The thermal distribution in the diseased tissue treated by different methods faces the problem of an uncontrollable defused heat. In the present article, we use a plasmonic bowtie nanoantenna working in the near infrared region to enhance the temperature confinement in the tissue. The Computer Simulation Technology Studio Suite package version 2019 was used to execute the design of both plasmonic nanoantenna and the tissue. Gold nanostructure and silicon carbide dioxide are the components the plasmonic nanoantenna in the bowtie shape. The results showed that the distance between the tumor tissue and the antenna is important to determine the intensity field where the maximum field is 5.9*10 V/m at a distance of 100 nm. The maximum specific absorption rate is 1.92*10 11 W/kg at a similar distance which gives a higher temperature in the tissue of 580 C o . It is concluded that from the obtained results that the near infrared (1064 nm) resonance wavelength is recommended in the treatment of cancer cell by plasmonic bowtie nanoantenna because higher intensity field is generated. The closer distance to the nanoantenna gives higher temperature in the tissue while the temperature gradually decreases in the tissue till 400 nm where no valuable temperature was detected. 7
Neutron Imaging and Tomography with Medipix2 and Dental Microroentgenography:...IJAEMSJORNAL
An over view of Neutron Imaging and Tomography (NIT) with Medipix2 and Dental Micro-roentgenography have been presented in this article. This over view confined to semiconductor detector Medipix2, neutron radiography and tomography and dental microroentgenography. Medipix2 is a pixel-based detector technology employed to measure charge particles, photons (visible through gammas) and neutron. Neutron Beam for this technology are LVR-15 Research Reactor ( 107 n/cm2 s) and Spallation neutron source ( 3×106n/cm2 s) .This technology has been verified with photograph and neutronogram of a relay and photograph and tomographic 3D reconstruction of a bullet cartidge, tooth and fishing thread. Comparison of spatial resolution among different imagers also has been presented.
Study of magnetic and structural and optical properties of Zn doped Fe3O4 nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
This paper describes synthesizing of magnetic nanocomposite with co-precipitation
method.
Materials and Methods:
Magnetic ZnxFe3-xO4 nanoparticles with 0-14% zinc doping (x=0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.125) were successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method. The prepared zinc-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Results:
results obtained from X-ray diffraction pattern have revealed the formation of single phase nanoparticles with cubic inverse spinal structures which size varies from 11.13 to 12.81 nm. The prepared nanoparticles have also possessed superparamagnetic properties at room temperature and high level of saturation magnetization with the maximum level of 74.60 emu/g for x=0.075. Ms changing in pure magnetite nanoparticles after impurities addition were explained based on two factors of “particles size” and “exchange interactions”. Optical studies results revealed that band gaps in all Zn-doped NPs are higher than pure Fe3O4. As doping percent increases, band gap value decreases from 1.26 eV to 0.43 eV.
Conclusion:
These magnetic nanocomposite structures since having superparamagnetic property
offer a high potential for biosensing and biomedical application.
III-Nitride Semiconductors based Optical Power Splitter Device Design for und...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we introduce III-nitrides based 1× 4 optical power splitter for underwater optical communication applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first study for the design of multimode interference (MMI) and four-branch taper waveguide based on GaN/sapphire. The microstructure of GaN semiconductor grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) on (0001) sapphire reported. The numerical experimental is conducted using the 3D FD-BPM method. The results showed that the optical power splitter has an excess loss of 0.013 dB and imbalance of 0.17 dB. The results open the opportunity for the future device using this technology for the underwater application.
Porosity and the Magnetic Properties of Aluminium Doped Nickel Ferriteijtsrd
The nanocrystalline particles of Aluminium Al doped nickel Ni ferrites with general formula NiAlxFe2 xO4 x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 were synthesized by sol gel auto combustion technique. The formation of single phase cubic spinel was confirmed by X ray diffraction analyses. Morphological features of the samples are studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM to examine the particle size, shape and homogeneity of sample. The magnetic hysteresis graphs were obtained to understand their magnetic behaviours. The relative permeability µr of AlNi ferrite samples shows a decrease for all samples as Al content increases. Sandar Oo | Ye Wint Tun | Shwe Zin Oo "Porosity and the Magnetic Properties of Aluminium Doped Nickel Ferrite" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25240.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/25240/porosity-and-the-magnetic-properties-of-aluminium-doped-nickel-ferrite/sandar-oo
Neutron Imaging and Tomography with Medipix2 and Dental Microroentgenography:...IJAEMSJORNAL
An over view of Neutron Imaging and Tomography (NIT) with Medipix2 and Dental Micro-roentgenography have been presented in this article. This over view confined to semiconductor detector Medipix2, neutron radiography and tomography and dental microroentgenography. Medipix2 is a pixel-based detector technology employed to measure charge particles, photons (visible through gammas) and neutron. Neutron Beam for this technology are LVR-15 Research Reactor ( 107 n/cm2 s) and Spallation neutron source ( 3×106n/cm2 s) .This technology has been verified with photograph and neutronogram of a relay and photograph and tomographic 3D reconstruction of a bullet cartidge, tooth and fishing thread. Comparison of spatial resolution among different imagers also has been presented.
Study of magnetic and structural and optical properties of Zn doped Fe3O4 nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
This paper describes synthesizing of magnetic nanocomposite with co-precipitation
method.
Materials and Methods:
Magnetic ZnxFe3-xO4 nanoparticles with 0-14% zinc doping (x=0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.125) were successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method. The prepared zinc-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Results:
results obtained from X-ray diffraction pattern have revealed the formation of single phase nanoparticles with cubic inverse spinal structures which size varies from 11.13 to 12.81 nm. The prepared nanoparticles have also possessed superparamagnetic properties at room temperature and high level of saturation magnetization with the maximum level of 74.60 emu/g for x=0.075. Ms changing in pure magnetite nanoparticles after impurities addition were explained based on two factors of “particles size” and “exchange interactions”. Optical studies results revealed that band gaps in all Zn-doped NPs are higher than pure Fe3O4. As doping percent increases, band gap value decreases from 1.26 eV to 0.43 eV.
Conclusion:
These magnetic nanocomposite structures since having superparamagnetic property
offer a high potential for biosensing and biomedical application.
III-Nitride Semiconductors based Optical Power Splitter Device Design for und...IJECEIAES
In this paper, we introduce III-nitrides based 1× 4 optical power splitter for underwater optical communication applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first study for the design of multimode interference (MMI) and four-branch taper waveguide based on GaN/sapphire. The microstructure of GaN semiconductor grown by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) on (0001) sapphire reported. The numerical experimental is conducted using the 3D FD-BPM method. The results showed that the optical power splitter has an excess loss of 0.013 dB and imbalance of 0.17 dB. The results open the opportunity for the future device using this technology for the underwater application.
Porosity and the Magnetic Properties of Aluminium Doped Nickel Ferriteijtsrd
The nanocrystalline particles of Aluminium Al doped nickel Ni ferrites with general formula NiAlxFe2 xO4 x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 were synthesized by sol gel auto combustion technique. The formation of single phase cubic spinel was confirmed by X ray diffraction analyses. Morphological features of the samples are studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM to examine the particle size, shape and homogeneity of sample. The magnetic hysteresis graphs were obtained to understand their magnetic behaviours. The relative permeability µr of AlNi ferrite samples shows a decrease for all samples as Al content increases. Sandar Oo | Ye Wint Tun | Shwe Zin Oo "Porosity and the Magnetic Properties of Aluminium Doped Nickel Ferrite" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25240.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/25240/porosity-and-the-magnetic-properties-of-aluminium-doped-nickel-ferrite/sandar-oo
EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF NANOWIRESijoejournal
Copper nanowires were prepared through electrochemical template synthesis using Nucleopore polycarbonate membranes having nominal pore sizes of 800nm and 15nm diameter. The 800nm and 15nm nanowires thus grown were viewed under SEM and TEM respectively, while their FCC crystallographic structure was confirmed through X-ray and electron diffraction patterns. The X-ray diffraction peaks indicated strong texturing for (200). The texturing was found to reduce significantly upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
Study of highly broadening Photonic band gaps extension in one-dimensional Me...IOSR Journals
In this paper, we show theoretically that the reflectance spectra of one dimensional multilayer metal-organic periodic structure (1D MOPS) can be enhanced due to the addition of the organic constituents. We have used simple transfer matrix method to calculate the absorption, transmittance and reflectance of the 1D MOPS systems. The organic component like N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) absorbs the light in ultra-violet, visible and infrared electromagnetic region and the structure with Ag-metal also having the tendency to absorb the light by the plasmaonic action and their refractive can be calculated from Drude equation. The reflectance spectra of multilayer 1D MOPS containing a variable number periodic of Ag/N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) structure are calculated taking optical constant of NPB and Ag. The optical band gap and reflectance spectra of 1D MOPS of the considered structure is obtained in the visible and near infrared regions either with the variation of the metal layer thickness or thickness of the organic layer. From the results under investigation through TMM, tunability in the optical band gap was observed either change in thickness of the other layer 1/ or 2 or the angle of the incident. Due to optical absorption of the light in the different region of electromagnetic spectrum due to either N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) or silver metal, the optical band gap of 1DMOPS shows the shift of band edges of λL and λR from ultra-violet to visible and the infrared with change the optical constant.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the fundamental principles of Photonic Crystal Fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 10 to 1000 nm.
Nanoparticles are made of a macromolecular material which can be of synthetic or natural origin.
Dispersion Properties of Photonic Crystal Fiber with Four cusped Hypocycloida...IOSRJECE
In this paper, dispersion characteristics of Photonic crystal fiber with four cusped hypocycloidal airhole in cladding (FCH-PCF) are investigated by using fully vectorial effective index method. Computed results show that the dispersion dependence on geometric parameters such as the hole pitch and size parameter. We find the flattened dispersion and zero dispersion wavelengths
Analysis and simulations of optimal geometry shapes of the 4 and 9 nano hole ...IJECEIAES
The possibility to limit and manipulate photons at nanometer scales attracted a lot of interest for exciting applications from subwavelength in laser, biosensors, biomedical and optoelectronics devices, the sensor optical properties, however; are complex due to two resonances through propagating and localized surface plasmons. The optical properties of surface plasmons (SPs) at the resonant wavelength is depending on the geometrical nanostructure of materials. In this article, we used different geometry of nanoholes array, 4 and 9 nanoholes array in a metallic film gold nanoparticle with different thickness (20,50,100) nm on SiO2 substrate with refractive index 1.46, we designed two different geometries; 4- holes: hole radius r1=200 nm, period p1=600 nm; and 9- holes: r2=100 nm, period p2=300 nm. Transmission and reflection spectrum have been calculated and simulated by FDTD Lumerical program. From results are observed the effect of thickness is interesting, transmission is increased at (t=20nm) for two arrays. Furthermore, the number of hole and its area has an influence on optical transmission and other parameters (E, H, Ref) which are characteristics of design of metallic nanostructure. We can see that there is a peak value of the wavelength at 519 nm approximately to 73% strong light transmission with 4-NHA in the other hand wavelength of 519 nm transmission is 45% with 9-NHA. strong light transmission is hopeful for many applications (biomedical devices, nanoantennas and laser optical fiber).
Performance comparison of selection nanoparticles for insulation of three cor...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an investigation on the enhancement of electrical insulations of power cables materials using a new multi-nanoparticles technique. It has been studied the effect of adding specified types and concentrations of nanoparticles to polymeric materials such as PVC for controlling on electric and dielectric performance. Prediction of effective dielectric constant has been done for the new nanocomposites based on Interphase Power Law (IPL) model. The multi-nanoparticles technique has been succeeded for enhancing electric and dielectric performance of power cables insulation compared with adding individual nanoparticles. Finally, it has been investigated on electric field distribution in the new proposed modern insulations for three-phase core belted power cables. This research has focused on studying development of PVC nanocomposite materials performance with electric field distribution superior to the unfilled matrix, and has stressed particularly the effect of filler volume fraction on the electric field distribution.
EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF NANOWIRESijoejournal
Copper nanowires were prepared through electrochemical template synthesis using Nucleopore polycarbonate membranes having nominal pore sizes of 800nm and 15nm diameter. The 800nm and 15nm nanowires thus grown were viewed under SEM and TEM respectively, while their FCC crystallographic structure was confirmed through X-ray and electron diffraction patterns. The X-ray diffraction peaks indicated strong texturing for (200). The texturing was found to reduce significantly upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
Study of highly broadening Photonic band gaps extension in one-dimensional Me...IOSR Journals
In this paper, we show theoretically that the reflectance spectra of one dimensional multilayer metal-organic periodic structure (1D MOPS) can be enhanced due to the addition of the organic constituents. We have used simple transfer matrix method to calculate the absorption, transmittance and reflectance of the 1D MOPS systems. The organic component like N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) absorbs the light in ultra-violet, visible and infrared electromagnetic region and the structure with Ag-metal also having the tendency to absorb the light by the plasmaonic action and their refractive can be calculated from Drude equation. The reflectance spectra of multilayer 1D MOPS containing a variable number periodic of Ag/N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) structure are calculated taking optical constant of NPB and Ag. The optical band gap and reflectance spectra of 1D MOPS of the considered structure is obtained in the visible and near infrared regions either with the variation of the metal layer thickness or thickness of the organic layer. From the results under investigation through TMM, tunability in the optical band gap was observed either change in thickness of the other layer 1/ or 2 or the angle of the incident. Due to optical absorption of the light in the different region of electromagnetic spectrum due to either N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) or silver metal, the optical band gap of 1DMOPS shows the shift of band edges of λL and λR from ultra-violet to visible and the infrared with change the optical constant.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the fundamental principles of Photonic Crystal Fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 10 to 1000 nm.
Nanoparticles are made of a macromolecular material which can be of synthetic or natural origin.
Dispersion Properties of Photonic Crystal Fiber with Four cusped Hypocycloida...IOSRJECE
In this paper, dispersion characteristics of Photonic crystal fiber with four cusped hypocycloidal airhole in cladding (FCH-PCF) are investigated by using fully vectorial effective index method. Computed results show that the dispersion dependence on geometric parameters such as the hole pitch and size parameter. We find the flattened dispersion and zero dispersion wavelengths
Analysis and simulations of optimal geometry shapes of the 4 and 9 nano hole ...IJECEIAES
The possibility to limit and manipulate photons at nanometer scales attracted a lot of interest for exciting applications from subwavelength in laser, biosensors, biomedical and optoelectronics devices, the sensor optical properties, however; are complex due to two resonances through propagating and localized surface plasmons. The optical properties of surface plasmons (SPs) at the resonant wavelength is depending on the geometrical nanostructure of materials. In this article, we used different geometry of nanoholes array, 4 and 9 nanoholes array in a metallic film gold nanoparticle with different thickness (20,50,100) nm on SiO2 substrate with refractive index 1.46, we designed two different geometries; 4- holes: hole radius r1=200 nm, period p1=600 nm; and 9- holes: r2=100 nm, period p2=300 nm. Transmission and reflection spectrum have been calculated and simulated by FDTD Lumerical program. From results are observed the effect of thickness is interesting, transmission is increased at (t=20nm) for two arrays. Furthermore, the number of hole and its area has an influence on optical transmission and other parameters (E, H, Ref) which are characteristics of design of metallic nanostructure. We can see that there is a peak value of the wavelength at 519 nm approximately to 73% strong light transmission with 4-NHA in the other hand wavelength of 519 nm transmission is 45% with 9-NHA. strong light transmission is hopeful for many applications (biomedical devices, nanoantennas and laser optical fiber).
Performance comparison of selection nanoparticles for insulation of three cor...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an investigation on the enhancement of electrical insulations of power cables materials using a new multi-nanoparticles technique. It has been studied the effect of adding specified types and concentrations of nanoparticles to polymeric materials such as PVC for controlling on electric and dielectric performance. Prediction of effective dielectric constant has been done for the new nanocomposites based on Interphase Power Law (IPL) model. The multi-nanoparticles technique has been succeeded for enhancing electric and dielectric performance of power cables insulation compared with adding individual nanoparticles. Finally, it has been investigated on electric field distribution in the new proposed modern insulations for three-phase core belted power cables. This research has focused on studying development of PVC nanocomposite materials performance with electric field distribution superior to the unfilled matrix, and has stressed particularly the effect of filler volume fraction on the electric field distribution.
Time Domain Modelling of Optical Add-drop filter based on Microcavity Ring Re...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
WIDTH FEEDING STRIPLINE OPTIMISE OF CURVED MICROSTRIPLINE ARRAY VARIANS ANTEN...ijwmn
This study proposed to design of curved microstripline array antenna with more optimal characteristics
parametric through optimise in width feeding stripline and its application for radar communications.
Numeric analysis with an empirical formula in curved microstripline array antenna supports the counting in
relation to the characteristics antenna that is optimally applied in communications. The simulations was
created by using CST software. The result of simulation is to indicate Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR),
Reflection coefficient, Return Loss and Gain with Vertical Linear Polarization. The optimise of curved
microstripline array varians with the varians array and optimise varians in width of the feeding stripline.
Based on this simulated result, curved microstripline array varians antenna is potential to developed antenna
in radar communication in multiband frequency.
During the last decades a large effort has been invested in the development of a new
discipline devoted to benefit from optical excitations in materials where metals are
key element (Plasmonics). We will make an introduction on this topic below, but let’s
anticipate that two application areas are sensing and information technologies.
The following height extended abstracts, presented during the one-day NANOMAGMA
Symposium (Bilbao, Spain – April 13, 2011 reflects some of the latest developments on magneto-plasmonics.
In 2010 and 2011, the nanoICT project (EU/ICT/FET Coordination Action) launched
two calls for exchange visits for PhD students with the following main objectives: 1.
To perform joint work or to be trained in the leading European industrial and academic research institutions; 2. To enhance long-term collaborations within the ERA; 3. To
generate high-skilled personnel and to facilitate technology transfer;
The first outcome report was published in the issue 22 (August 2011) and this edition
contains four new articles providing insights in relevant fi elds for nanoICT.
We would like to thank all the authors who contributed to this issue as well as the European Commission for the financial support (projects nanoICT No. 216165 and NANOMAGMA No. FP7-214107-2).
Dr. Antonio Correia Editor - Phantoms Foundation
Plasmonic hybrid terahertz photomixer of graphene nanoantenna and nanowiresIJECEIAES
Due to their attractive properties, silver nanowires (Ag-NWs) are newly used as nanoelectrodes in continuous wave (CW) THz photomixer. However, since these nanowires have small contact area, the nanowires fill factor in the photomixer active region is low, which leads to reduce the nanowires conductivity. In this work, we proposed to add graphene nanoantenna array as nanoelectrodes to the silver nanowires-based photomixer to improve the conductivity. In addition, the graphene nanoantenna array and the silver nanowires form new hybrid nanoelectrodes for the CW-THz photomixer leading to improve the device conversion efficiency by the plasmonic effect. Two types of graphene nanoantenna array are proposed in two separate photomixer configurations. These are the graphene nanodisk (GND) array and the graphene bow-tie nanoantenna (GNA) array. The photomixer active region is simulated using the computer simulation technology (CST) Studio Suite® for three optical wavelengths: 780 nm, 810 nm, and 850 nm. From the results, we found that the electric field in the active region is enhanced by 4.2 and 4.8 times for the aforementioned configurations, respectively. We also showed that the THz output power can be enhanced by 310 and 530 times, respectively.
A DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF OPTICAL PRESSURE SENSOR BASED ON PHOTONIC CRYSTAL ...prj_publication
ABSTRACT
MOEMS based micro-sized pressure sensor can be developed to detect even
sub-micron range dimension change using the photonic crystal. The applied pressure on the
object will change the dimension of the waveguide carved in the photonic crystal. As a result,
this change in spacing can alter the propagation feature of electromagnetic waves that pass
through them that is changing the transmission spectrum. So, this change can directly be
mapped to pressure on the observed object. In this paper, the pressure sensor using photonic
crystal has been modeled and analyzed.
Radiation effect of fractal sierpinski square patch antennaIJECEIAES
Biological tissue interaction with Electromagnetic fields became one of the interesting studies in the last years. Wide variety wireless electronic devices are emerged in day to day life each providing a wireless connection for a certain service such as Global Positioning System, broadcasting systems, mobile communication systems, and networking. In this research article, fractal sierpinski square patch antenna is proposed and simulated to operate over L1 frequency range of 1.575 GHz for GPS applications using CST studio Suite where the proposed antenna has been investigated on Carpet shaped substrate made of Arlon 250 AD lossy. The dielectric constant equals to 2.5 and thickness of 1.6 mm. Thickness of patch is 0.6 mm. Also, the electromagnetic fields absorption on the human fingers is investigated where SAR levels are calculated for 0th, 1st, 2nd and 3rd iteration of the Fractal Sierpinski Square Patch Antenna. The results reported that the SAR limit of human finger tissue is enhanced with increasing the number of iteration: finger, human, tissue, GPS, SAR, absorption.
Bandwidth and gain enhancement of a circular microstrip antenna using a DNG s...journalBEEI
This paper present the design of a circular patch microstrip antenna with enhancement in terms of bandwidth and gain using a dielectric double negative (DNG) split ring metamaterial radome. This radome is positioned on top of the CP antenna operating from 5.2 GHz to 6.4 GHz. The metamaterial radome comprises of two alternate split rings of negative permittivity, permeability and refractive index. The circular microstrip antenna bandwidth of 430 MHz has been realized by the presence of DNG metamaterial radome compared to 220 MHz without the radome. The gain has been increased as well from 1.84 dBi to 3.87 dBi.
Similar to Thermal response of skin diseased tissue treated by plasmonic nanoantenna (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 3, June 2020 : 2969 - 2977
2970
a subwavelength air gap between two metallic regions can enhance the electric field more than
100 times [10, 11].
The size, shape, and morphology of the nanostructure could be engineered, in addition to
the interparticle distance and dielectric environment [12], their LSPRs can be tuned from visible to the NIR
region (700 – 1400 nm). The near-infrared region (NIR region) is the so-called biological window which is
particular interest for deep-tissue imaging and treatment [13]. Light to heat conversion is employed for
photothermal therapy and photothermal drug release in cancer cells [14] The gold nanostructures,
especially with plasmonic properties suitable into the NIR region, show great promise for cancer
photothermal therapy through nonradiative photothermal effect, demonstrating the ability to destroy
cancerous lesion [15], Key features to consider when selecting a nanostructure for photothermal therapy are
the plasmon resonance wavelength, the absorption cross-section, and the size of the nanoparticle [14, 16].
The optical properties of the skin determine light distribution in the irradiated region
(epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous) [17]. The optical technologies promise less danger to the patient [18].
Seriously research is done to investigate and analyze heat transfer through the skin tissue to obtain
the temperature distribution but the heat confinement still a challenge. In this work, we design both
plasmonic bowtie nanoantenna working at 1046 nm and the proposed tumor tissue using Computer
Simulation Technology (CST) software. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and temperature distribution in
the tumor could be estimated.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The plasmonic nanoantenna was designed via CST Studio Suite packaged version 2019.
The materials used are gold and SiO2. The resonance wavelength of the designed nanoantenna is 1064 nm.
Two design wear accomplished, one for plasmonic bowtie and the other for the proposed tumor tissue.
The details of the design are illustrated in the following subsections.
2.1. Plasmonic bowtie design
A three-dimensional (3D) plasmonic bowtie nanoantennas working at resonance wavelength
1064 nm was designed. It is composed of a metal/dielectric. The used real and imaginary parts of the gold
dielectric function with respect to different incident wavelengths are based on experimental data [19].
The refractive index of the SiO2 substrate is 1.5 [20]. The bowtie structure is normally illuminated by linearly
polarized waveguide excitation source along the x-axis (x-polarization). The surrounding environment of
the design structure is assumed to be air.
The sweeping process was done to select suitable geometric parameters of the designed structure to
get the required resonance wavelength [21]. The results are antenna length and width (L=W=294 nm),
thickness (T=60 nm), the apex width (A=20 nm), the gap width (G=20 nm) and the bowtie angle (Θ=90o
),
and the length, the width, and the thickness of the SiO2 substrate was set as (700, 700, and 200) nm
respectively, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. 3D Schematic view of the plasmonic bowtie nanoantenna
3. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Thermal response of skin diseased tissue treated by plasmonic nanoantenna (Rasha H. Mahdi)
2971
2.2. Tissue model
The proposed tumor tissue is the skin. The position of the tumor tissue is in the center of the skin
structure. The dimensions of skin are selected in relation with the bowtie structure dimensions where
the tissue length and width are (L=W= 600 nm) while the thickness is (T= 300 nm). A spherical shape of
the tumor tissue of (D=100 nm) in diameter is proposed as shown in Figure 2.
The thermal properties of the tissue are listed in Table 1. In addition, the dielectric properties of
the tissue play an important role in the investigation of the propagation characteristic of the plasmonic optical
nanoantenna. These properties are mainly depending on tissue type and the wavelength of interest.
The designed tissue is subjected to the plasmonic nanoantenna radiation at different distances, the resulted
pattern is shown in Figure 3.
Table 1. The properties of the tissues [22]
Tissue Thermal Conductivity K (W/m) Specific HeatC (kJ/K/kg) Mass Density ρ (kg/m3)
Skin 0.2 3.6 1200
tumor 0.5 3.6 1050
Figure 2. 3D Schematic view of the tumor embedded in the skin tissue
Figure 3. The final pattern of bowtie nanoantenna in front of the designed tissue
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The performance of the plasmonic bowtie, SAR calculations and temperature estimation in
the tissue are investigated and analyzed.
3.1. Performance of plasmonic bowtie nanoantenna
The reflectivity in dB as a function of the wavelength is shown in Figure 4. The maximum
reflectivity is detected at the wavelength of 1064 nm where it reaches -27.70 dB. The length of nanoantenna
plays an important role in the shifted resonance wavelength. Figure 5 shows that the electric field is highly
confined in the gap of the bowtie structure. The enhanced near electric field is 2 *108
V/m and the gap width
4. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 3, June 2020 : 2969 - 2977
2972
of 20 nm expected. The far electric field in three dimensions for the antenna at different distances
(100, 200, 300, and 400) nm, was investigated as shown in Figure 6 (a, b, c, and d). The estimated far field
(5.9*107
, 2.95*107
,1.97*107
and 1.47*107
) V/m at distances (100, 200, 300, and 400) nm, respectively.
Figure 4. The reflectivity of plasmonic bowtie
nanoantenna at 1064 nm
Figure 5. Electric field distribution at the LSPR
frequency of plasmonic bowtie nanoantenna at a
gap of 20 nm
Figure 6. The far-field pattern of nanoantenna at different distances;
(a) 100 nm, (b) 200 nm, (c) 300 nm, (d) 400 nm
5. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Thermal response of skin diseased tissue treated by plasmonic nanoantenna (Rasha H. Mahdi)
2973
3.2. SAR calculation
SAR is a measure of electromagnetic power density and subsequent absorption of electromagnetic
radiation and conversion to heat by human tissue. It is expressed as [23].
SAR = σ|E|2
/2ρ (1)
where:
σ = the conductivity of the tissue-simulating material (S/m)
E = the total RMS field strength (V/m)
ρ = the mass density of tissue-simulating material (kg/m3
)
The resonance wavelength 1064 nm was detected for the design nanoantenna alone but when
the proposed tissue is exposed to the antenna at different distances, the estimated SAR values could be varied
due to the variation in the reflectivity and hence in the far field pattern. Now, the irradiated tissue by bowtie
nanoantenna at different distances (100, 200, 300, and 400) nm is shown in Figure 7. The variation in
the reflectivity of the designed antenna is studied for every distance. Where the reflectivity measured is
(-15.33, -19.71, -27.57, and -43.84) dB for the distances (100, 200, 300, and 400) nm respectively. It is
observed that the detected reflectivity is red shift starting from 100 nm. The maximum wavelength shift was
detected at a distance of 400 and may be reached to the resonance wavelength at a certain distance as in
Figure 8. The far field distribution in the proposed tissue at different distances from the nanoantenna was
investigated where the maximum far-field measured is (6.87*107
, 3.14*107
, 2.42*107
, and 2.15*107
) V/m for
the distances (100, 200, 300, and 400) nm respectively. The far-field pattern for every distance is shown in
Figure 9, which indicated that the far-field decreased as the distance increased.
Figure 7. Side view of the proposed tissue exposed to plasmonic bowtie nanoantenna at different distances;
(a) 100 nm, (b) 200 nm, (c) 300 nm, (d) 400 nm
6. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 3, June 2020 : 2969 - 2977
2974
Figure 8. The reflectivity of plasmonic bowtie nanoantenna at different distances from the tissue;
(a) 100 nm, (b) 200 nm, (c) 300 nm, (d) 400 nm
Figure 9. The far-field pattern in the proposed tissue at different distances;
(a) 100 nm, (b) 200 nm, (c) 300 nm, (d) 400 nm
7. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Thermal response of skin diseased tissue treated by plasmonic nanoantenna (Rasha H. Mahdi)
2975
After the reflectivity and the far-field pattern are studied, the point SAR inside the proposed tissue
could be estimated. As (1.92*1011
, 8.76*1010
, 6.23*1010
, 6.13*1010
) at distances (100, 200, 300, and 400) nm
respectively. The calculated SAR at different distances is observed in Figure 10. It seems that the calculated
SAR is decreased with distance.
Figure 10. The calculated point SAR in the proposed tissue at different distances from the antenna;
(a) 100 nm, (b) 200 nm, (c) 300 nm, (d) 400 nm
3.3. Temperature calculation
The absorption of power from electromagnetic fields causes a temperature rise in tissues. The high
levels of absorbed power can cause irreversible tissue damage. The temperature could be calculated from
the SAR estimation values related to (2) [24].
ΔT= (SAR t)/ C (2)
where:-
T = the temperature in Kelvin (K)
t = the time period
C = the specific heat (J /K. kg)
From the obtained results of point SAR, the temperature distribution in the tumor could be calculated.
The estimated temperature variation in the proposed tissue is 580 Co
at 100 nm, 116 Co
at 200 nm, 4 Co
at
300 nm and 0 Co
at 400 nm respectively.
8. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 3, June 2020 : 2969 - 2977
2976
4. DISCUSSION
The optical plasmonic nanoantenna proves high ability to destruct the tumor tissues especially
the cancer cells due to these antennas are regarded as a hot point source which means that the desired tissue
could be destroyed without affecting surrounding healthy tissues. Our purpose is to estimate the thermal
distribution in the tissue at different distances from the nanoantenna. The designed of plasmonic nanoantenna
working in near-infrared is directly influenced by different parameters (the shape, the length, and the gap
dimension) in addition to the material used where the resonance wavelength plays an important role in
the field enhancement. In recent work, the bowtie shape of plasmonic nanoantenna is selected because
the sharp tips of the bowtie antenna, the group and phase velocities of surface plasmonic waves decrease with
the distance of propagation and finally become zero at the sharp tips of the bowtie [25]. The generated field
could be enhanced several order of magnitude in the gap, so the gap width should be selected accurately.
The maximum near field is generated at the resonance wavelength. The gold metal is the best choices in
the plasmonic structure in the medical applications for different reasons, non-toxic material, anti oxidized and
working at resonance wavelength 530 nm. The optical wavelength gives a higher intensity field which
repressed a good source to treat the tumor cells. The dielectric material (SiO2) is selected to affect
the wavelength shift in the resonance wavelength. It is worth mentioned here that the interaction of
the incident field with nanoantennas is a nonlinear interaction. so, we usually expected that the two-photon
absorption occurs because of the resonance wavelength in the NIR region, the resonance wavelength of
the gold cannot be obtained unless the two-photon absorption takes place. The resonance wavelength is
obtained after different tries where the affected parameters (thickness, gap, length, width, flare angle)
are varied many times. The more effective parameter in the design of bowtie nanoantenna is the gap width.
It is useful to mention that the variation of every parameter effects directly on the others so,
the compromisation between those parameters should be regarded. The tumor tissue dimensions are designed
related to the bowtie nanoantenna taken in to account three main factors the position of the tumor inside
the skin, the location of the tumor in the skin human body and the distance between nanoantenna and
the tumor cells. It is observed that the distance effects on the field reaching to the tissue where the field
reduced when the distance increased which means the temp distribution in the tissue is decreased as seen
later. The SAR calculation for different cases is important to estimate the temperature distribution in
the tissue. The calculated results of the SAR proved that the best value of the SAR is the closest to the tissue
which causes to the higher temperature generated in the tissue, knowing that the resonance wavelength is
varied related to every distance and doesn't represent the best. The calculated SAR in the waveguide which is
used in this research is higher than used by [26]. which proves that NIR resonance wavelength is better than
millimeter wave region that generates less SAR.
The main goal of the current research work is to estimate the thermal distribution in the tissue which
is investigated through the temperature calculation in the tissue and the reaction of the tissue against
plasmonic bowtie nanoantenna. The estimated pattern of far field distribution in the tissue showed that
the distribution of far field is varied depending on the distance from the antenna. The maximum temperature
generated in the tissue under the effect of plasmonic bowtie nanoantenna is detected at a distance of 100 nm,
which gives a clear indication that the distance from bowtie nanoantenna Influences on the distribution field
in the tissue and hens on the generated temperature.
5. CONCLUSION
The temperature distribution in the tumor tissue attracted many researchers due to its effect on
the destruction of the cancer cells. The field confinement generated by plasmonic bowtie nanoantenna was
the main tool to destruct the cancer cells leaving the healthy tissue unaffected. From the obtained results,
we can conclude that: the NIR (1064 nm) resonance wavelength of plasmonic bowtie nanoantenna is
recommended in the treatment of cancer cell because higher intensity field is generated. The closer distance
to the nanoantenna gives higher temperature in the tissue which regards over the allowed increasing
temperature in the tissue.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We appreciate the efforts of the Institute of Laser for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad,
Baghdad-Iraq, to support the research work.
9. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Thermal response of skin diseased tissue treated by plasmonic nanoantenna (Rasha H. Mahdi)
2977
REFERENCES
[1] D. P. Fromm, A. Sundaramurthy, P. J. Schuck, G. Kino, and W. E. Moerner, “Gap-Dependent optical coupling of
single ‘bowtie’ nanoantennas resonant in the visible,” Nano Lett., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 957–961, May 2004.
[2] P. Mühlschlegel, H.-J. Eisler, O. J. F. Martin, B. Hecht, and D. W. Pohl, “Resonant optical antennas,” Science,
vol. 308, no. 5728, pp. 1607–1609, Jun. 2005.
[3] L. Rogobete, F. Kaminski, M. Agio, and V. Sandoghdar, “Design of plasmonic nanoantennae for enhancing
spontaneous emission,” Opt. Lett., vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 1623–1625, Jun. 2007.
[4] A. E. Cetin, S. Aksu, M. Turkmen, D. Etezadi, and H. Altug, “Theoretical and experimental analysis of
subwavelength bowtie-shaped antennas,” J. Electromagn. Waves Appl., vol. 29, no. 13, pp. 1686–1698, Sep. 2015.
[5] B. B. Yousif and A. S. Samra, “Modeling of optical nanoantennas,” Physics Research International, Phys. Res. Int.,
vol. 2012, pp. 10, 2012.
[6] R. M. Taha and H. A. Jawad, “Characterization of gold coating on nano structure CR39 polymer as SERS sensor,”
Iraqi J. of laser part A, vol. 17, 2018.
[7] P. J. Schuck, D. P. Fromm, A. Sundaramurthy, G. S. Kino, and W. E. Moerner, “Improving the mismatch between
light and nanoscale objects with gold bowtie nanoantennas,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 017402, Jan. 2005.
[8] N. Yu, E. Cubukcu, L. Diehl, D. Bour, S. Corzine, J. Zhu, G. Höfler, K. B. Crozier, and F. Capasso, “Bowtie
plasmonic quantum cascade laser antenna,” Opt. Express, vol. 15, no. 20, pp. 13272–13281, Oct. 2007.
[9] D. Hasan, C. P. Ho, P. Pitchappa, and C. Lee, “Dipolar resonance enhancement and magnetic resonance in cross-
coupled bow-tie nanoantenna array by plasmonic cavity,” ACS Photonics, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 890–898, Jul. 2015.
[10] D. K. Gramotnev, A. Pors, M. Willatzen, and S. I. Bozhevolnyi, “Gap-plasmon nanoantennas and bowtie
resonators,” Phys. Rev. B, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 045434, Jan. 2012.
[11] P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, “Optical constants of the noble metals,” Phys. Rev. B, vol. 6, no. 12,
pp. 4370–4379, Dec. 1972.
[12] J. Jeevanandam, A. Barhoum, Y. S. Chan, A. Dufresne, and M. K. Danquah, “Review on nanoparticles and
nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations,” Beilstein J. of nanotechnol, vol. 9,
pp.1050-1074, Apr. 2018.
[13] L. A. Sordillo, S. Pratavieir, Y. Pu, K. S.-Ramirez, L. Shi, L. Zhang, Y. Budansky, R. R. Alfano, “Third therapeutic
spectral window for deep tissue imaging,” The International Society for Optical Engineering, vol. 89400,
pp. 89400V, Mar. 2014.
[14] Y. Gao and Y. Li, “Gold nanostructures for cancer imaging and therapy,” in Advances in Nanotheranostics I:
Design and Fabrication of Theranosic Nanoparticles, Z. Dai, Ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg,
pp. 53–101, 2016.
[15] L. C. Kennedy, L. R. Bickford, N. A. Lewinski, A. J. Coughlin, Y. Hu, E. S. Day, J. L. West, and R. A. Drezek,
“A new era for cancer treatment: gold-nanoparticle-mediated thermal therapies,” Small Weinh Bergstr Ger., vol. 7,
no. 2, pp. 169–183, Jan. 2011.
[16] O. Brzobohaty, M. Siler, J. Trojek, L. Chvatal, V. Karasek, A. Patak, Z. Pokorna, F. Mika and P. Zemanek,
“Three-dimensional optical trapping of a plasmonic nanoparticle using low numerical aperture optical tweezers,”
Sci. Rep., vol. 5, pp. 8106, Jan. 2015.
[17] A. N. Bashkatov, E. A. Genina and V. V. Tuchin, “A review: optical properties of skin, subcutaneous, and muscle
tissues,” J. of Innovative Opt. Health Sciences, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 9-38, Jan. 2011.
[18] A.N. Bashkatov, E.A. Genina, V.I. Kochubey, and V.V. Tuchin, “Optical properties of human skin, subcutaneous
and mucous tissues in the wavelength range from 400 to 2000hspace0.167emnm,” J. Phys. Appl. Phys., vol. 38,
no. 15, pp. 2543–2555, Jul. 2005.
[19] Y. F. Chau, H. H. Yeh, and D. P. Tsai, “A new type of optical antenna: plasmonics nanoshell bowtie antenna with
dielectric hole,” J. Electromagn. Waves Appl., vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 1621–1632, Jul. 2010.
[20] M. A. Gatea and H.A. Jawad, “Thermoplasmonic of single Au@SiO2 and SiO2@Au core shell nanoparticles in
deionized warte and poly-vinylpyrrolidone matrix,” Baghdad Science J., vol. 16, no. 2, 2019.
[21] M.K.A. Rahim, M.Z.A. Abdul Aziz and C.S. Goh, “Bow-tie microstrip antenna design,” 13th IEEE International
Conference on Networks Jointly held with the 2005 IEEE 7th Malaysia International Conf on Communic,
Kuala Lumpur, pp. 4, 2005.
[22] K. Shurrab, N. Kochaji, and W. Bachir, “Development of temperature distribution and light propagation model in
biological tissue irradiated by 980 nm laser diode and using comsol simulation,” J. Lasers Med. Sci., vol. 8, no. 3,
pp. 118–122, Jun. 2017.
[23] B. M. Hochwald, D. J. Love, S. Yan, and J. Jin, “SAR codes,” in Information Theory and Applications Workshop
(ITA), pp. 1–9, 2013.
[24] A. H. Sallomi, “A theoretical approach for SAR calculation in human head exposed to RF signals,” J. of Eng. and
Dev., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 304-313, Dec. 2012.
[25] G. Jayaswal, A. Belkadi, A. Meredov, B. Pelz, G. Moddel and A. Shamim, “A Zero-Bias, completely passive 28
THz rectenna for energy harvesting from infrared (waste heat),” IEEE/MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp.-IMS,
pp. 355–358, 2018.
[26] T. Hamed and M. Maqsood, “SAR calculation & temperature response of human body exposure to electromagnetic
radiations at 28, 40 and 60 GHz mm wave frequencies,” Prog. Electromagn. Res. M, vol. 73, pp. 47-49, 2018.