Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites form a major structural part ofaerospace and defence
applications. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) plays an important role in assessing the quality and
health monitoring of FRP composite structures.Defect detection of FRPcomposite structures are by
different NDE techniques, such as ultrasonics, thermography, X-ray radiography. Depending on the type
of material, their characteristic features and accessibility of the test object etc. suitable techniquesare
employed. Microwave non-destructive evaluation (MWNDE) is an emerging NDE technique for
characterizing and inspecting dielectric structures. Microwave NDE finds application in the areas of
dielectric material characterization, determining thickness variation, defect detection and bond quality
inspection.Inspection of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites by near-field reflection
microwave NDE technique is presented in this paper. GFRP composite with known inserted defects such
as inclusion and flat bottom holes are inspected to understand and establish Microwave NDE. Results of
inspected structures by swept frequency reflection microwave NDE technique in the frequency range 8.2-
12.4GHz (X-band) and 12.4-18GHz (Ku-band) respectively are presented. The position of the reflection
characteristic curve indicates the depth of the defect in the inspected structure.
INSPECTION OF PROFILED FRP COMPOSITE STRUCTURES BY MICROWAVE NDEjmicro
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are employed in various applications of aerospace and defence industry. FRP composites are preferred as major structural parts due to their high stiffness strength and light weight.Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) plays an important role in assessing the quality and health monitoring of FRP composite structures during their manufacturing and in-service period.Different NDE techniques, such as ultrasonics, thermography, X-ray radiography, etc are employed for evaluating the quality of the composite structures.Microwave non-destructive evaluation (MWNDE) is an emerging NDE technique for characterizing and inspecting dielectric structures. Microwave NDE finds application in the areas of dielectric material characterization, determining thickness variation, defect detection and bond quality inspection.Inspection of profiled FRP composite structures by near-field reflection microwave NDE technique is presented in this paper. Application of Microwave NDE for bond quality inspection of FRP composite structures and thickness variation of composite structures is discussed. Results of inspected profiled composite structures by swept frequency reflection microwave NDE technique in the frequency range of X-band and Ku-band respectively are presented
Monitoring of concrete structures by electro mechanical impedance technique IEI GSC
By Dr. S.N.Khante Associate Professor & Bhagyashri Sangai
at 31st National Convention of Civil Engineers
organised by
Gujarat State Center, The Institution of Engineers (India) at Ahmedabad
Indium Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films: Effect on Structural, Optical and Electri...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on indium-doped zinc oxide thin films deposited using spray pyrolysis. Key findings include:
1) XRD analysis showed the films were polycrystalline and doping led to a decrease in average grain size and a reorientation of crystal planes.
2) Optical band gap increased from 3.06 eV to 3.6 eV with doping due to the Burstein-Moss effect. Transmittance remained above 80% in the visible region.
3) Electrical resistivity decreased from 45.07 Ω-cm in undoped films to a minimum of 0.1 Ω-cm with doping, increasing conductivity. The highest figure of merit
This document discusses the design of a fiber optic security sensor based on monitoring speckle patterns in multimode optical fibers. The sensor is designed to detect vibrations on perimeters or fences by observing changes in the output speckle pattern from the fiber. An experimental model was built using readily available components - a CCD camera, multimode laser light source, length of optical fiber, and MATLAB software. The sensor is low-cost, lightweight, and can potentially be used to monitor large structures. When disturbances occur on the fiber, it causes changes in the propagation constants of fiber modes, altering the output speckle pattern in a way that can be analyzed to detect vibrations.
This document summarizes research on high frequency dielectric materials for applications in medicine and telecommunications. It discusses how materials with high permittivity values (>1000) can increase MRI sensitivity in the MHz range, while low permittivity (<10) materials with low loss are important for 5G and above applications to reduce attenuation. Characterization techniques for accurately measuring dielectric properties from MHz to THz frequencies are also reviewed. Specific materials discussed include barium strontium titanate for MRI and quartz, fused silica, and glass for wireless applications.
Free Vibration Analysis of Polyproplyne- Nanoclay Composite Beam with CrackIJMER
Vibration analysis is one of the most promising techniques to detect the crack. In this paper, Poly Propylene - Nano Clay is analyzed for it’s free vibration. The proposed composite beam is modeled with crack. Analysis is done by using Finite element package ANSYS-14.5. The Nano Clay in composite is varied from 0 to 15 percentage (0,1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15) and crack depth to width ratios are chosen as, 0,0.25,0.5,0.8. Impact of varying percentage of NC and varying crack depths on natural frequency are
analyzed using free vibration analysis.
Application of non destructive test for structural health monitoring - state ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The concept of non-destructive testing (NDT) is to obtain material properties “in place” specimens without the destruction of the specimens and to do the structural health monitoring. NDT using Rebound hammer, Ultra pulse velocity, Half-cell potential, core cutter, carbonation depth, rebar locator, Rapid chloride penetration test, electric resistivity meter test and vibration base analysis by data analoger are very popular and highly effective in conducting structural health monitoring. The structure can be investigated by using a visual inspection, NDT, laboratory and field test performance. In this article a review of these tests have been provided to conduct effective structural health monitoring of a RCC structure
Keywords: Non-destructive test, visual inspection, corrosion, compressive strength
Welding is a common joining process used extensively
in automobile industries, aircraft machine frames structural
work ship building and various other fields. The physical
properties of these welds are influenced by several factors. In
order to produce satisfactory weldments which fulfill the
requirement of quality the integrity of quality control is
important. To understand the various defects, their causes and
remedies can help to ensure higher quality and longer lasting
welds. This report contains essential information of surface
irregularities and weld discontinuities. Non destructive testing
(NDT) is a mechanism which helps in finding out of defects of any
item like welds before major harms happen to the item without
affecting its usefulness. This thesis discusses the non destructive
testing of weld structures. There are more than fourteen methods
of NDT in metals, in this thesis the most important ones-Visual,
Ultrasonic, X-ray and penetrant testing are discussed in detail.
The experimental results are discussed and comparisons are
made based on cost, accuracy, safety, time consumption, etc.
Based on these comparisons conclusions and recommendations
are made.
INSPECTION OF PROFILED FRP COMPOSITE STRUCTURES BY MICROWAVE NDEjmicro
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are employed in various applications of aerospace and defence industry. FRP composites are preferred as major structural parts due to their high stiffness strength and light weight.Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) plays an important role in assessing the quality and health monitoring of FRP composite structures during their manufacturing and in-service period.Different NDE techniques, such as ultrasonics, thermography, X-ray radiography, etc are employed for evaluating the quality of the composite structures.Microwave non-destructive evaluation (MWNDE) is an emerging NDE technique for characterizing and inspecting dielectric structures. Microwave NDE finds application in the areas of dielectric material characterization, determining thickness variation, defect detection and bond quality inspection.Inspection of profiled FRP composite structures by near-field reflection microwave NDE technique is presented in this paper. Application of Microwave NDE for bond quality inspection of FRP composite structures and thickness variation of composite structures is discussed. Results of inspected profiled composite structures by swept frequency reflection microwave NDE technique in the frequency range of X-band and Ku-band respectively are presented
Monitoring of concrete structures by electro mechanical impedance technique IEI GSC
By Dr. S.N.Khante Associate Professor & Bhagyashri Sangai
at 31st National Convention of Civil Engineers
organised by
Gujarat State Center, The Institution of Engineers (India) at Ahmedabad
Indium Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films: Effect on Structural, Optical and Electri...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on indium-doped zinc oxide thin films deposited using spray pyrolysis. Key findings include:
1) XRD analysis showed the films were polycrystalline and doping led to a decrease in average grain size and a reorientation of crystal planes.
2) Optical band gap increased from 3.06 eV to 3.6 eV with doping due to the Burstein-Moss effect. Transmittance remained above 80% in the visible region.
3) Electrical resistivity decreased from 45.07 Ω-cm in undoped films to a minimum of 0.1 Ω-cm with doping, increasing conductivity. The highest figure of merit
This document discusses the design of a fiber optic security sensor based on monitoring speckle patterns in multimode optical fibers. The sensor is designed to detect vibrations on perimeters or fences by observing changes in the output speckle pattern from the fiber. An experimental model was built using readily available components - a CCD camera, multimode laser light source, length of optical fiber, and MATLAB software. The sensor is low-cost, lightweight, and can potentially be used to monitor large structures. When disturbances occur on the fiber, it causes changes in the propagation constants of fiber modes, altering the output speckle pattern in a way that can be analyzed to detect vibrations.
This document summarizes research on high frequency dielectric materials for applications in medicine and telecommunications. It discusses how materials with high permittivity values (>1000) can increase MRI sensitivity in the MHz range, while low permittivity (<10) materials with low loss are important for 5G and above applications to reduce attenuation. Characterization techniques for accurately measuring dielectric properties from MHz to THz frequencies are also reviewed. Specific materials discussed include barium strontium titanate for MRI and quartz, fused silica, and glass for wireless applications.
Free Vibration Analysis of Polyproplyne- Nanoclay Composite Beam with CrackIJMER
Vibration analysis is one of the most promising techniques to detect the crack. In this paper, Poly Propylene - Nano Clay is analyzed for it’s free vibration. The proposed composite beam is modeled with crack. Analysis is done by using Finite element package ANSYS-14.5. The Nano Clay in composite is varied from 0 to 15 percentage (0,1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15) and crack depth to width ratios are chosen as, 0,0.25,0.5,0.8. Impact of varying percentage of NC and varying crack depths on natural frequency are
analyzed using free vibration analysis.
Application of non destructive test for structural health monitoring - state ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The concept of non-destructive testing (NDT) is to obtain material properties “in place” specimens without the destruction of the specimens and to do the structural health monitoring. NDT using Rebound hammer, Ultra pulse velocity, Half-cell potential, core cutter, carbonation depth, rebar locator, Rapid chloride penetration test, electric resistivity meter test and vibration base analysis by data analoger are very popular and highly effective in conducting structural health monitoring. The structure can be investigated by using a visual inspection, NDT, laboratory and field test performance. In this article a review of these tests have been provided to conduct effective structural health monitoring of a RCC structure
Keywords: Non-destructive test, visual inspection, corrosion, compressive strength
Welding is a common joining process used extensively
in automobile industries, aircraft machine frames structural
work ship building and various other fields. The physical
properties of these welds are influenced by several factors. In
order to produce satisfactory weldments which fulfill the
requirement of quality the integrity of quality control is
important. To understand the various defects, their causes and
remedies can help to ensure higher quality and longer lasting
welds. This report contains essential information of surface
irregularities and weld discontinuities. Non destructive testing
(NDT) is a mechanism which helps in finding out of defects of any
item like welds before major harms happen to the item without
affecting its usefulness. This thesis discusses the non destructive
testing of weld structures. There are more than fourteen methods
of NDT in metals, in this thesis the most important ones-Visual,
Ultrasonic, X-ray and penetrant testing are discussed in detail.
The experimental results are discussed and comparisons are
made based on cost, accuracy, safety, time consumption, etc.
Based on these comparisons conclusions and recommendations
are made.
The document describes experiments using an environmental scanning electron microscope to generate 3D reconstructions of membrane structures from 2D image slices. Membrane samples were embedded in resin and ultramicrotomed into thin sections for imaging. Image stacks from multiple samples were assembled into 3D models and analyzed to calculate membrane pore characteristics and water flux measurements, validating the 3D reconstruction method. The results provide a quantitative view of membrane nanostructure-property relationships not possible with conventional techniques.
Metal based composites by mechanical alloyingsHiep Tran
The document discusses metal matrix composites and various characterization techniques. It begins with background knowledge on metal matrix composites including definitions, classifications, matrix and reinforcement materials, and measurement methods. It then discusses specific characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, EDS and case studies on their application to analyze materials like aluminum matrix composites reinforced with nano alumina particles.
Sriram Sankar is seeking a graduate program in biomaterials. He has a Bachelor of Technology degree in biomedical engineering from Sathyabama University in Chennai, India. His undergraduate projects involved developing a drug sensor using beta-cyclodextrin and a polyethylene glycol hydrogel coating for urinary catheters. He has work experience in microelectronics and as a research assistant developing stealth hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. He is published and has presented research at international conferences. His skills include programming, use of biomolecular software and databases, and experience with biomaterials characterization equipment.
RESSER-G is a contract research group that specializes in electron microscopy services such as tissue fixation and processing, sectioning, staining, imaging, and immuno-gold labeling analysis. They focus on applications in structural biology, cell and tissue biology, and nanoscience including single particle analysis of proteins, complexes, liposomes, pharmaceuticals, and nano-materials. RESSER-G provides ultra-structural analysis of cellular components and nano-scale materials using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
Mechanistic Investigation of FeO/MnO/ZnO Nanocomposites for UV Light Driven P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on FeO/MnO/ZnO nanocomposites for photocatalytic performance under UV light. The nanocomposites (FMZ NCs) were prepared by ultrasonication assisted precipitation and analyzed using various characterization techniques. XRD analysis showed the FMZ NCs had a hexagonal wurtzite structure with an average crystalline size of 32 nm. SEM images revealed a spherical and flower-like morphology. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed the FMZ NCs had a decreased bandgap of 3.04 eV compared to undoped ZnO. Photoluminescence spectroscopy showed strong blue emission at 490 nm. Photocatalytic tests demonstrated the FMZ NCs achieved 91
IRJET- Analysis of Cantilever Beam with PZT Patchs in AbaqusIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the use of PZT patches to detect cracks in a cantilever beam using Abaqus software. A 4m long cantilever beam with a 0.35m square cross-section made of M20 grade concrete was modeled with PZT patches of size 10x10x0.3mm. The analysis found that placing PZT patches near the fixed end of the beam produced wave forms from the electrical potential that best identified damage locations when a load was applied to the free end. The results concluded that PZT patch placement depends on beam length and load location, and a location near the fixed support is optimal for crack detection in cantilever beams.
Determination ofRadiological Quality Parameters Using Optical Densitometer an...IOSR Journals
This study determined radiological quality parameters using an optical densitometer and simple fabricated equipment. A wooden step wedge and metal pin were exposed to x-rays and their optical densities were measured. The results showed that simple fabricated equipment can determine parameters like dose, beam alignment, peak kilovoltage and tube current consistency without specialized quality control equipment. Optical density was directly proportional to factors like kilovoltage, tube charge and dose. Beam alignment was within acceptable limits. Therefore, simple fabricated devices can be used to establish quality protocols and monitor parameters in areas lacking quality control testing equipment.
Algorithm for Modeling Unconventional Machine Tool Machining Parameters using...IDES Editor
Unconventional machining process finds a lot of
application in aerospace and precision industries. It is
preferred over other conventional methods because of the
advent of composite and high strength to weight ratio
materials, complex parts and also because of its high accuracy
and precision. Usually in unconventional machine tools, trial
and error method is used to fix the values of process
parameters. In the proposed work an algorithm which is
developed using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is proposed
to create mathematical model functionally relating process
parameters and operating parameters of any unconventional
machine tool. This is accomplished by training a feed forward
network with back propagation learning algorithm. The
required data which are used for training and testing the ANN
in the case study is obtained by conducting trial runs in EBW
machine. By adopting the proposed algorithm there will be a
reduction in production time and set-up time along with
reduction in manufacturing cost in unconventional machining
processes. This in general increases the overall productivity.
The programs for training and testing the neural network are
developed, using MATLAB package
This document summarizes research on using a nanosecond ytterbium fiber laser to micro-texture titanium surfaces for biomedical applications. The researchers investigated how laser process parameters like power, frequency, speed and spot size affect the generation of micro-scale self-assembled structures on titanium surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy and profilometry analysis showed that surface roughness between 1-2 microns, suitable for osteoblast tissue integration, could be achieved by adjusting the laser parameters. In particular, a spot size of 284-410 microns at 17 watts power, 20 kHz frequency and 2 mm/s speed produced the desired roughness. The study demonstrated the potential of this laser for controlled micro-texturing of titanium implants.
The document discusses using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) coupled with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to analyze polymer materials. ATR allows analysis of thick polymer samples without preparation by using an evanescent wave to sample only the top 1-2 microns. ZnSe crystals are suitable for most soft polymers while diamond crystals can analyze hard or irregular samples without deformation. Analysis of various polymer films and objects is demonstrated, identifying materials like polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon 6/6, and cellulose acetate. ATR-FTIR provides fast, simple polymer analysis without transmission sampling challenges.
The document summarizes testing done to measure the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness of a metallic mesh coating applied to a sapphire window. Metallic mesh coatings can provide both high optical transmittance and EMI shielding. Testing was conducted from 10 kHz to 18 GHz on a test assembly consisting of the coated window mounted in a conductive frame. Measured shielding effectiveness agreed with predictive models from 1-18 GHz but was lower below 300 MHz likely due to low signal levels. The metallic mesh coating performed as predicted and provides viable broadband EMI shielding.
Natural ageing of stabilized and unustabilized ldpe films used as greenhouses...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This article focuses on the study of both stabilized and unstabilized low-density polyethylene films aged under natural weathering in the middle of Morocco (Sidi Kacem city). The study was undertaken on three samples for each LDPE films: a new sample taken as reference; another exposed to outdoor weathering for one year; and a sample exposed for two years.
The outdoor exposure effects were followed by analysis of the total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). This technique provides information on the main chemical functions and evaluates the internal causes of natural ageing of our samples. The infrared spectra show the formation of hydroperoxides -O-OH, carbonyls >C=O, aliphatic esters R-(CO)-O-R, ether R-O-R, vinyl C=C, vinylidene >C=CH2 and trans-vinylene RHC=CRH in the amorphous regions. These compounds lead to initiate the mechanism of photo-oxidation of the unstabilized LDPE samples. Therefore, the increase in the formation of oxidation products into the aged samples (LDPEUS) indicates an accelerated degradation of these latter on climatic factors (UV, O2, humidity, rain ...). The UV stabilizer (free radicals scavengers) added to the formulation of LDPE films can delay the attack of the amorphous phase and prevent the formation of compounds that can cause and accelerate photo-oxidation. The results obtained by the infrared have been confirmed by observing the morphology of the samples with scanning electron microscopy technology (SEM).
Keywords: LDPE, Photo-oxidation, Natural ageing, UV stabilizer, ATR-FTIR, SEM
The document describes a 3D percolation model developed to predict the critical volume fraction in particulate composites. The objectives were to examine experimental conductive behavior in composites, develop a 3D simulation tool, and examine how percolation is affected by particle characteristics and a soft shell thickness. Experiments varied mean particle size and distribution. The model places particles in a continuum with a soft shell representing connectivity. It tracks clustering, outputs percolation volume fractions, and was validated against theoretical functions. Estimating material properties by simulating resistor networks was also discussed.
Thermal response of skin diseased tissue treated by plasmonic nanoantenna IJECEIAES
The thermal distribution in the diseased tissue treated by different methods faces the problem of an uncontrollable defused heat. In the present article, we use a plasmonic bowtie nanoantenna working in the near infrared region to enhance the temperature confinement in the tissue. The Computer Simulation Technology Studio Suite package version 2019 was used to execute the design of both plasmonic nanoantenna and the tissue. Gold nanostructure and silicon carbide dioxide are the components the plasmonic nanoantenna in the bowtie shape. The results showed that the distance between the tumor tissue and the antenna is important to determine the intensity field where the maximum field is 5.9*10 V/m at a distance of 100 nm. The maximum specific absorption rate is 1.92*10 11 W/kg at a similar distance which gives a higher temperature in the tissue of 580 C o . It is concluded that from the obtained results that the near infrared (1064 nm) resonance wavelength is recommended in the treatment of cancer cell by plasmonic bowtie nanoantenna because higher intensity field is generated. The closer distance to the nanoantenna gives higher temperature in the tissue while the temperature gradually decreases in the tissue till 400 nm where no valuable temperature was detected. 7
Preparation and characterization of nimesulide loaded cellulose acetate hydro...Jing Zang
This document summarizes a study that prepared nimesulide-loaded cellulose acetate hydrogen phthalate nanoparticles using the salting out technique. The effect of drug concentration and polymer concentration on nanoparticle size, shape, and uniformity was investigated. Increasing the polymer concentration decreased nanoparticle size and improved uniformity. Drug concentration did not affect size. Nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, zeta potential analysis, and photon correlation spectroscopy. The mean nanoparticle size was 548.2 nm with a zeta potential of -19.8 mV, indicating stability.
FTIR Studies and Dielectric Properties of Cu Substituted Nano Crystalline Nic...IOSR Journals
1) Nano crystalline Cu doped Ni-Zn ferrites were successfully synthesized using the citrate-gel auto combustion method at 1800°C.
2) X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of a single phase cubic structure across all samples with an average crystallite size of 24-73nm.
3) FTIR studies showed vibration frequencies between 376-391 cm-1 and 556-575 cm-1, confirming the cubic spinel structure.
4) Dielectric properties, such as dielectric constant, loss tangent, and AC conductivity, were found to decrease with increasing frequency for all samples per normal ferromagnetic material behavior.
This document reviews research on using artificial intelligence to predict laser cutting processes. It discusses how laser cutting works and the main types of lasers used. It also provides an overview of artificial intelligence and its applications. The literature survey summarizes several studies that used artificial intelligence methods like neural networks to model and optimize laser cutting quality factors based on processing parameters. The conclusion is that laser power and cutting speed are important for quality, and artificial intelligence can help determine the best parameter combinations.
This document describes magnetic tweezers, which are instruments that use magnetic fields to manipulate biomolecules. Magnetic tweezers typically exert piconewton forces on superparamagnetic beads attached to molecules like DNA or proteins to study their mechanical properties. They consist of magnets above a microscope that tracks bead position. Magnetic tweezers allow studying properties of single molecules and complexes by twisting or stretching molecules between a surface and bead. They have high resolution but low throughput. Recent advances aim to improve fields and resolution for diverse single molecule applications.
Iaetsd review on significance of piezoelectric materIaetsd Iaetsd
This document discusses the design and simulation of a MEMS-based surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas sensor. SAW gas sensors use piezoelectric materials and operate by detecting changes in oscillation frequency when gas molecules are absorbed by a sensing film on the surface. The document describes modeling the sensor geometry and materials in COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate sensor performance. Simulations analyzed deformation and electrical potential at resonance and anti-resonance frequencies for different piezoelectric materials. Results showed lithium tantalate produced better responses than lithium niobate. SAW gas sensors are widely used to detect gases for applications like vehicle emissions monitoring.
Improved technique for radar absorbing coatings characterization with rectan...IJECEIAES
For materials characterization, several methods have been developed. Most of them need a sample to be machined prior to testing process. Hence, they are destructive and cannot be used for in-situ radar absorbing coatings testing. This requires employing a suitable measurement technique to extract their electromagnetic properties quickly and accurately. In this paper, the swept frequency of probe reflection technique is proposed for broadband nondestructive radar absorbing coatings characterization using finite flange open-ended rectangular waveguide. The technique is based on the fact that the frequency of measurement is an independent variable of probe’s reflection coefficient by which its data set of selected frequency points can be directly measured in one step by varying the frequency. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method was adopted to calculate probe reflection coefficients at different test conditions. Simple interpolation approximation was employed since they are frequency dependent parameters. Error analysis was numerically performed to evaluate the influences of both flange size and coated material thickness on the accuracy of the measurements, which are carried out on several samples of radar absorbing coatings at X-band to verify the proposed technique. Comparing with the existing methods, the proposed technique simplifies and speeds up measurement process and improves its repeatability and accuracy.
synthesis of doped chromium oxide nanoparticlesGaurav Yogesh
The document summarizes a research paper on the size-dependent optical properties of zinc-doped chromium oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles. It includes an introduction, methods used to prepare and analyze the nanoparticles, results of the analysis showing decreasing band gap and changing refractive index with decreasing particle size, and conclusions about the nanoparticles exhibiting quantum confinement effects and potential applications in solar cells and optoelectronic devices.
The document describes experiments using an environmental scanning electron microscope to generate 3D reconstructions of membrane structures from 2D image slices. Membrane samples were embedded in resin and ultramicrotomed into thin sections for imaging. Image stacks from multiple samples were assembled into 3D models and analyzed to calculate membrane pore characteristics and water flux measurements, validating the 3D reconstruction method. The results provide a quantitative view of membrane nanostructure-property relationships not possible with conventional techniques.
Metal based composites by mechanical alloyingsHiep Tran
The document discusses metal matrix composites and various characterization techniques. It begins with background knowledge on metal matrix composites including definitions, classifications, matrix and reinforcement materials, and measurement methods. It then discusses specific characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, EDS and case studies on their application to analyze materials like aluminum matrix composites reinforced with nano alumina particles.
Sriram Sankar is seeking a graduate program in biomaterials. He has a Bachelor of Technology degree in biomedical engineering from Sathyabama University in Chennai, India. His undergraduate projects involved developing a drug sensor using beta-cyclodextrin and a polyethylene glycol hydrogel coating for urinary catheters. He has work experience in microelectronics and as a research assistant developing stealth hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. He is published and has presented research at international conferences. His skills include programming, use of biomolecular software and databases, and experience with biomaterials characterization equipment.
RESSER-G is a contract research group that specializes in electron microscopy services such as tissue fixation and processing, sectioning, staining, imaging, and immuno-gold labeling analysis. They focus on applications in structural biology, cell and tissue biology, and nanoscience including single particle analysis of proteins, complexes, liposomes, pharmaceuticals, and nano-materials. RESSER-G provides ultra-structural analysis of cellular components and nano-scale materials using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
Mechanistic Investigation of FeO/MnO/ZnO Nanocomposites for UV Light Driven P...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on FeO/MnO/ZnO nanocomposites for photocatalytic performance under UV light. The nanocomposites (FMZ NCs) were prepared by ultrasonication assisted precipitation and analyzed using various characterization techniques. XRD analysis showed the FMZ NCs had a hexagonal wurtzite structure with an average crystalline size of 32 nm. SEM images revealed a spherical and flower-like morphology. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed the FMZ NCs had a decreased bandgap of 3.04 eV compared to undoped ZnO. Photoluminescence spectroscopy showed strong blue emission at 490 nm. Photocatalytic tests demonstrated the FMZ NCs achieved 91
IRJET- Analysis of Cantilever Beam with PZT Patchs in AbaqusIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the use of PZT patches to detect cracks in a cantilever beam using Abaqus software. A 4m long cantilever beam with a 0.35m square cross-section made of M20 grade concrete was modeled with PZT patches of size 10x10x0.3mm. The analysis found that placing PZT patches near the fixed end of the beam produced wave forms from the electrical potential that best identified damage locations when a load was applied to the free end. The results concluded that PZT patch placement depends on beam length and load location, and a location near the fixed support is optimal for crack detection in cantilever beams.
Determination ofRadiological Quality Parameters Using Optical Densitometer an...IOSR Journals
This study determined radiological quality parameters using an optical densitometer and simple fabricated equipment. A wooden step wedge and metal pin were exposed to x-rays and their optical densities were measured. The results showed that simple fabricated equipment can determine parameters like dose, beam alignment, peak kilovoltage and tube current consistency without specialized quality control equipment. Optical density was directly proportional to factors like kilovoltage, tube charge and dose. Beam alignment was within acceptable limits. Therefore, simple fabricated devices can be used to establish quality protocols and monitor parameters in areas lacking quality control testing equipment.
Algorithm for Modeling Unconventional Machine Tool Machining Parameters using...IDES Editor
Unconventional machining process finds a lot of
application in aerospace and precision industries. It is
preferred over other conventional methods because of the
advent of composite and high strength to weight ratio
materials, complex parts and also because of its high accuracy
and precision. Usually in unconventional machine tools, trial
and error method is used to fix the values of process
parameters. In the proposed work an algorithm which is
developed using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is proposed
to create mathematical model functionally relating process
parameters and operating parameters of any unconventional
machine tool. This is accomplished by training a feed forward
network with back propagation learning algorithm. The
required data which are used for training and testing the ANN
in the case study is obtained by conducting trial runs in EBW
machine. By adopting the proposed algorithm there will be a
reduction in production time and set-up time along with
reduction in manufacturing cost in unconventional machining
processes. This in general increases the overall productivity.
The programs for training and testing the neural network are
developed, using MATLAB package
This document summarizes research on using a nanosecond ytterbium fiber laser to micro-texture titanium surfaces for biomedical applications. The researchers investigated how laser process parameters like power, frequency, speed and spot size affect the generation of micro-scale self-assembled structures on titanium surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy and profilometry analysis showed that surface roughness between 1-2 microns, suitable for osteoblast tissue integration, could be achieved by adjusting the laser parameters. In particular, a spot size of 284-410 microns at 17 watts power, 20 kHz frequency and 2 mm/s speed produced the desired roughness. The study demonstrated the potential of this laser for controlled micro-texturing of titanium implants.
The document discusses using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) coupled with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to analyze polymer materials. ATR allows analysis of thick polymer samples without preparation by using an evanescent wave to sample only the top 1-2 microns. ZnSe crystals are suitable for most soft polymers while diamond crystals can analyze hard or irregular samples without deformation. Analysis of various polymer films and objects is demonstrated, identifying materials like polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon 6/6, and cellulose acetate. ATR-FTIR provides fast, simple polymer analysis without transmission sampling challenges.
The document summarizes testing done to measure the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness of a metallic mesh coating applied to a sapphire window. Metallic mesh coatings can provide both high optical transmittance and EMI shielding. Testing was conducted from 10 kHz to 18 GHz on a test assembly consisting of the coated window mounted in a conductive frame. Measured shielding effectiveness agreed with predictive models from 1-18 GHz but was lower below 300 MHz likely due to low signal levels. The metallic mesh coating performed as predicted and provides viable broadband EMI shielding.
Natural ageing of stabilized and unustabilized ldpe films used as greenhouses...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This article focuses on the study of both stabilized and unstabilized low-density polyethylene films aged under natural weathering in the middle of Morocco (Sidi Kacem city). The study was undertaken on three samples for each LDPE films: a new sample taken as reference; another exposed to outdoor weathering for one year; and a sample exposed for two years.
The outdoor exposure effects were followed by analysis of the total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). This technique provides information on the main chemical functions and evaluates the internal causes of natural ageing of our samples. The infrared spectra show the formation of hydroperoxides -O-OH, carbonyls >C=O, aliphatic esters R-(CO)-O-R, ether R-O-R, vinyl C=C, vinylidene >C=CH2 and trans-vinylene RHC=CRH in the amorphous regions. These compounds lead to initiate the mechanism of photo-oxidation of the unstabilized LDPE samples. Therefore, the increase in the formation of oxidation products into the aged samples (LDPEUS) indicates an accelerated degradation of these latter on climatic factors (UV, O2, humidity, rain ...). The UV stabilizer (free radicals scavengers) added to the formulation of LDPE films can delay the attack of the amorphous phase and prevent the formation of compounds that can cause and accelerate photo-oxidation. The results obtained by the infrared have been confirmed by observing the morphology of the samples with scanning electron microscopy technology (SEM).
Keywords: LDPE, Photo-oxidation, Natural ageing, UV stabilizer, ATR-FTIR, SEM
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LANGKAH-LANGKAH INTERPRETASI DAN EVALUASI FILM RADIOGRAFI
A. MENGACU PADA ASME SECTION V DAN SECTION VIII DIV. 1, 2023 EDITION MEMAKAI WIRE IQI
1. Siapkan viewer yang bisa diatur tingkat intensitas cahayanya (T-234).
Viewer harus memiliki “spot viewing window”, yaitu daerah kecil untuk tempat melakukan pengukuran densitas film radiografi.
Viewer harus satu set dengan step wedge calibration film dan densitometer.
2. Interpretasi dan evaluasi film RT dilakukan di dalam ruangan yang cahayanya remang-remang (T-234).
3. Nyalakan viewer, nyalakan densitometer, dan lakukan verifikasi terhadap densitometer. Verifikasi densitometer dilakukan dengan menempelkan apperture densitometer pada step-step di step wedge calibration film yang densitasnya mendekati 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 di dalam area spot viewing window. Toleransi antara pembacaan hasil pengukuran dan harga densitas yang disyaratkan tidak boleh melebihi ± 0.05 density unit.
4. Ambil film yang akan dievaluasi.
5. Amati ada tidaknya artifact pada kedua permukaan film dengan memakai teknik pantulan cahaya. Amati ada tidaknya artifact pada daerah interest dengan meletakkan film di atas viewer.
6. Jika ada artifact yang terletak di daerah interest dan tidak menutupi diskontinuitas atau tidak membingungkan interpretasi diskontinuitas, maka tidak apa-apa, sebaliknya jika ada artifact yang terletak di daerah interest dan menutupi diskontinuitas dan membuat bingung proses interpretasi diskontinuitas, maka film di-reshoot (T-281).
7. Catat ketebalan material dari informasi yang terdapat dalam film radiografi (T-224).
8. Tentukan tinggi reinforcement las pada kedua sisi sambungan las dengan melihat tabel pada par. UW-35, Section VIII Div. 1. Cari ketebalan base metal yang dilas pada baris-baris dalam tabel, lalu sesuaikan dengan joint category-nya. Data joint category diperoleh dari bagian engineering. Setelah diperoleh tinggi reinforcement maksimum, kalikan tinggi reinforcement ini dengan dua, lalu tambahkan dengan tebal base metal dan akan diperoleh besarnya tweld.
Misalnya, tebal base metal = 20 mm, maka tinggi reinforcement maksimum untuk kedua sisi las-lasan dengan joint category C adalah 10 mm (2 x 5 mm), sehingga tweld = 20 mm + 10 mm = 30 mm.
9. Selanjutnya lihat Tabel T-276 untuk menentukan essential wire (wire ID#) yang harus muncul di dalam film RT. Ukuran wire ID# yang harus muncul pada film RT ini tergantung pada lokasi penempatan IQI, apakah source side atau film side.
IQI dipasang pada film side apabila penempatan IQI pada source side dengan tangan kita tidak mungkin dilakukan (T-277.1 (b))
Dari data tweld di atas (langkah no. 8) dicari lokasinya pada baris-baris dalam tabel T-276 dan selanjutnya dapat ditentukan wire ID# yang harus muncul pada film.
Misalnya, tweld = 30 mm, pemasangan IQI source side, maka wire ID# yang harus muncul pada film RT adalah wire ID# 10.
10. Untuk menentukan set dan diameter dari wire ID# 10, maka lihat Tabel T-233.2.
Wire ID# 10 memiliki diameter
0.64 mm dan
GEOMETRY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LOW INDEX SILICON MICRO RING RESONATORSoptljjournal
An optical ring resonator is indeed a series of waveguides in which a closed loop coupled with some sort of input and output of light is at least one. The consequence of the index difference on dielectric waveguide characteristics such as single-mode process, losses, efficiency of fiber to waveguide coupling, minimum bending radius, hybridity mode, birefringence, polarization effects, repeatability and stability, integration
size, realizable circuits, technical constraints and usable materials is indeed very significant for study. The purpose of this article is to analyze the effect of the features of the waveguide with regard to the index correlation and to explore the difficulties. This article assesses the effect of the intensity index on the characteristics of the dielectric waveguide, such as the single-mode device, losses, technical constraints and materials available. This work is an approximation for the design of optical waveguides, so that by lowering the silicon index, we can achieve versatility
Waveguide Fixture Based Permittivity Determination of Non-Conducting MaterialsPallavi Malame
This document discusses dielectric properties and measurement techniques. It describes dielectric constant as a measure of how energy from an external electric field is stored in a material, and loss factor as a measure of how dissipative a material is. The transmission line method for dielectric spectroscopy involves measuring reflection and transmission coefficients using a vector network analyzer connected to a sample holder. It can accurately measure dielectric properties of solids and granulated materials in real time and has applications in industries like wood and paper as well as measuring metamaterials, PCB substrates, and powders.
This document provides a review of metamaterials. It begins by discussing how metamaterials can overcome limitations of microstrip patch antennas like narrow bandwidth and low gain. It then defines metamaterials and classifies them based on their permittivity and permeability values. Several types of metamaterials are described, including electromagnetic, negative index, single negative, photonic, tunable, terahertz, plasmonic, acoustic, nonlinear, and elastic metamaterials. Applications of metamaterial antennas are discussed, noting they can enhance radiated power and allow for electrically small antenna size, high directivity, and tunable frequency. Surface and volumetric artificial magnetic conductors are emphasized.
IRJET- Estimation of Propagation Time of Microwave Signal in Different Enviro...IRJET Journal
1. The document analyzes the theoretical estimation of propagation time of microwave signals in different environments.
2. It discusses how the dielectric constant of walls and other materials affects the speed of propagation and time of propagation of microwave signals. Higher dielectric constants result in lower speeds and longer propagation times.
3. MATLAB simulations were used to model signal propagation through walls and analyze the relationships between dielectric constant, reflection coefficient, speed of propagation, and time of propagation. The results show that changes in dielectric constant directly impact these propagation parameters.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document provides an introduction to radiographic testing (RT). It discusses how RT works by exposing test objects to radiation like X-rays to produce images. RT is used to inspect items like castings and welds. Advantages include the ability to test most materials and provide permanent records, but it has limitations like requiring access to both sides and difficulty detecting some discontinuities. The document also covers safety considerations, personnel qualifications, testing principles like penetration and image quality, and the physics of X-ray and gamma radiation production.
This article describes two experiments using single photons to determine the index of refraction and thickness of a microscope coverslip. In the first experiment, transmission of single photons through the coverslip at various angles is measured to determine the index of refraction by fitting the data to Fresnel equations. In the second experiment, photons pass through the coverslip in an interferometer to measure changes in optical path length, allowing the thickness to be calculated using the known index from the first experiment. The results from both single-photon experiments agree well with theoretical models.
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1. International Journal Of Microwave Engineering (JMICRO) Vol.5, No.1, January 2020
DOI:10.5121/Jmicro.2020.5101 1
INSPECTION OF GFRP COMPOSITES BY
MICROWAVE NDE
Asha Gokul1
, K. Srinivas2
, D. Radhika3
and J. Dhanasekaran4
1,2,4
Scientist, 3
Senoir Research Fellow, Directorate of NDE
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex, Advanced Systems Laboratory, DRDO,
Hyderabad-500058, Telangana, India
ABSTRACT
Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites form a major structural part ofaerospace and defence
applications. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) plays an important role in assessing the quality and
health monitoring of FRP composite structures.Defect detection of FRPcomposite structures are by
different NDE techniques, such as ultrasonics, thermography, X-ray radiography. Depending on the type
of material, their characteristic features and accessibility of the test object etc. suitable techniquesare
employed. Microwave non-destructive evaluation (MWNDE) is an emerging NDE technique for
characterizing and inspecting dielectric structures. Microwave NDE finds application in the areas of
dielectric material characterization, determining thickness variation, defect detection and bond quality
inspection.Inspection of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites by near-field reflection
microwave NDE technique is presented in this paper. GFRP composite with known inserted defects such
as inclusion and flat bottom holes are inspected to understand and establish Microwave NDE. Results of
inspected structures by swept frequency reflection microwave NDE technique in the frequency range 8.2-
12.4GHz (X-band) and 12.4-18GHz (Ku-band) respectively are presented. The position of the reflection
characteristic curve indicates the depth of the defect in the inspected structure.
KEYWORDS
Microwave NDE, near-field reflection method, defect detection and swept frequency NDE technique
1. INTRODUCTION
The functional properties, namely mechanical, thermal and electrical, of Fiber reinforced
polymer (FRP) composite can be tailor made to suit an application. This feature of FRP
composites makes them a suitable choice for most of the aerospace and defence applications.
FRP composite structures develop defects or damage during the fabrication process and in-
service [1]. Assessing the quality and health monitoring of the composite structure is of primary
concern from an intended application of the structure.Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) plays
an important role in characterizing and confirming the quality of the product, for its
functionality and applications. Ultrasonics, Thermography, X-ray radiography are the most
common NDE techniques for evaluating the FRP composite structures. Depending on the type
of material, their characteristic features and accessibility of the test object, suitable
techniquesare employed [2].Microwave Non-destructive evaluation (MWNDE) is an emerging
NDE technique for characterizing and inspecting the dielectric structures. Microwave NDE
operates in the frequency range 1GHz-40GHz of the electromagnetic spectrum. The following
features of microwaves makes it suitable and challenging NDE tool over the conventional NDE
techniques [3]:
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Ability to penetrate dielectric materials
No couplant is required during testing
Testing is done in either near-field or far-field of the probe
Single sided (Reflection method) or two sided (Transmission reflection method)
inspection
Provides contact mode or non-contact mode of testing
Cost effective inspecting setup
Areas of application of microwave NDE include dielectric material characterization, monitoring
or determining thickness variation, defect detection and bond quality inspection. Inspection of
Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composite with known inserted defects by near-field
reflection microwave NDE technique is presented in this paper. GFRP composite laminates with
known defects are considered to establish Microwave NDE technique in both Contact and Non-
contact modes respectively. Results of inspected structures by swept frequency microwave NDE
technique in the frequency range of 8.2-18GHz are presented.
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
A dielectric material is defined as a non-conductor which stores charge from external electric
field. A dielectric material is characterized by dielectric properties namely, dielectric constant
and loss tangent at a particular frequency. When microwaves are incident on a dielectric
material, part of the energy is reflected, part is transmitted through the material and the
remaining is absorbed. The distribution of energy into these three categories is due to the
variation in the dielectric properties of the material from that of the external medium. The
interaction of microwaves with the dielectric material in the form of transmission, reflection and
absorption is the basis for microwave NDE [4, 5].
Near-field reflection microwave NDE is employed for inspection of dielectric FRP composites.
Further, testing can be done in either contact or non-contact mode. Dielectric material/structure
backed by a conductor shown in Figure 1 (the testing configuration), where reflection
coefficient, S11 is the measurable parameter [3].Reflection coefficient consists of magnitude and
phase information as a function of operating/testing frequency. For material with low dielectric
properties, materials backed by conductor configuration are used to enhance the reflected signal.
As the test configuration involves conductor backup, this leads to single-sided inspection of the
structure. Figure 2 shows the standard X-band (8.2-12.4GHz) Open-ended rectangular
waveguide (OEWG) probe operating in dominant TE10 mode. For near- field measurements, a
square flange with sides greater than one-wavelength in free space is a good approximation to
the theoretical assumption of an infinite flange where fields exists within the radiating aperture
[3]. To enhance the detection sensitivity, operating frequency incase of both contact and non-
contact methods, and stand-off distance incase of non-contact method is optimized.
(a) Contact method (b) Non-contact method
Figure 1.Near-field reflection microwave NDE test configuration
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Figure 2. X-band (8.2-12.4GHz) Open-ended rectangular waveguide (OEWG) probe
3. EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS
The experimental setup for Near-field reflection microwave NDE in contact and non-contact
modes are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4 respectively. The setup consists of Keysight Vector
Network Analyzer, coaxial cables, open-ended rectangular waveguide probe, waveguide
calibration kit and sample under test backed by conductor [6]. The experimental setup is
calibrated for the test frequency and the reflection coefficient of conductor is measured. The
reflection coefficient of conductor consists of magnitude and phase, which is the reference.
Figure 3. Near-field reflection microwave NDE in contact mode at X-band
Figure 4. Near-field reflection microwave NDE in non-contact mode at X-band
To understand the interaction of microwaves with dielectric composites and establish the NDE
technique for defect detection, E-glass epoxy composite laminate with known inserted defects
are considered. The test laminates considered are (a) E-glass epoxy composite with inserted
Teflon defects, (b) E-glass epoxy composite with flat bottom holes and (c) E-glass epoxy with
flat bottom holes filled with carbon/ foam/ resin respectively. Inspection of each of the
laminates is carried out by measuring the reflection characteristics, in both contact and non-
contact modes respectively. Depending on the detection sensitivity, either magnitude or phase
characteristics is an indicative parameter of the presence of defects.
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3.1. Inspection of E-Glass Epoxy Composite with Teflon Inserts
Figure 5 shows the configuration of the test sample, E-glass epoxy composite (300mm x
300mm x 5mm) with inserted Teflon defects. Inserted Teflon defects represent inclusionsin the
host material, E-glass epoxy composite. The Teflon defects of different size are inserted at
different depthin the composite. The size of Teflon inserts are 10mm and 20mm dia, 0.5mm
thick respectively.
Figure 5. Configuration of E-glass epoxy composite with Teflon inserts
For manual inspection, the entire E-glass epoxy composite laminate is divided into regions
based on the dimension of the OEWG probe. The reflection characteristics consisting of
magnitude and phase for E-glass epoxy composite with inserted Teflon defectsare measured by
Near-field reflection microwave NDE in contact mode. Once the experimental setup is
calibrated, the reflection characteristics of aluminium plate aremeasured for reference. The
sample backed by an aluminium plate is inspected by Open-ended rectangular waveguide probe
in the frequency ranges of 8.2-12.4GHz (X-band) and 12.4-18GHz (Ku-band) respectively. The
results of reflection magnitude and reflection phaseof the inspected laminate at Ku-band is
shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7 respectively.
Figure 6. Reflection magnitude of E-glass epoxy composite with Teflon inserts at Ku-band
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Figure 7. Reflection phase of E-glass epoxy composite with Teflon inserts at Ku-band
The reflection characteristics of a sample depend on the material’s dielectric properties, material
thickness and its response to frequency. The response of Aluminium plate, used as the backup
for the test configuration is taken as the calibrated data. The response of non-defect region (R24,
second row fourth column region) in the E-glass epoxy composite laminate is taken as the
reference. Any deviation from the reference response indicates the presence of defect. Near-
field reflection microwave NDE technique detected all the four Teflon inserted defects, though
only one Teflon defect (R33) is shown in the results. Air-gap between the composite layer and
Teflon insert (R34) which occurred due to fabrication process is also detected by microwave
NDE technique. During the inspection, the test frequency is swept and hence the technique is
also called as Swept frequency reflection microwave NDE technique.For a given material
dielectric properties and thickness, the sensitivity to detect the defects depends on the response
of the material to the frequency. In case of E-glass epoxy composite with Teflon inserts, the
detection sensitivity to detect all the four Teflon inserts is in the frequency range 16.5-18GHz.
Microwave NDE results are correlated with results of conventional NDE techniques like air-
coupled ultrasonics and thermography, respectively and found to be in agreement with respect
to detecting all the four Teflon inserts. Only microwave NDE was able to detect the presence of
air gap between the composite layer and the inserted defect. Figure 8 shows the air-coupled
through transmission ultrasonic C-scan (1MHz) results and Figure 9 shows the thermography
results of the E-glass epoxy composite with Teflon inserts respectively.
Figure 8. Air-coupled Ultrasonics C-scan (1MHz) results of E-glass epoxy composite with Teflon inserts
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Figure 9. Thermography results of E-glass epoxy composite with Teflon inserts
3.2. Inspection of E-Glass Epoxy Composite with Flat Bottom Holes
Laminate with flat bottom holes are considered as standard defects in understanding and
establishing an NDE technique. These represent voids, delaminations and disbond kinds of a
defects. E-glass epoxy (GE) composite (300mm x 300mm x 15mm) with flat bottom holes (3
noshaving 20mm dia) at different depth shown in Figure 10 are inspected by contact microwave
NDE technique using portable Vector network analyzer. The defects are at a depth of 5.5mm,
4.5mm and 3.7mm respectively from the composite side. The experimental setup shown in
Figure 11consists of Keysight Field Fox microwave network analyzer (Portable MNA), coaxial
cables, open-ended rectangular waveguide probe, waveguide calibration kit and sample under
test backed by conductor [3]. The experimental set-up is calibrated for the test frequency and the
reflection coefficient of conductor is measured. The reflection coefficient of conductor consists
of magnitude and phase, which is the reference.
Figure 10. Configuration of E-glass epoxy composite with flat bottom holes at different depth
Figure 11. Near-field reflection microwave NDE in contact mode at X-band using portable VNA
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E-glass epoxy composite with flat bottom holes laminate is inspected manually from the
composite surface side in the frequency range (8.2-12.4GHz). Figure 12 and 13 shows the
reflection magnitude and reflection phase results of the inspected laminate, respectively. The
response of composite without defect is the reference. Any deviation from the reference
indicates the presence of defect.From the results, it is observed that phase is more sensitive to
the presence of defect at different depths in the tested frequency range. The position of the curve
indicates the depth of the defect in the laminate. The deeper the depth of the defect, the curve
shifts to the lower frequency.
Figure 12. Reflection magnitude of E-glass epoxy composite with defects at X-band (Contact)
Figure 13. Reflection phase of E-glass epoxy composite with defects at X-band (Contact)
The E-glass epoxy composite laminate with defects is also inspected manually by Non-contact
microwave NDE technique.The stand-off distance is varied manually from 0mm (contact) to
7mm.The non-contact test configuration represents the contact test configuration of a two
layered structure consisting of air and test material backed by conductor.In case of non-contact
microwave NDE technique, for a given test material both frequency and stand-off distance must
be optimised to enhance the defect detection sensitivity. For the composite laminate, the
optimized stand-off distance is 1mm in the frequency range 12.4-18GHz (Ku-band). The
reflection magnitude and reflection phase results of composite laminate for the optimized stand-
off distance is shown in Figure 14 and 15, respectively.
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Figure 14. Reflection magnitude of E-glass epoxy composite with defects at Ku-band
(Non-contact)
Figure 15. Reflection phase of E-glass epoxy composite with defects at Ku-band
(Non-contact)
From the results, it is observed that the deeper the depth of the defect, the characteristic curve
shifts to lower frequency. As the inspection is carried out manually, the mentioned results are
pertaining to the composite region with defect, inspected from composite side. In this case, the
rectangular probe dimension covers only the defect.
3.3. Inspection of E-Glass Epoxy Composite with filled Flat Bottom Holes
Swept frequency reflection microwave NDE technique is automated to provide microwave C-
scan image of the inspected structure. Swept frequency reflection microwave NDE system
consists of Keysight Vector network analyzer (VNA), XYZ scanner, coaxial cables, calibration
kit, integration software, sample under test backed by conductor and open-ended rectangular
waveguide probe. The integration software contains software for motion controlling of scanner
and data acquisition. The microwave NDE system is shown in Figure 16. The microwave NDE
system is developed for inspecting flat dielectric structures.
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Figure 16. Swept frequency reflection microwave NDE system
E-glass epoxy composite laminate with flat bottom holes at different depth is inspected by swept
frequency reflection microwave NDE system respectively in the frequency range 8.2-18GHz.
The flat bottom holes are filled by different materials- carbon fabric, foam and resin,
respectively. Figure 17 shows the laminate configuration with multiple defects with the defect
thickness. The structures to be inspected are scanned by the microwave NDE system for the
frequency of interest and reflection data consisting of magnitude and phase are collected for
each scan location along with the scan position (X and Y) respectively. From the reflection
magnitude data, frequency which detects both,non-defect and defect regions is identified and the
corresponding data is represented as a microwave C-scan image. Similarly, the microwave C-
scan image from reflection phase data is obtained.
Figure 17. Configuration of E-glass epoxy composite with multiple defects
(flat bottom holes: empty, carbon fabric, foam and resin)
Figure 18 shows the microwave C-scan image from the reflection magnitude data representing
the quality of E-glass epoxy composite with multiple defects at a frequency of 13.1GHz.
Inspection of the laminate is done from composite side. The non-defect and defect regions are
clearly distinguishable. For a given structure, the magnitude or phase response of non-defect
and defect regions, respectively to a particular frequency will determine the detection sensitivity
of the inspection technique. The results of defect detection by swept frequency reflection
microwave NDE technique are in agreement with the results of thermography technique. Figure
19 shows the thermography image of E-glass epoxy composite with multiple defects. As the
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field of view in thermography is 300mm x 240mm, one flat bottom hole filled with resin is not
detected.
Figure 18. Microwave image of E-glass epoxy composite with multiple defects (filled flat bottom
holes) at 13.1GHz (magnitude data) from Swept frequency reflection microwave NDE system
Figure 19. Thermography image of E-glass epoxy composite with multiple defects
(Inspection area: 300 mm x 240mm)
4. CONCLUSIONS
Microwave non-destructive evaluation (MWNDE) is an emerging NDE technique for
characterizing and inspecting dielectric composite structures. Microwave NDE is a useful tool
for qualitative and quantitative analysis of quality inspection of GFRP composite
structures.Microwave NDE provides single-sided and non-contact inspection over a range of
testing frequencies. Swept frequency reflection microwave NDE is a complementary technique
to evaluate dielectric GFRP structures for defect detection. For low loss dielectric GFRP
composites, reflection phase is sensitive to the presence of defect. The response and position of
the characteristic curveis an indicative parameter of the defect depth. The technique can be
extended to inspect profiled or curved GFRP composite structures.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to the Director, Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL) for providing an
opportunity, support and encouragement to carry out the work.
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REFERENCES
[1] R. A. Smith, Composite defects and their detection, Materials Science and Engineering, Vol-III,
2016.
[2] Peter. J. Shull, Nondestructive Evaluation-Theory, Techniques, and Applications, Marcel Dekker,
Inc, New York, 2002.
[3] Reza Zoughi, Microwave Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation, Non-destructive evaluation
series volume 4, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
[4] N. Ida, Microwave NDT, Developments in Electromagnetic theory and applications, volume 10,
Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992.
[5] David. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, Second edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1998.
[6] Asha Gokul, K. Srinivas, D. Radhika and J. Dhanasekaran, Application of Microwave NDE for
Dielectric FRP Composites, International Conference on Composite Materials and Structures-
ICCMS 2017.
AUTHORS
Asha Gokul received Bachelor of Engineering (B. E) degree in Electronics and
Communication Engineering and Masters of Engineering (M. E) degree in
Microwave and Radar Engineering from Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.
She is currently working as Scientist in Advanced Systems Laboratory, DRDO,
Hyderabad. Her areas of work include Electromagnetic design of radomes,
Dielectric matrial characterization and Microwave NDE.
K. Srinivas received PhD degree in Physics from Osmania University,
Hyderababd, India. He is currently working as Scientist in Advanced Systems
Laboratory, DRDO, Hyderabad. His areas of work include NDE of Composite
structures and characterization of composites, ferroelctrics, microwave NDE
techniques. He has published over 28 international publications and conference papers.