The document describes a laser indirect exposure method for treating nanomaterials. The method involves dipping powder materials in a transparent plastic to allow laser beams to pass through without being absorbed by the plastic. This indirectly exposes the powder to laser irradiation, which improves the mechanical properties of the materials. After exposure, an organic solvent is used to separate the treated nanomaterials from the dissolved plastic. Testing showed that laser treatment led to changes in Raman spectra and increased hardness of the treated materials. The method improves properties through laser energy absorption without causing economic losses or pollution.
The Effects of Nitrogen and Oxygen Atmosphere on the Photoconductivity of Tri...journalBEEI
Organic materials were previously used as insulators in electrical technology. These materials, however, are currently used as conductors once their photoconductivity is confirmed and studied. From the literature, it has shown that the photoconductivity of trimethyl phenyl diamine (TPD) increases in the air and decreased in the atmosphere of the vacuum. To the best of our knowledge, there is no detailed study of the effects of gas in the air that affect TPD photoconductivity. In this study we investigate the effects of nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) gases on photoconductivity, degradation and residual decay of photoconductivity for thin film TPD. The results of the study show that in the atmosphere of O2, TPD produces about seven times higher photoconductivity compared to N2 conditions. It also shows that, N2 and O2 provide more effective response time during photoconductivity residual decay. Photoconductivity degradation occurs in all conditions and its recovery takes more than 65 hours.
In these work, new nano and micro thermoplastic based composite is prepared with zeolite filler, The method involves using zeolite in powder form, the preparation of zeolite powder from ores by crushing it into small - sized granules. The characteristics of the zeolite powder are determined. The physical properties and chemical composition (XRD) are evaluated before impeding it into the thermoplastic. Thermoplastics powder are added to the zeolite powder as granules in different sizes, The particles sizes ranging from the size of a millimeter to nanometer. The manufacturing quality parameters are optimized at volume percentages of filler in the range 20 to 25 % , composite material is formed into molds. New Composite material is characterized by easy deformation into different shapes beside machine ability. The characteristics of new composite such as SEM, EDX,FTIR in absorption and transmission mode are evaluated and compared with the standard characteristics of Zeolite ores. The performance and characteristics of the new composite are completely different. The new composite is hard, solid and does not absorb water. The work end with list of recommendation about the new field and expected application of Zeolite when using it as filler in thermoplastic based micro and nano composites.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Photovoltaics: Fundamental Concepts and novel systems
Energy levels -bands
Doping of semiconductors
Energy band alignments between different phases
Space charge layers
p-n junctions, Schottky barriers
p-n cells, Si cells, thin film cells
Schottky cells (solid and liquid junction)
p-i-n cells
Fundamental limits of photovoltaic cells
How to overcome/ bypass these limits
New generation cells (brief survey)
PV stability, efficiencies and economics
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
The Effects of Nitrogen and Oxygen Atmosphere on the Photoconductivity of Tri...journalBEEI
Organic materials were previously used as insulators in electrical technology. These materials, however, are currently used as conductors once their photoconductivity is confirmed and studied. From the literature, it has shown that the photoconductivity of trimethyl phenyl diamine (TPD) increases in the air and decreased in the atmosphere of the vacuum. To the best of our knowledge, there is no detailed study of the effects of gas in the air that affect TPD photoconductivity. In this study we investigate the effects of nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) gases on photoconductivity, degradation and residual decay of photoconductivity for thin film TPD. The results of the study show that in the atmosphere of O2, TPD produces about seven times higher photoconductivity compared to N2 conditions. It also shows that, N2 and O2 provide more effective response time during photoconductivity residual decay. Photoconductivity degradation occurs in all conditions and its recovery takes more than 65 hours.
In these work, new nano and micro thermoplastic based composite is prepared with zeolite filler, The method involves using zeolite in powder form, the preparation of zeolite powder from ores by crushing it into small - sized granules. The characteristics of the zeolite powder are determined. The physical properties and chemical composition (XRD) are evaluated before impeding it into the thermoplastic. Thermoplastics powder are added to the zeolite powder as granules in different sizes, The particles sizes ranging from the size of a millimeter to nanometer. The manufacturing quality parameters are optimized at volume percentages of filler in the range 20 to 25 % , composite material is formed into molds. New Composite material is characterized by easy deformation into different shapes beside machine ability. The characteristics of new composite such as SEM, EDX,FTIR in absorption and transmission mode are evaluated and compared with the standard characteristics of Zeolite ores. The performance and characteristics of the new composite are completely different. The new composite is hard, solid and does not absorb water. The work end with list of recommendation about the new field and expected application of Zeolite when using it as filler in thermoplastic based micro and nano composites.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Photovoltaics: Fundamental Concepts and novel systems
Energy levels -bands
Doping of semiconductors
Energy band alignments between different phases
Space charge layers
p-n junctions, Schottky barriers
p-n cells, Si cells, thin film cells
Schottky cells (solid and liquid junction)
p-i-n cells
Fundamental limits of photovoltaic cells
How to overcome/ bypass these limits
New generation cells (brief survey)
PV stability, efficiencies and economics
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
Study of magnetic and structural and optical properties of Zn doped Fe3O4 nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
This paper describes synthesizing of magnetic nanocomposite with co-precipitation
method.
Materials and Methods:
Magnetic ZnxFe3-xO4 nanoparticles with 0-14% zinc doping (x=0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.125) were successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method. The prepared zinc-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Results:
results obtained from X-ray diffraction pattern have revealed the formation of single phase nanoparticles with cubic inverse spinal structures which size varies from 11.13 to 12.81 nm. The prepared nanoparticles have also possessed superparamagnetic properties at room temperature and high level of saturation magnetization with the maximum level of 74.60 emu/g for x=0.075. Ms changing in pure magnetite nanoparticles after impurities addition were explained based on two factors of “particles size” and “exchange interactions”. Optical studies results revealed that band gaps in all Zn-doped NPs are higher than pure Fe3O4. As doping percent increases, band gap value decreases from 1.26 eV to 0.43 eV.
Conclusion:
These magnetic nanocomposite structures since having superparamagnetic property
offer a high potential for biosensing and biomedical application.
ITO (indium tin Oxide) & FTO (fluorine doped tin oxide )Preeti Choudhary
Optical and electronic properties of ITO AND FTO:Physical properties, why use as TCOs, optical properties,electronic properties, work function and kelvin probe method and deposition technique.
20180323 electrospinning and polymer nanofibersTianyu Liu
The slides for a guest lecture of a graduate course (Chem 6564) offered by the Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Study of magnetic and structural and optical properties of Zn doped Fe3O4 nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
This paper describes synthesizing of magnetic nanocomposite with co-precipitation
method.
Materials and Methods:
Magnetic ZnxFe3-xO4 nanoparticles with 0-14% zinc doping (x=0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.125) were successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method. The prepared zinc-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Results:
results obtained from X-ray diffraction pattern have revealed the formation of single phase nanoparticles with cubic inverse spinal structures which size varies from 11.13 to 12.81 nm. The prepared nanoparticles have also possessed superparamagnetic properties at room temperature and high level of saturation magnetization with the maximum level of 74.60 emu/g for x=0.075. Ms changing in pure magnetite nanoparticles after impurities addition were explained based on two factors of “particles size” and “exchange interactions”. Optical studies results revealed that band gaps in all Zn-doped NPs are higher than pure Fe3O4. As doping percent increases, band gap value decreases from 1.26 eV to 0.43 eV.
Conclusion:
These magnetic nanocomposite structures since having superparamagnetic property
offer a high potential for biosensing and biomedical application.
ITO (indium tin Oxide) & FTO (fluorine doped tin oxide )Preeti Choudhary
Optical and electronic properties of ITO AND FTO:Physical properties, why use as TCOs, optical properties,electronic properties, work function and kelvin probe method and deposition technique.
20180323 electrospinning and polymer nanofibersTianyu Liu
The slides for a guest lecture of a graduate course (Chem 6564) offered by the Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
This presentation was made as a seminar requirement by Deepak Rajput at the University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, Tennessee, USA in spring 2010.
Please visit http://drajput.com.
EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF NANOWIRESijoejournal
Copper nanowires were prepared through electrochemical template synthesis using Nucleopore polycarbonate membranes having nominal pore sizes of 800nm and 15nm diameter. The 800nm and 15nm nanowires thus grown were viewed under SEM and TEM respectively, while their FCC crystallographic structure was confirmed through X-ray and electron diffraction patterns. The X-ray diffraction peaks indicated strong texturing for (200). The texturing was found to reduce significantly upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
It is an analytical technique uselful for detection of functional groups present in particular molecules and compounds.
It is highly applicable in pharmaceutical and chemical engineering.
GAMMA RADIATION-INDUCED TRANSFORMATIONAL CHANGE IN IR SPECTRUM OF EBHA NEMATI...IAEME Publication
Gamma ray irradiation technique is the powerful technique to modify the dielectric and electro-optical properties of liquid crystals. It p refers than any other modification technique because no catalysts or additives are required to initiate the reaction. The present paper reports a comparative study of IR spectrum for both irradiated and unirradiated EBHA NLC. The dielectric spectrum and ionic conductivity is also evaluated and well explained in this paper. In addition to this, we have al so suggested the concept of the peak data information graph for better understanding of IR spectrum.
Abstract
Terahertz sub-surface imaging offers an effective solution for surface and 3D imaging because of minimal
sample preparation requirements and its ability to “see” below the surface. Another important property is the ability
to inspect on a layer-by layer basis via a non-contact route, non-destructive route. Terahertz 3D imager designed
at Applied Research and Photonics (Harrisburg, PA) has been used to demonstrate reconstructive imaging with a
resolution of less than a nanometer. Gridding with inverse distance to power equations has been described for 3D
image formation. A continuous wave terahertz source derived from dendrimer dipole excitation has been used for
reflection mode scanning in the three orthogonal directions. Both 2D and 3D images are generated for the analysis
of silver iodide quantum dots’ size parameter. Layer by layer image analysis has been outlined. Graphical analysis
was used for particle size and layer thickness determinations. The demonstrated results of quantum dot particle
size checks well with those determined by TEM micrograph and powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The reported
non-contact measurement system is expected to be useful for characterizing 2D and 3D naomaterials as well as for process development and/or quality inspection at the production line.
The method and machine to treat slag of metal industries, the method based on improve the mechanical properties of the slag as well as prevent its interaction with water, improvement is done by bonding slag with binders in slag treatment machine. consists of mill for crushing and grinding of slag, mixer to achieve homogeneity, bunker to assemble the bonding materials that do not need grinding, tank to collect and heat mixture to become viscous and easy deformed in pipes and a bowl to collect the treated slag.
new patents include machine and method for recycling of industrial wastes such as Aluminium and metal slag, composite, thermo-set
and mining such as black sands , marble granite , sand glass chist
In recent years , the world of science has started to produce advanced materials and technology in the nano scale, which known as nanotechnology . The use of nanotechnology has become wide spread in all branches of science , so there is an essential need to prepare advanced nanotechnology tools and detection systems contain very recent instruments needed for nanotechnology studies , since the physical , chemical and biological properties of the material at nano scale differ in fundamental and valuable ways from that at normal scale. In this work the different technique in measuring and detection techniques in nanotechnology will be discussed the method of operation and accuracy of each technique will be evaluated, the main applications of each technique in industrial and construction field will be evaluated. The techniques mentioned are Nano indentation technique which evaluate the mechanical properties of the nano-materials such as reduced modulus, stiffness and Hardness. The quantitative and qualitative analysis detection systems such as SEM , AFM, STM and Zeta potential will be evaluated . The analysis and tooling equipments will be also evaluated. At the end of work the main conclusions and recommendation about using nanotechnology detection tools and difference between them are mentioned
In recent years , the world of science has started to produce advanced materials and technology in the nano scale, which known as nanotechnology . The use of nanotechnology has become wide spread in all branches of science , so there is an essential need to prepare advanced nanotechnology tools and detection systems contain very recent instruments needed for nanotechnology studies , since the physical , chemical and biological properties of the material at nano scale differ in fundamental and valuable ways from that at normal scale. In this work the different technique in measuring and detection techniques in nanotechnology will be discussed the method of operation and accuracy of each technique will be evaluated, the main applications of each technique in industrial and construction field will be evaluated. The techniques mentioned are Nano indentation technique which evaluate the mechanical properties of the nano-materials such as reduced modulus, stiffness and Hardness. The quantitative and qualitative analysis detection systems such as SEM , AFM, STM and Zeta potential will be evaluated . The analysis and tooling equipments will be also evaluated. At the end of work the main conclusions and recommendation about using nanotechnology detection tools and difference between them are mentioned.
In recent years , the world of science has started to produce advanced materials and technology in the nano scale, which known as nanotechnology . The use of nanotechnology has become wide spread in all branches of science , so there is an essential need to prepare advanced nanotechnology tools and detection systems contain very recent instruments needed for nanotechnology studies , since the physical , chemical and biological properties of the material at nano scale differ in fundamental and valuable ways from that at normal scale. In this work the different technique in measuring and detection techniques in nanotechnology will be discussed the method of operation and accuracy of each technique will be evaluated, the main applications of each technique in industrial and construction field will be evaluated. The techniques mentioned are Nano indentation technique which evaluate the mechanical properties of the nano-materials such as reduced modulus, stiffness and Hardness. The quantitative and qualitative analysis detection systems such as SEM , AFM, STM and Zeta potential will be evaluated . The analysis and tooling equipments will be also evaluated. At the end of work the main conclusions and recommendation about using nanotechnology detection tools and difference between them are mentioned.
Black sand is sand that is black in color, there are a number of different dark sand grains that can form black sand, it concentrates often contain additional valuables, other than precious metals: rare earth elements, thorium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium and others are often fractionated during igneous processes into a common mineral-suite that becomes black sands after weathering and erosion, several gemstones such as garnet, topaz, ruby, sapphire, and diamond are found in placers and in the course of placer mining, and sands of these gems are found in black sands and concentrates. black sand is found in Egypt with economical quantities, it is located in the Mediterranean sea coast from Al Arish in north Sinai to Rashid in Al Buhayrah, the main concentration of black sand is in Kafrelshiekh. Black sand is considered as source of many ores used in building and construction such as Iron and steel industry, that is beside wide application in concrete and painting industries. In this work, Chemical, physical and mechanical characteristics of black sands compounds in Egypt are mentioned, the composition and locations of black sand will be discussed, the main common applications of black sands in building and construction industries will be mentioned, the application of black sands in insulation materials industries will be discussed the disadvantages and precautions of using black sands in some applications in buildings will be evaluated. The work end with group of results and recommendations to improve the economic of black sand applications in new fields related to construction and building material industries such as Titanium industries and composite materials.
Black sand is sand that is black in color, there are a number of different dark sand grains that can form black sand, it concentrates often contain additional valuables, other than precious metals: rare earth elements, thorium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium and others are often fractionated during igneous processes into a common mineral-suite that becomes black sands after weathering and erosion, several gemstones such as garnet, topaz, ruby, sapphire, and diamond are found in placers and in the course of placer mining, and sands of these gems are found in black sands and concentrates. black sand is found in Egypt with economical quantities, it is located in the Mediterranean sea coast from Al Arish in north Sinai to Rashid in Al Buhayrah, the main concentration of black sand is in Kafrelshiekh. Black sand is considered as source of many ores used in building and construction such as Iron and steel industry, that is beside wide application in concrete and painting industries. In this work, Chemical, physical and mechanical characteristics of black sands compounds in Egypt are mentioned, the composition and locations of black sand will be discussed, the main common applications of black sands in building and construction industries will be mentioned, the application of black sands in insulation materials industries will be discussed the disadvantages and precautions of using black sands in some applications in buildings will be evaluated. The work end with group of results and recommendations to improve the economic of black sand applications in new fields related to construction and building material industries such as Titanium industries and composite materials.
Wear testing machine by laser ablation has been considered as a new method of wear testing which overcome the problems of old machines and systems . In this case, wear rate has occurred due to ablation by laser beam and test sample transformed from solid state to gas state directly (sublimation) and avoid relative movement and loss of material between sample and disk or plate. The different operation conditions such as temperature, chemicals, environmental conditions and different types of stresses has been considered. The new machine consists of two main parts optical and mechanical parts. The optical parts which include ultraviolet laser source, optical filter, lenses to concentrate the beam and manhole of laser beam to the sample tested in the control room. The mechanical parts includes The insulated chamber , dead weight , variable speed motor, sample holder, temperature and pressure sensor and ph meter. Mechanism of operation depend mainly on Ablation process which is removal of material from the surface of an tested object by vaporization .Ultraviolet laser beam is used as source of energy required for ablation process to avoid thermal effects. The new technique is suitable for all kinds of materials such as metals, alloys polymers, ceramics and composites in any shapes and sizes. The main factors affecting the new techniques are divided into factors related to the laser beam characteristics and factors related to material properties, the material properties include the surface roughness, thermal conductivity, specific heat ,density and mainly latent heat of sublimation.
In these work, new nano and micro thermoplastic based composite is prepared with zeolite filler, The method involves using zeolite in powder form, the preparation of zeolite powder from ores by crushing it into small - sized granules. The characteristics of the zeolite powder are determined. The physical properties and chemical composition (XRD) are evaluated before impeding it into the thermoplastic. Thermoplastics powder are added to the zeolite powder as granules in different sizes, The particles sizes ranging from the size of a millimeter to nanometer. The manufacturing quality parameters are optimized at volume percentages of filler in the range 20 to 25 % , composite material is formed into molds. New Composite material is characterized by easy deformation into different shapes beside machine ability. The characteristics of new composite such as SEM, EDX,FTIR in absorption and transmission mode are evaluated and compared with the standard characteristics of Zeolite ores. The performance and characteristics of the new composite are completely different. The new composite is hard, solid and does not absorb water. The work end with list of recommendation about the new field and expected application of Zeolite when using it as filler in thermoplastic based micro and nano composites.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
2. Laser Indirect Exposure Method for
Treatment of Nanomaterials
10th
International Conference on
Electrical Engineering
ICEENG-10
Hebatalrahman,A*
Dr.eng. Consultant in materials sciences & materials
applications, Egypt*
hebatalrahman11@yahoo.com
hebatalrahman11@gmail.com
3. Abstract:
Method to improve the mechanical properties of nano materials, micromaterials and short fibers by indirect exposure to laser
irradiations. The method was done by dipping powder materials in transparent plastics to allow the passage of a laser beam
through it without being absorbed or interact with transparent material.
The laser affect the structure of powder and improve properties, After exposure organic solvent is used to dissociate the
transparent plastics , the treated nanomaterials or short fibers were collected. The method is a physical process free of
pollutants and exhaust, it do not cause economic losses in the amount of material treated.
10th
International Conference on
Electrical Engineering
ICEENG-10
4. Introduction
Nanoparticles often possess unexpected optical properties as they are small enough to confine their electrons and produce quantum effects.[29]For
example gold nanoparticles appear deep-red to black in solution. Nanoparticles of yellow gold and grey silicon are red in color. Gold nanoparticles
melt at much lower temperatures (~300 °C for 2.5 nm size) than the gold slabs (1064 °C);.[30] Absorption of solar radiation is much higher in materials
composed of nanoparticles than it is in thin films of continuous sheets of material. In both solar PV and solar thermal applications, controlling the size,
shape, and material of the particles, it is possible to control solar absorption [18-20]. other size- dependent property changes include quantum
confinement in semiconductor particles, surface plasmon resonance in some metal particles and super para magnetism in magnetic materials, Which
would appear the changes in physical properties. Ferromagnetic materials smaller than 10 nm can switch their magnetisation direction using room
temperature thermal energy, thus making them unsuitable for memory storage [21-23].
10th
International Conference on
Electrical Engineering
ICEENG-10
5. Experimental work
Material preparation
E-fiber glass Ownes corning 731ED 1/32". which is mechanically cut the fiber size is length to
diameter ratio L/d=50 (cylindrical particles) and L/d=1 (spherical particles).
10th
International Conference on
Electrical Engineering
ICEENG-10
6. Transparent material
the transparent material is plastic, it does not absorb the laser wavelengths used in the
test and dissolved after the process by mixture of organic solvents.
Dissociation of transparent material
It can be dissolved in a number of organic solvents. n-hexane, n-heptane, cyclohexane,
benzene, toluene
10th
International Conference on
Electrical Engineering
ICEENG-10
7. Laser Irradiation
Samples used in this investigation were in a shape of disk of 25mm diameter and 7mm length. The
irradiation is done on both sides of the samples and in different positions to cover all area of the
sample and achieve homogeneous surface suitable for testing .The different lasers irradiated samples
at different conditions were examined before and after laser irradiation and the effect of laser was
determined.
CW argon ion laser (innova400) which have power of 25 watts multi-line wavelength from 514.5 nm
to 465.5 nm , the power used in the experiment is 1 watt.
10th
International Conference on
Electrical Engineering
ICEENG-10
8. Measurements
Raman Spectroscopy
The behaviour of the material was studied by variation of the modes obtained from FT (IR) Raman spectrum. The results were obtained using Brucker FTIR Raman spectrometer using Nd-
YAG laser power of 500MW as source of excitation. After irradiation of sample with lasers the spectra were obtained in the range 400 to 4000 cm-1. The samples were measured by fixing it
to holder and placed in front of the beam [27].
Hardness
The hardness of the specimens were measured by using means of Barcol impression according to ASTM-D2583,the indentor cone with 26° and 0.157mm, the sample must have smooth and
polished surface with thickness not more than 1.5mm,the load ranges from 6.8kg to 4.5kg each hardness value is an average of 29 reading for every specimen (5 specimen at each condition
were examined). The measurements are good up to + 6%.
The laser effect along the length of the specimen
The laser effect along the distance was evaluated, the specimen used for this purpose was 20 mm diameter and 13mm length irradiated by Argon ion laser (514nm-1watt-10 second) in the
center of the specimen, it was separated vertically into two parts, every part is fixed on holder (average of 4 specimen were considered at each condition). Barcoul hardness was measured
every 3 mm along the length of the specimen according to ASTM-D2583 test procedure explained above, the results were plotted on X-Y plan (distance -hardness) and the laser effect
distributed along the length of the specimen were evaluated.
10th
International Conference on
Electrical Engineering
ICEENG-10
9. 10th
International Conference on
Electrical Engineering
ICEENG-10
Power measurements
The PM-450B power meter is used for
power measurements at wavelength
632.8nm, the calibration is done at the
wavelength in the study range 514nm by
taking the meter reading and multiple by
the appropriate spectral sensitivity value
according to the calibration cure as shown
in Figure (2). The PM-450B power meter
is used in measurements by setting the full
scale meter sensitivity one position beyond
the anticipated maximum power level,
adjust the detector position for maximum
meter output reposition the meter switch to
take advantage of the maximum meter
deflection, this will ensure maximum
accuracy in the measurement the output
impedance 200 Ohms or less on all ranges.
To achieve temperature sensitivity, the
instrument is calibrated at 20°C, the
difference in the range +5° will affect the
accuracy by less than 3%.
10. Results & Discussions:
The raman spectrum for transparent material
before and after laser absorption of Argon laser
507nm
10th
International Conference on
Electrical Engineering
ICEENG-10
11. The raman spectrum for spherical micro and nano
particles before and after laser absorption of Argon
laser 507nm
10th
International Conference on
Electrical Engineering
ICEENG-10
12. The variation of the Hardness due to absorption
variation along the sample of spherical particles
10th
International Conference on
Electrical Engineering
ICEENG-10
13. The variation of the Hardness due to absorption
variation along the sample of cylindrical particles
10th
International Conference on
Electrical Engineering
ICEENG-10
14. The laser output power after absorption by micro
and nano particles at different volume fractions of
particles
10th
International Conference on
Electrical Engineering
ICEENG-10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 17 35 50 65
percentage of the treated spherical particles (volume%)
Outputpoweaftertransmissionfromthe
samples(watt)
15. The output power of the laser irradiated samples
10th
International Conference on
Electrical Engineering
ICEENG-10
16. Conclusions:
The spectroscopy analysis before and after laser irradiation at power of 500MW as source of excitation.
Raman spectra shows the following types of changes with irradiation:-
a-The disappearance of same peak.
b-Shift in the peak position.
c-The dependence of some parameters in addition to the activation energy and crystalline on the irradiation power shows different behavior.
-The fiber glass is the element which absorb laser irradiation, the zero percentage fiber glass samples produces almost no change in the Raman spectrum before and after irradiated.
Transparent material allow the laser light to go throw the structure easily, but this type of polymers do not affected by absorption of ultra violet light so it is seem to be suitable binding material.
There is reasonable change in the Raman spectrum of the samples which have the same length to diameter ratio (size) but different amount of fibers.
The laser energy is very high, this high energy rating is stored inside the material, This is the main cause of improvement in the mechanical properties.
the mechanism of laser irradiation as a tool of improving mechanical properties is similar to the cold working mechanism which store mechanical energy in the atoms and the mechanical properties is improved
but in lasers the photon energy is absorbed by atoms and stored inside the structure and also cause significant improvement in the mechanical properties.
10th
International Conference on
Electrical Engineering
ICEENG-10
17. Thank You Very Much
And
Any Question?
10th
International Conference on
Electrical Engineering
ICEENG-10