The Internet of things (IoT) describes devices with sensors, processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communications networks.[1][2][3][4][5] The Internet of things encompasses electronics, communication, and computer science engineering. "Internet of things" has been considered a misnomer because devices do not need to be connected to the public internet; they only need to be connected to a network[6] and be individually addressable.[7][8]
The field has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, including ubiquitous computing, commodity sensors, and increasingly powerful embedded systems, as well as machine learning.[9] Older fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), independently and collectively enable the Internet of things.[10] In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous with "smart home" products, including devices and appliances (lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems, cameras, and other home appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems and can be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers. IoT is also used in healthcare systems.[11]
The Internet of things (IoT) describes devices with sensors, processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communications networks.[1][2][3][4][5] The Internet of things encompasses electronics, communication, and computer science engineering. "Internet of things" has been considered a misnomer because devices do not need to be connected to the public internet; they only need to be connected to a network[6] and be individually addressable.[7][8]
The field has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, including ubiquitous computing, commodity sensors, and increasingly powerful embedded systems, as well as machine learning.[9] Older fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), independently and collectively enable the Internet of things.[10] In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous with "smart home" products, including devices and appliances (lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems, cameras, and other home appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems and can be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers. IoT is also used in healthcare systems.[11]
he extensive set of applications for IoT devices[31] is often divided into consumer, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure spaces.[32][33]
Consumers
A growing portion of IoT devices is created for consumer use, including connected vehicles, home automation, wearable technology, connected health, and appli
It consists of definition of iot,physical and logical design of iot,fundamental blocks of iot , communication model of iot ,what is things in internet of things means, communication APIs of iot.This are some of the main contents of this ppt
It consists of definition of iot,physical and logical design of iot,fundamental blocks of iot , communication model of iot ,what is things in internet of things means, communication APIs of iot.This are some of the main contents of this ppt
what is network protocols?
n networking, a protocol is a set of rules for formatting and processing data. Network protocols are like a common language for computers. The computers within a network may use vastly different software and hardware; however, the use of protocols enables them to communicate with each other regardless.
Introduction to IoT
Defining IoT,
Characteristics of IoT,
Physical design of IoT,
Logical design of IoT,
Functional blocks of IoT,
Brief review of applications of IoT.
Smart Object
Definition,
Characteristics and Trends
Text Book
1. Arsheep Bahga (Author), Vijay Madisetti, Internet Of Things: A Hands-On Approach
Paperback, Universities Press,
Reprint 2020
2. David Hanes, Gonzalo Salgueiro, Patrick Grossetete, Robert Barton, Jerome Henry,
IoT Fundamentals Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the Internet of
Things CISCO.
Internet of Things.
CSDLO5013
Introduction to IoT (Basics of Networking & Emergence of IoT).pptxtaruian
Basics of Networking: Introduction, Network Types, Layered network models.
Emergence of IoT: Introduction, Evolution of IoT, Enabling IoT and the Complex Interdependence of Technologies, IoT Networking Components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
what is network protocols?
n networking, a protocol is a set of rules for formatting and processing data. Network protocols are like a common language for computers. The computers within a network may use vastly different software and hardware; however, the use of protocols enables them to communicate with each other regardless.
Introduction to IoT
Defining IoT,
Characteristics of IoT,
Physical design of IoT,
Logical design of IoT,
Functional blocks of IoT,
Brief review of applications of IoT.
Smart Object
Definition,
Characteristics and Trends
Text Book
1. Arsheep Bahga (Author), Vijay Madisetti, Internet Of Things: A Hands-On Approach
Paperback, Universities Press,
Reprint 2020
2. David Hanes, Gonzalo Salgueiro, Patrick Grossetete, Robert Barton, Jerome Henry,
IoT Fundamentals Networking Technologies, Protocols, and Use Cases for the Internet of
Things CISCO.
Internet of Things.
CSDLO5013
Introduction to IoT (Basics of Networking & Emergence of IoT).pptxtaruian
Basics of Networking: Introduction, Network Types, Layered network models.
Emergence of IoT: Introduction, Evolution of IoT, Enabling IoT and the Complex Interdependence of Technologies, IoT Networking Components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
2. • Internet of Things refers to the network of physical devices, vehicles,
home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, and network connectivity, allowing them to collect
and exchange data
• The IoT enables these devices to interact with each other and with the
environment and enables the creation of smart systems and services.
• Examples:
• Home appliances: smart TV, smart refrigerator, smart AC, etc.
• Smart phones and computers
• Wearables: smart watch, smart sensors, etc.
• Automobiles like self-driving cars
• Energy systems
• Retail : smart payment
• Printers
• Industrial machines
• Healthcare: smart watch, smart healthcare, etc.
• Surveillance: smart cameras, smart trackers, etc.
7. • The physical design of an IoT system is referred to as
the Things/Devices and protocols that are used to build an IoT
system. All these things/Devices are called Node Devices and every
device has a unique identity that performs remote sensing,
actuating, and monitoring work, and the
• protocols that are used to establish communication between the
Node devices and servers over the internet
• Things in IoT refers to IoT devices. Things have unique identities.
Things can perform sensing, actuation, and monitoring
• Things can exchange data with other connected devices and
applications, collect data from other devices, and process the data
either locally or send it to centralized servers or cloud. IoT devices can
have several interfaces like:
• I/O interfaces for sensors
• Interface for Internet connectivity
• Memory and storage connectivity interfaces
• Audio/video interfaces
8. • An IoT device provides connectivity interfaces like
USB, RJ45, etc.
• It contains a microcontroller or processor for
computation tasks.
• It provides audio/video interfaces like HDMI, RCA,
3.5mm audio channel. It contains memory interfaces
like DDR.
• It might support graphics by providing a separate
Graphical Processing Unit (GPU),
• it provides storage interfaces like MMC, SDIO.
• Finally, it might provides different I/O interfaces for
connecting sensors and actuators like UART, SPI, I2C
and CAN.
9. PROTOCOLS
• A protocol is a set of rules that governs the
communication between two or more devices. A
protocol defines the rules, syntax, semantics and
synchronization of communication and possible error
recovery methods.
11. Link Layer Protocols
• The link layer is responsible for establishing and
terminating links between the nodes. The packets or
datagrams travel through these links. The link layer
also defines the format of packet that is to be
communicated across the link and is responsible for
physical addressing. The link layer also handles error
detection, retransmission, flow control and access of
the link. Protocols generally used at this layer are
Ethernet, Wi-Fi, WiMax, LR-WPAN, cellular
technologies, etc.
12. Network Layer Protocols
• The main role of the network layer is transfer the packet from
sender to receiving host. The network layer also handles
routing, which involves selecting the next node and
forwarding the packets across the communication path. The
network layer is also responsible for logical addressing (like IP
address) and for congestion control which prevents the
network from being overloaded with traffic.
• Different protocols at network layer are:
IPv4 (32-bit addresses)
IPv6 (128-bit addresses)
6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area
Network)
13. Transport Layer Protocols
• The main role of transport layer is providing end-to-end
communication between the applications running on
hosts. The transport layer provides a logical
communication channel through which the end
applications can communicate with each other. The
transport layer is implemented on the end hosts. It is not
present in the routers. The transport layer is also
responsible for the reliable delivery of the message
across the end nodes, flow control and multiplexing and
demultiplexing of the channels at end nodes.
•
• Different protocols at transport layer are:
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
14. Application Layer Protocols
• The application layer is where the users of an IoT
application interact with the IoT application/system.
The application layer allows the users to interact with
the IoT sensors and access other services provided
by the communication network. The application layer
provides services like authentication, naming,
message formatting, email, etc, to the users.
•
• Different protocols at application layer are:
• HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
– Uses TCP, Stateless, Request-Response Model
15. • CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol)
– Uses UDP, Request-Response Model
•
• MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport)
– Follows publish-subscribe model
– No security
– Used with low power devices
• XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol)
– Real-time communication, For sending XML data
16. • AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol)
– Supports both point-to-point and publisher-subscriber
models
– High performance and secure protocol
– Uses TCP
• WebSocket
– Full-duplex connection over a single socket connection
– Uses TCP
•
• DDS (Data Distribution Service)
– Middleware standard, Reliable than MQTT
– Follows publish-subscribe model
– Uses UDP
17. A logical design for an IoT system
• A logical design for an IoT system is the actual design
of how its components (computers, sensors, and
actuators) should be arranged to complete a
particular function. It doesn’t go into the depth of
describing how each component will be built with
low-level programming specifics.
20. • The device block contains sensing, actuation, monitoring and control functions
for controlling the devices. The device block interacts with the communication
block.
• The communication block contains different protocols (wired or wireless)
through which the data moves from devices to Internet and from Internet to
devices. The services block acts as a middleware which can provide services
like device identification, device discovery, or data processing and analysis
• The users of an IoT application interacts with the application block. It provides
user interface with which the user can access the data sent by the sensors,
perform operations on that like aggregation, simplification, etc. and visualize
that data.
• The application interface can also provide control functions for controlling the
sensors, actuators or functionality of the application.
• The management block allows us to manage the other blocks like device,
services, communication, application, and security.
• The security block provides different security services like confidentiality,
integrity, availability, and authentication.
21. IoT Communication Models
• Internet of things supports different communication models between the
entities in an IoT system. These communication models are:
Request-Response Model
Publish-Subscribe Model
Push-Pull Model
Exclusive Pair Model
22. Request-Response Model
Example
When we search a query on a browser then the browser submits an HTTP request to the server and then
the server returns a response to the browser(client).
23. Publish-Subscribe Model
Example:
On the website many times we subscribed to their newsletters using our email address. These email
addresses are managed by some third-party services and when a new article is published on the website it
is directly sent to the broker and then the broker sends these new data or posts to all the subscribers
24. Push-Pull Model
Example:
When we visit a website we saw a number of posts that are published in a queue and according to our
requirements, we click on a post and start reading it.
25. Exclusive Pair Model
Web Socket based communication API is fully based on this model. The server has a
record of all open communication