for Environmental Services • Voluntary Emission Reductions • Voluntary Carbon Markets • REDD
- 20. Occupational diversification Individual, withstate support and social networks Migration and remittances Individual, with state support and social networks Adaptation: Out of Agriculture
- 21. Climate Change Mitigation Adaptation Within Agriculture •Raised awareness of climate change on agriculture and resources • Community-based weather monitoring and forecasting • Natural resource management • Drought and pest resistant crops Out of Agriculture • Occupational diversification • Migration • Remittances Coping Strategies • Local safety nets • Insurance Disaster Management • Early warning systems • Disaster preparedness • Disaster and Emergency response Climate change responses GHG Emission Reduction • Energy diversification • Regulations including Cap and Trade Carbon Sequestration • CDM: Payments for Environmental Services • Voluntary Emission Reductions • Voluntary Carbon Markets • REDD
- 22. •GHG Emission Reduction—nationalor international level cooperation •Energy diversification •Biofuels •Renewable Energy •Regulations including Cap and Trade—PR to pollute? Institutional Dimensions of Mitigation
- 23. Climate Change Mitigation Adaptation Within Agriculture •Raised awareness of climate change on agriculture and resources • Community-based weather monitoring and forecasting • Natural resource management • Drought and pest resistant crops Out of Agriculture • Occupational diversification • Migration • Remittances Coping Strategies • Local safety nets • Insurance Disaster Management • Early warning systems • Disaster preparedness • Disaster and Emergency response Climate change responses GHG Emission Reduction • Energy diversification • Regulations including Cap and Trade Carbon Sequestration • CDM: Payments for Environmental Services • Voluntary Emission Reductions • Voluntary Carbon Markets • REDD
- 24. •Carbon Sequestration •CDM: Paymentsfor Environmental Services—PR , scale often prohibit smallholders from participating, CA can help overcome these barriers •Voluntary Emission Reductions—role for CA? •Voluntary Carbon Markets—may be more geared to smallholders because of goodwill, willing to work with groups rather than individuals? •REDD—will depend on how PR are defined for participation Institutional Dimensions of Mitigation
- 25. Conclusions • Institutions requiredto respond to climate change • Polycentricity – Multiple levels, from farm to global – State, market, collective and individual action – Need for coordination, 2- way communication • Examine inclusiveness of each institution—formal and informal
- 26. Recommended Reading on LectureTopic • Resources, Rights and Cooperation: A Sourcebook on Property Rights and Collective Action for Sustainable Development. 2011. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute. • http://www.capri.cgiar.org/sourcebook. • (Introductory pieces on many of the topics in this lecture) Meinzen-Dick, R., Q. Bernier, and E. Haglund. 2013. The six “ins” of climate-smart agriculture: Inclusive institutions for information, innovation, investment, and insurance. CAPRi Working Paper 114. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/capriwp114.asp Meinzen-Dick, R., H. Markelova, and K. Moore. 2010. The role of collective action and property rights in climate change strategies. CAPRi Policy Brief 7. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/polbrief_07.pdf Meinzen-Dick, R.S., and R. Pradhan. 2002. Legal pluralism and dynamic property rights. CAPRi Working Paper 22. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. http://www.capri.cgiar.org/pdf/capriwp22.pdf.
- 27. Websites, tools &other learning resources on Lecture Topic • CGIAR Program on Collective Action and Property Rights: www.CAPRi.cgiar.org • Climate Change, Collective Action, and Women’s Assets http://womenandclimate.ifpri.info/