By Dr. S.N.Khante Associate Professor & Bhagyashri Sangai
at 31st National Convention of Civil Engineers
organised by
Gujarat State Center, The Institution of Engineers (India) at Ahmedabad
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM USING FRP TENDONGirish Singh
Concrete prestressed structural components exist in buildings and bridges in different forms. Understanding the response of these components during loading is crucial to the development of an overall efficient and safe structure. Different methods have been utilized to study the response of structural components. Experimental based testing has been widely used as a means to analyse individual elements and the effects of concrete strength under loading.
While this is a method that produces real life response, it is extremely time consuming, and the use of materials can be quite costly. In this paper we used finite element analysis to study behaviour of these components. The use of computer software (Ansys) to model these elements is much faster, and extremely cost- effective. To fully understand the capabilities of finite element computer software (Ansys), we look back to experimental data and simple analysis.
Data obtained from a finite element analysis package is not useful unless the necessary steps are taken to understand what is happening within the model that is created using the software. Also, executing the necessary checks along the way, is key to make sure that what is being output by the Ansys is valid.
This paper is a study of prestressed concrete beams using finite element
analysis to understand the response of prestressed concrete beams due to transverse loading and to analyse the behaviour of FRP material under these circumstances.
This paper also includes the comparison of steel and FRP on the same module and also gives the final load v/s deflection curve under the both linear and non-linear properties of the materials.
The project was undertaken to design M50 grade concrete using GGBS cement and POZZOLANA cement and comparing the fresh concrete and hard concrete properties with concrete designed using conventional cement.
This presentation gives an information about: photoelasticity, covering syllabus of Unit-3, of Experimental stress analysis subject for BE course under Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Belgaum.
Structural health monitoring refers to the process of implementing a damage detection and characterization strategy for engineering structures such as bridges and buildings.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM USING FRP TENDONGirish Singh
Concrete prestressed structural components exist in buildings and bridges in different forms. Understanding the response of these components during loading is crucial to the development of an overall efficient and safe structure. Different methods have been utilized to study the response of structural components. Experimental based testing has been widely used as a means to analyse individual elements and the effects of concrete strength under loading.
While this is a method that produces real life response, it is extremely time consuming, and the use of materials can be quite costly. In this paper we used finite element analysis to study behaviour of these components. The use of computer software (Ansys) to model these elements is much faster, and extremely cost- effective. To fully understand the capabilities of finite element computer software (Ansys), we look back to experimental data and simple analysis.
Data obtained from a finite element analysis package is not useful unless the necessary steps are taken to understand what is happening within the model that is created using the software. Also, executing the necessary checks along the way, is key to make sure that what is being output by the Ansys is valid.
This paper is a study of prestressed concrete beams using finite element
analysis to understand the response of prestressed concrete beams due to transverse loading and to analyse the behaviour of FRP material under these circumstances.
This paper also includes the comparison of steel and FRP on the same module and also gives the final load v/s deflection curve under the both linear and non-linear properties of the materials.
The project was undertaken to design M50 grade concrete using GGBS cement and POZZOLANA cement and comparing the fresh concrete and hard concrete properties with concrete designed using conventional cement.
This presentation gives an information about: photoelasticity, covering syllabus of Unit-3, of Experimental stress analysis subject for BE course under Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Belgaum.
Structural health monitoring refers to the process of implementing a damage detection and characterization strategy for engineering structures such as bridges and buildings.
Seismic analysis of multi storey reinforced concrete buildings frame”ankialok
The opinion that designing new buildings to be Earthquake resistant will cause substantial additional costs is still among the constructional professionals. In a country of moderate seismicity adequate seismic resistance of new buildings may be achieved at no or no significant additional cost however the expenditure needed to ensure adequate seismic resistance may depend strongly on the approach selected during the conceptual design phase and the relevant design method. Regarding the conceptual design phase early collaboration between the architect and civil engineering is crucial.
Factors influencing deflections – Short term deflections of uncracked members – Prediction of
long term deflections due to creep and shrinkage – Check for serviceability limit state of deflection.
Determination of anchorage zone stresses in post-tensioned beams by Magnel’s method, Guyon’s
method and IS1343 code – design of anchorage zone reinforcement – Check for transfer bond
length in pre-tensioned beams.
Structural strengthening, restoring and adding capacity is an integral part of today’s concrete repair industry. Structural strengthening may be required for increasing load capacity of beams, columns, walls, and/or slabs, seismic retrofitting, supporting additional live or dead loads not included in original design, to relieve stresses generated by design or construction errors, or to restore original load capacity to damaged structural elements.
Following are some suggestions for future research. As GFRSCC technology is now being adopted in many countries throughout the world, in the absence of suitable
standardized test methods it is necessary to examine the existing test methods and identify or, when necessary, develop test methods suitable for acceptance as International Standards. Such test methods have to be capable of a rapid and reliable assessment of key
properties of fresh SCC on a construction site. At the same time, the testing equipment should be reliable, easily portable and inexpensive. The test procedure should be carried out by a single operator and the test results have to be interpreted with a minimum of training. Also, the results have to define and specify different GFRSCC mixes. One primary application of these test methods would be in verification of compliance on sites and in concrete production plants, if self- compacting concrete could be manufactured in large quantities..
Strengthening Of Beams for flexure Using FRPReham fawzy
Introduction : ( What is FRP ? ) .
Fiber Material Behavior .
FRP STRENGTHENING SYSTEMS .
Analysis and design .
Application requirements for repair and strengthening works .
Reinforced concrete (RC) has become one of the most important building materials and is widely used in
many types of engineering structures. For the efficient use of RCC it is necessary to know the properties and the
behavior of RCC elements under various constrains. Within the framework of developing advanced design and
analysis methods for modern structures the need for experimental research continues
Cracks in concrete are inevitable and are one of the inherent weaknesses of concrete. Water and other salts seep through these cracks, corrosion initiates, and thus reduces the life of concrete. So there was a need to develop an inherent biomaterial, a self - repairing material which can remediate the cracks and fissures in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a material, which can successfully remediate cracks in concrete. This technique is highly desirable because the mineral precipitation induced as a result of microbial activities is pollution free and natural. As the cell wall of bacteria is anionic, metal accumulation (calcite) on the surface of the wall is substantial, thus the entire cell becomes crystalline and they eventually plug the pores and cracks in concrete. This paper discusses the plugging of artificially cracked cement mortar using Bacillus Pasteurii bacteria combined with sand as a filling material in artificially made cuts in cement mortar which was cured in urea and Calcium chloride medium. The effect on the compressive strength and stiffness of the cement mortar cubes due to the mixing of bacteria is also discussed in this paper. It was found that use of bacteria improves the stiffness and compressive strength of concrete. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to document the role of bacteria in microbiologically induced mineral precipitation. Rod like impressions were found on the face of calcite crystals indicating the presence of bacteria in those places.
In this study, bacterial concrete is to be prepared under grade of concrete OPC 43.The design mix proportioning also carried under IS code provision. Testing of specimens are carried at 7 days ,14 days and 28 days of curing by Compression Testing Machine and Universal Testing Machine for corresponding specimens. The Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength of Bacterial Concrete are found.
Roadmap of Concrete Based Constructions & Equipmentsapolloinfra
Construction equipments have brought great changes in carrying our reliable and faster structural works. Apollo Inffratech provides concrete solution devices including concrete batching plant, concrete mixing plant and ready mix concrete plant, which support for housing and commercial works to a great extent.
Concrete has now been accepted worldwide as one of the top sustainable ingredients for building applications. Considering the impact on building aftermaths of natural disasters, several research oriented studies found this material to be the fast, cost effective and most reliable ones when it comes to good quality. This has also become one of the reasons to find enormous growth in building industry.
Seismic analysis of multi storey reinforced concrete buildings frame”ankialok
The opinion that designing new buildings to be Earthquake resistant will cause substantial additional costs is still among the constructional professionals. In a country of moderate seismicity adequate seismic resistance of new buildings may be achieved at no or no significant additional cost however the expenditure needed to ensure adequate seismic resistance may depend strongly on the approach selected during the conceptual design phase and the relevant design method. Regarding the conceptual design phase early collaboration between the architect and civil engineering is crucial.
Factors influencing deflections – Short term deflections of uncracked members – Prediction of
long term deflections due to creep and shrinkage – Check for serviceability limit state of deflection.
Determination of anchorage zone stresses in post-tensioned beams by Magnel’s method, Guyon’s
method and IS1343 code – design of anchorage zone reinforcement – Check for transfer bond
length in pre-tensioned beams.
Structural strengthening, restoring and adding capacity is an integral part of today’s concrete repair industry. Structural strengthening may be required for increasing load capacity of beams, columns, walls, and/or slabs, seismic retrofitting, supporting additional live or dead loads not included in original design, to relieve stresses generated by design or construction errors, or to restore original load capacity to damaged structural elements.
Following are some suggestions for future research. As GFRSCC technology is now being adopted in many countries throughout the world, in the absence of suitable
standardized test methods it is necessary to examine the existing test methods and identify or, when necessary, develop test methods suitable for acceptance as International Standards. Such test methods have to be capable of a rapid and reliable assessment of key
properties of fresh SCC on a construction site. At the same time, the testing equipment should be reliable, easily portable and inexpensive. The test procedure should be carried out by a single operator and the test results have to be interpreted with a minimum of training. Also, the results have to define and specify different GFRSCC mixes. One primary application of these test methods would be in verification of compliance on sites and in concrete production plants, if self- compacting concrete could be manufactured in large quantities..
Strengthening Of Beams for flexure Using FRPReham fawzy
Introduction : ( What is FRP ? ) .
Fiber Material Behavior .
FRP STRENGTHENING SYSTEMS .
Analysis and design .
Application requirements for repair and strengthening works .
Reinforced concrete (RC) has become one of the most important building materials and is widely used in
many types of engineering structures. For the efficient use of RCC it is necessary to know the properties and the
behavior of RCC elements under various constrains. Within the framework of developing advanced design and
analysis methods for modern structures the need for experimental research continues
Cracks in concrete are inevitable and are one of the inherent weaknesses of concrete. Water and other salts seep through these cracks, corrosion initiates, and thus reduces the life of concrete. So there was a need to develop an inherent biomaterial, a self - repairing material which can remediate the cracks and fissures in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a material, which can successfully remediate cracks in concrete. This technique is highly desirable because the mineral precipitation induced as a result of microbial activities is pollution free and natural. As the cell wall of bacteria is anionic, metal accumulation (calcite) on the surface of the wall is substantial, thus the entire cell becomes crystalline and they eventually plug the pores and cracks in concrete. This paper discusses the plugging of artificially cracked cement mortar using Bacillus Pasteurii bacteria combined with sand as a filling material in artificially made cuts in cement mortar which was cured in urea and Calcium chloride medium. The effect on the compressive strength and stiffness of the cement mortar cubes due to the mixing of bacteria is also discussed in this paper. It was found that use of bacteria improves the stiffness and compressive strength of concrete. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to document the role of bacteria in microbiologically induced mineral precipitation. Rod like impressions were found on the face of calcite crystals indicating the presence of bacteria in those places.
In this study, bacterial concrete is to be prepared under grade of concrete OPC 43.The design mix proportioning also carried under IS code provision. Testing of specimens are carried at 7 days ,14 days and 28 days of curing by Compression Testing Machine and Universal Testing Machine for corresponding specimens. The Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength of Bacterial Concrete are found.
Roadmap of Concrete Based Constructions & Equipmentsapolloinfra
Construction equipments have brought great changes in carrying our reliable and faster structural works. Apollo Inffratech provides concrete solution devices including concrete batching plant, concrete mixing plant and ready mix concrete plant, which support for housing and commercial works to a great extent.
Concrete has now been accepted worldwide as one of the top sustainable ingredients for building applications. Considering the impact on building aftermaths of natural disasters, several research oriented studies found this material to be the fast, cost effective and most reliable ones when it comes to good quality. This has also become one of the reasons to find enormous growth in building industry.
White Paper: Smart Materials in the Construction Sectorn-tech Research
In this paper we discuss the market potential for smart materials in the construction space. Various smart materials, coatings and surfaces are addressed along with market sizes
BlingCrete is a textile-reinforced concrete with a light-reflecting surface whose specific properties and smart manufacturing processes offer a wide variety of applications. In addition to being light-reflecting, this material non-flammable. BlingCrete is based on system precast building methods.
Lafarge is a French industrial company specialising in four major products: cement, construction aggregates, concrete and gypsum wallboard. The company is the world's largest cement manufacturer.
Lafarge was founded in 1833 by Joseph-Auguste Pavin de Lafarge in Le Teil (Ardèche), to exploit the limestone quarry in Mont Saint-Victor between Le Teil and Viviers. The limestone is white and argillaceous, and yielded an eminently hydraulic lime.
In an age where every teeny tiny bit of electricity is valued, conservation is much talked about, can piezoelectricity be the messiah to ease the burden off the conventional energy sources?
Who says it cannot?
--
Presentation as a part of seminar coursework.
There has been increasing interest in wireless, miniaturized implantable medical devices for invivo and in situphysiological monitoring. Here, we present such an implant that uses a conventional ultrasound imager for wireless powering and data communication and acts as a probe for real-time temperature sensing, including the monitoring of body temperature and temperature changes resulting from therapeutic application of ultrasound.
This paper reviews major research developments over the past few years in application of acoustic emission in numerous engineering fields, including manufacturing, civil, aerospace and material engineering.
Recent research shows the tremendous potential for the development of optical devices viz. photo-detector, optical sources, connectors and applications etc. This is mainly because of the success of optical communication in the recent for gigabit transmission and is intended for terabits transmission in future. In this paper, mathematical model for the optical dependence of I-V, C-V characteristics of MISFET structure (to be used as photo-detector) is reported. Model is based on solution of Poisson‟s and current continuity equation. Proposed structure of MISFET includes, In0.53Ga0.47As used as substrate material and InP as insulator. Light is made to incident perpendicular to the surface. Drain current can be controlled optically by means of varying light intensity of incident radiation. There is significant effect of intensity modulation on IV and CV characteristics of MISFET. As a result of intensity modulation, drain current increases significantly in presence of illumination mainly due to change in carrier concentration of channel results from photo-generated carriers. Simulation of mathematical model is carried out in MATLAB.
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Monitoring of concrete structures by electro mechanical impedance technique
1. Presented By,
Dr. S. N. Khante
Associate Professor
and
Bhagyashri D. Sangai
APPLIED MECHANICS DEPARTMENT
GOVT. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AMRAVATI
(An Autonomous Institute of Govt. of
Maharashtra)
2. Combination of : Foundations, Basements, Columns, Beams,
Slabs etc.
Damages are bound to occur due to:
Mismanagement in construction,
Lack of quality in control,
Temperature conditions,
Loading and aggressive environment etc.
Damages such as surface cracks, holes, segregation, settlements
etc.
Adversely affects the performance of the structure.
What is a Structure ?
4. Structural health monitoring is the continuous monitoring of
structures using integrated or applied sensor.
Aim at assuring structural integrity and periodic inspections to
detect damages resulting from fatigue, corrosion, excessive loads
impact , etc.
Health monitoring by smart materials is one of the best possible
solution.
Smart materials involve Piezo-electric materials, Optical Fibers,
Shape-Memory Alloys etc.
The primary reasons to use smart materials in Structural Health
Monitoring (SHM) systems is due to the feasibility in host
structures; which can act as sensors and/or actuators to present the
health of a structure on continuous basis.
What is Structural Health Monitoring
5. Structure
Sensors
Data acquisition systems
Data transfer and storage mechanism
Data management
Data interpretation and diagnosis:
a)System Identification c)Structural condition assessment
b)Structural model update d)Prediction of remaining service life
SHM System's Elements
6. In broad sense SHM methodologies can be classified as
Conventional technique and Techniques using smart materials.
Conventional Techniques
Global SHM technique
Local SHM technique
Global SHM technique
1. Global Dynamic Technique
2. Global Static Technique
Local SHM technique
Techniques such as acoustic, ultrasonic,radiography, eddy
currents, thermal, magnetic field or electro-magnetic impedence,
etc.
Techniques in SHM
7. Techniques Using “Smart” Materials
Low frequency technique
High frequency or Electro-Mechanical Impedance (EMI)
technique
Low frequency technique
Also known as vibration based methods as vibrations are given to
the host structure under consideration.
PZT patch perform only the role of sensor and not an actuator.
Less sensible to damages as there are noise problems.
High frequency technique
Also known as Electro-Mechanical Impedance (EMI) technique.
PZT patch plays dual role as a sensor and as an actuator.
More sensible to damages in the structures as there are no noise
nuisance
8. Piezoelectricity means “Electricity from pressure”.
Mechanical energy Electrical energy and vice versa.
Can be applied as a Mechatronic Impedance Transducers (MIT)
Piezoelectric ceramics (Lead Ziroconate Titanate, or in short,
PZT) and piezoelectric polymers (Polyvinylidene Fluoride, denoted
as PVDF) are commonly used.
Piezoelectric Patch
Piezoelectricity and Piezoelectric
Materials
10. Fig. : Modeling PZT-structure interaction
(a) A PZT patch bonded to structure under electric excitation
(b) Interaction model of PZT patch and host structure
Basics of EMI technique
11. PZT patch is surface bonded or embedded inside the structures.
When an alternating electric field is applied to the patch, it expands
and contracts dynamically in direction ‘1’. Hence, two end points
of the patch can be assumed to encounter equal impedance Z from
the host structure.
The patch (length 2l, width w and thickness h) behaves as thin bar
undergoing axial vibration. The complex electro-mechanical
admittance Y of the coupled system is derived as
Where, d31 is the piezoelectric strain coefficient of the PZT
material, ȲE is the complex Young’s modules under constant
electric field, (εɛ33)T is the complex electric permittivity at constant
stress, Za is mechanical impedance of the PZT patch, ω is angular
frequency and kl is the wave number.
Basics of EMI technique
12. Piezoelectric material : Sensor and actuator application
Specimen under consideration : 2 Reinforced Concrete beams
(100X100X500 mm) with M20 grade concrete and Fe 250 steel.
Reinforcement provided was 2 x 6 dia at top and bottom along
with stirrups of diameter 6 dia @ 80 mm c/c.
Experimental study was performed in two phases – Healthy and
various damaged conductance and susceptance signatures are taken
for each specimens.
LCR meter with connecting fixture, and VEE PRO software for
data acquisition.
Frequency range 100 kHz – 250 kHz
Material
PZT 5H sample, Co-axial cable and specimens.
Epoxy adhesive Araldite.
Materials and Specimens
13. Photograph: PZT 5-H sample
Photograph: LCR meter with the connecting fixture.
Photograph: Co-axial cable
14. Firstly, the PZT patch was soldered out through two electrodes
present on the patch, then this patch was bonded on to the surface
of specimen using a well-tested epoxy adhesive.
In this case Araldite adhesive has been used as the sensible
frequency range of the PZT patch is high and the PZT patch had
dual roles i.e. sensor and actuator functions.
Then, the soldered PZT patch was wired to Impedance Analyzer
through Connecting Fixture of LCR meter. Then the frequency was
swept through 100 kHz to 250 kHz i.e. the PZT patch transfers this
vibrations to the structure through adhesive bond layer.
These vibrations are transferred to structures and reflected back
from the same PZT patch through waves, which will indicate the
health of the structure. The required parameters i.e. Conductance
(G) and Susceptance (B) are directly measured through LCR meter
for all the values of frequency.
Experimental set-up
15. Fig. : Assembly for Experimentation of EMI technique
This data is transferred to personal computer by USB cable. The
data is processed and then the graphs of Conductance Vs
Frequency and Susceptance Vs Frequency are directly plotted in
VEE PRO 9.32 software. These graphs are said to be the
“Conductance Signature” or just a “signature” and “Susceptance
Signature” for that particular specimen.
The VEE PRO 9.32 is Graphical programming language for test
and measurement applications.
Experimental Set-up
16. Beam 1: Damage 1- crack 72 mm deep, Damage 2 – scraping 1
nearer to right support i.e. near PZT, Damage 3 – scraping 2 nearer
to left support i.e. some distance away from PZT. The cracks were
given by Universal Testing Machine (UTM) under flexure for all
beams.
Fig. : Integral beam 1 Fig. : Damaged beam 1
Specimen and Damage details
17. Beam 2: The patch PZT-1 at 150 mm and PZT-2 at 450 mm from
right support. The damages introduced were, Damage 1- crack 1:
32 mm deep, Damage 2 – crack 2: 60 mm deep, Damage 3 –
scraping 1 nearer to right support i.e. near PZT 1, Damage 4 –
scraping 2 nearer to left support i.e. near PZT 2, Damage 5 –
scraping 3 between the two PZT’s.
Fig. : Healthy beam 2 Fig. : Damaged beam 2
18. The PZT patch was subjected to frequency range of 100-250 kHz.
For this beam, the two PZT patches were employed and the
responses were recorded for all the stages by impedance analyzer for
both the PZT’s.
PZT patch 1 peaks are more prominent and also change in
signature with changes in damage level are categorically visible when
compared to PZT patch 2.
Results for Beam 1
19. Response peaks for PZT1 are well defined even after
introduction of damages.
Results for Beam 2
20. BEAM 1: The PZT is sensible for all the damages while, PZT2
being less sensible.
Positioning Study
21.
22. BEAM 2: It is clear from the results that both PZT1 and PZT2
follow the same pattern for all the damages, while PZT 1 results are
more effective because there are occurrences of peaks and little
vertical shifting of conductance values for the respective damages.
Positioning Study
23. It can be said from positioning study that, PZT patch plays an
important role in damage detection if it is placed nearer to damages
24. Piezoelectric material (PZT 5H grade) being smart material is
sensible at high frequencies to damages occurring in the
structures. Hence EMI technique can be extensively accepted
for structural health monitoring systems in the form of sensor
and actuator.
It can be concluded that, PZT patch is location sensitive as it
shows higher damage sensitivity when positioned near the
damage zone.
Conclusion
25. Bhalla, S, Soh, C. (a) (2004), “High frequency piezoelectric
signatures for diagnosis of seismic blast induced structural
damages”, Journal of NDT and E, Vol. 37, pp. 23:33.
Bhalla, S. and Soh, C. (b) (2004), “Structural Health Monitoring by
Piezo Impedance Transducers. I and II: Modeling and
Applications”, Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol.17, No. 4,
pp. 154:175.
Annamdas, V., Yang, Y., Soh, C. (2010), “Impedance Based
Concrete Monitoring Using Embedded PZT Sensors”, International
Journal Of Civil And Structural Engineering, Volume 1, No 3,
2010 pp. 414:424.
Shanker, R. (2009), An Integrated Approach For Structural Health
Monitoring, Indian Institute Of Technology, Delhi.
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