Abstracts of publications in ppc whilst affiliated with sask powerEmmanuel Quagraine
1) The document summarizes 5 journal publications by Emmanuel K. Quagraine related to power plant chemistry while affiliated with SaskPower.
2) The publications provide evidence that chlorinated compounds can ingress into power plant condensers in gaseous form through weak seals or porous brass tubesheets, causing chloride contamination issues. Regression models were able to confirm this hypothesis.
3) One publication evaluates using a biologically active carbon filter in series with a granular activated carbon filter for removing organics in boiler makeup water, finding over 80% removal with the two filters working synergistically.
This document describes ePIPE, a patented pipe lining system that can restore piping from the water main into buildings. It protects pipes from leaks and leaching of toxic metals like lead and copper. Extensive research and development was conducted in the US and UK. Testing in the UK showed the product reduced lead leaching to less than 0.1 ppb when applied to lead pipes. The system can line lead service pipes up to 50 feet with no road closures needed and each line completed in under 4 hours. It prevents metal leaching, seals leaks, is less disruptive to customers, and reduces excavation needs. The technology has a two hour cure time and has been used to protect over 10,000 properties from
This document provides an overview of water treatment for corrosion, including pretreatment of water, corrosion mechanisms, factors affecting the rate of corrosion, protection against corrosion, water treatment at corrosion sites, water chemistry, and calculations. It discusses pretreatment methods like clarification and sedimentation. It also examines corrosion mechanisms, objectives of water treatment to minimize corrosion and other issues, and factors influencing the corrosion rate like pH, dissolved gases, temperature, velocity, and microbial growth. Additionally, it covers alkalinity, how chemical corrosion inhibitors work, recommended treatment chemicals, blowdown and makeup water calculations, biocides, cooling tower calculations, clarifier data, process water data, and makeup and reverse osmosis water data.
IRJET- Hardness Removal of Groundwater by using Optimum Lime-Soda ProcessIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on removing hardness from groundwater in Surat, India using a lime-soda process. Water samples were collected from four zones in Surat with average hardness of 500 mg/L as CaCO3. Jar tests were conducted with varying dosages of lime and soda ash to determine the optimal dosage. Results showed that increasing lime dosage decreased total hardness concentrations. The pH also increased with higher lime and soda ash dosages. The lime-soda process successfully reduced hardness in the groundwater samples.
This document discusses cooling water analysis and treatment. It covers topics like pH adjustment using sulfuric acid to control scaling, the effects of high pH like increased microbial growth, how much acid is required, chlorine dosing to lower pH and kill bacteria, chlorine demand, factors affecting corrosion like chlorides and stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel, and corrosion inhibition using phosphates. Maintaining the proper delta phosphate is important to control corrosion.
This document discusses cooling water chemistry and chemical treatment. It outlines the sources and typical chemistry of cooling water makeup. Key factors that must be controlled include calcium carbonate, chlorides, pH, and suspended solids. Major cooling water problems are corrosion, scaling, biofouling, and fouling. Chemicals added to control these include zinc phosphate for corrosion inhibition, scale inhibitors, oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides, and dispersants. Maintaining proper cooling water chemistry limits is important for the effective functioning and protection of cooling systems.
Chemical Investigation Services helped develop a novel ballast water treatment system for ships by assisting a Cape Town entrepreneur. They designed an accelerated corrosion test to evaluate if treated seawater from the system would corrode steel plates in ballast tanks. Their testing and literature review was submitted to the IMO and approved the system in October 2009. They also helped solve premature corrosion of wire ropes in a marine environment by testing anti-corrosion coatings and selecting one that could protect the ropes long-term.
Abstracts of publications in ppc whilst affiliated with sask powerEmmanuel Quagraine
1) The document summarizes 5 journal publications by Emmanuel K. Quagraine related to power plant chemistry while affiliated with SaskPower.
2) The publications provide evidence that chlorinated compounds can ingress into power plant condensers in gaseous form through weak seals or porous brass tubesheets, causing chloride contamination issues. Regression models were able to confirm this hypothesis.
3) One publication evaluates using a biologically active carbon filter in series with a granular activated carbon filter for removing organics in boiler makeup water, finding over 80% removal with the two filters working synergistically.
This document describes ePIPE, a patented pipe lining system that can restore piping from the water main into buildings. It protects pipes from leaks and leaching of toxic metals like lead and copper. Extensive research and development was conducted in the US and UK. Testing in the UK showed the product reduced lead leaching to less than 0.1 ppb when applied to lead pipes. The system can line lead service pipes up to 50 feet with no road closures needed and each line completed in under 4 hours. It prevents metal leaching, seals leaks, is less disruptive to customers, and reduces excavation needs. The technology has a two hour cure time and has been used to protect over 10,000 properties from
This document provides an overview of water treatment for corrosion, including pretreatment of water, corrosion mechanisms, factors affecting the rate of corrosion, protection against corrosion, water treatment at corrosion sites, water chemistry, and calculations. It discusses pretreatment methods like clarification and sedimentation. It also examines corrosion mechanisms, objectives of water treatment to minimize corrosion and other issues, and factors influencing the corrosion rate like pH, dissolved gases, temperature, velocity, and microbial growth. Additionally, it covers alkalinity, how chemical corrosion inhibitors work, recommended treatment chemicals, blowdown and makeup water calculations, biocides, cooling tower calculations, clarifier data, process water data, and makeup and reverse osmosis water data.
IRJET- Hardness Removal of Groundwater by using Optimum Lime-Soda ProcessIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on removing hardness from groundwater in Surat, India using a lime-soda process. Water samples were collected from four zones in Surat with average hardness of 500 mg/L as CaCO3. Jar tests were conducted with varying dosages of lime and soda ash to determine the optimal dosage. Results showed that increasing lime dosage decreased total hardness concentrations. The pH also increased with higher lime and soda ash dosages. The lime-soda process successfully reduced hardness in the groundwater samples.
This document discusses cooling water analysis and treatment. It covers topics like pH adjustment using sulfuric acid to control scaling, the effects of high pH like increased microbial growth, how much acid is required, chlorine dosing to lower pH and kill bacteria, chlorine demand, factors affecting corrosion like chlorides and stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel, and corrosion inhibition using phosphates. Maintaining the proper delta phosphate is important to control corrosion.
This document discusses cooling water chemistry and chemical treatment. It outlines the sources and typical chemistry of cooling water makeup. Key factors that must be controlled include calcium carbonate, chlorides, pH, and suspended solids. Major cooling water problems are corrosion, scaling, biofouling, and fouling. Chemicals added to control these include zinc phosphate for corrosion inhibition, scale inhibitors, oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides, and dispersants. Maintaining proper cooling water chemistry limits is important for the effective functioning and protection of cooling systems.
Chemical Investigation Services helped develop a novel ballast water treatment system for ships by assisting a Cape Town entrepreneur. They designed an accelerated corrosion test to evaluate if treated seawater from the system would corrode steel plates in ballast tanks. Their testing and literature review was submitted to the IMO and approved the system in October 2009. They also helped solve premature corrosion of wire ropes in a marine environment by testing anti-corrosion coatings and selecting one that could protect the ropes long-term.
The slickwater stimulation of unconventional gas and oil shale plays creates flowback water with a composition that is unique to particular shale formations. Characteristically, these fluids contain high concentrations of salts (e.g., chloride, bromide) which are routinely determined using ion chromatography. This analysis typically requires sample preparation, including manual dilution, which can significantly increase the cost of analysis. Results presented will show highly reproducible determination of anions and cations from Marcellus Shale flowback water using inline conductivity to identify high salt samples and then automatically diluting them prior to injection, saving time and column life.
Abstract— The water quality was studied for selected samples from groundwater and network water-supply. The values of NH3, NO3-, pH, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, Pb, Cd, Fe3+ and Mn2+ were estimated. Ammonia values ranged between 0.07-0.7 ppm. Nitrate values ranged between 2.4 and 0.35 ppm. The TDS was between 645 ppm and 480 ppm. For Fe3+ and Mn2+ the values are below the limits of WHO except for well 9; and manganese in wells 6-10. Several wells showed values of Cd above the Saudi STD. The network water-supply in Tabuk city was investigated. The TDS values for these samples were between 500-600 ppm. The hardness values exceed the Saudi STD limit. When ammonia was tested, only one sample showed high value. Chloride level was below 158 ppm, but sulfate values for most samples were 128-222 ppm. For iron only one sample (well no. 9) was above the permissible limit.
Basic Thermal Power Plant Chemistry, for Operational Staff.Syed Aqeel Ahmed
The document provides an overview of water chemistry training for power plant operators. It discusses the importance of controlling water quality to prevent scale, corrosion, and biological growth in power plant systems. It covers external water treatment processes like clarification, filtration, and desalination. It also summarizes internal water treatment including oxygen scavenging, pH control, and use of chemicals like hydrazine. Key water quality parameters that are monitored like conductivity, pH, chlorides, and sodium are explained. The document provides troubleshooting guidance and emphasizes the importance of detecting condenser leakage to prevent contamination of boiler water.
Scale Formation problems in Oil & Gas Industry : Its reduction procedures by ...Sachin Nambiar
This paper is a literature review on methods to control scale formation using various chemicals; and its economic feasibility in the petroleum industry.
This document describes a new method for analyzing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in air and water samples at the parts-per-billion level using gas chromatography with a photoionization detector (GC/PID). H2S in air samples can be collected using an impinger containing cadmium sulfate, which traps the H2S. The H2S is then released using hydrochloric acid and analyzed by GC/PID. Water samples are preserved with ascorbic acid and analyzed using static or dynamic headspace GC/PID. The method achieves detection limits of 40 parts-per-billion for air samples and 100 parts-per-billion for water samples. The document provides details on the sample
The document discusses advanced design concepts for reverse osmosis systems, including selecting membrane elements based on feed water quality and permeate requirements, balancing flux across multi-stage arrays, and using internally staged designs or multi-element hybrid arrays to improve performance and permeate quality while reducing energy usage and total cost of water. The document provides guidelines on variables to consider for RO system design based on application and goals of minimizing capital or operational costs.
Tips for Elemental Analysis of Biological SamplesRyan Brennan
This document provides information on elemental analysis of biological samples using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) techniques. It discusses challenges in analyzing clinical samples due to issues like limited volume and complex matrices. It recommends solutions like using different nebulizers and torches tailored to the application. The document also emphasizes the importance of speciation analysis to determine toxicity and recommends an HPLC interface kit and micro-nebulizers for analyzing small sample volumes. Maintaining a constant temperature is shown to improve sensitivity and detection limits.
The importance of clean drinking water is recognized worldwide. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established Maximum Contamination Limits (MCL) for monitoring toxic contaminants that may cause adverse health effects. Other ions, such as chloride and sulfate are monitored for aesthetic characteristics under the U.S. National Secondary Drinking Water Standards guidelines. Similar regulations for clean drinking water have been implemented in other industrialized countries. Ion Chromatography (IC) methods have been approved for compliance monitoring including U.S. EPA 300.0 in 1993. Learn about using ion chromatography for the determination of inorganic anions, perchlorate and chromate for compliance monitoring according to U.S. EPA Methods 300.0, 314 and 218.6.
Power plant chemistry ion exchange processumar farooq
Umar Farooq prepared a document on ion exchange processes used in power plant chemistry. It provides an overview of various water treatment methods including reverse osmosis desalination, multi-stage flash distillation, lime soda softening, zeolite softening, and demineralization using various ion exchange resins. The document describes the chemical processes involved and advantages and disadvantages of each method. It also discusses common issues with ion exchange like excessive regeneration frequency and solutions to improve treated water quality and production.
Factors affecting Gold Recovery from Secondary Ore_TatendaTatenda Chingosho
The document discusses factors that affect the recovery of gold from low-grade secondary ore using hydrometallurgical processes. It finds that gold recovery is highly dependent on cyanide concentration, leaching time, and pH level. The highest recoveries were obtained at a cyanide concentration of 0.056M, a pH of 11, and a leaching time of 48 hours. Particle size analysis showed that most of the gold was contained in finer particles. Varying these process parameters can optimize gold recovery from low-grade secondary ores.
This presentation is about water recover from waste water. In the end of the presentation attendant are able to understand basic of water reclamation system. Also able to know how RO & UF membrane foul & scale. and how to remove (Chemical cleaning). Important factor need to monitor during operation, identify symptoms of problem. Also can identify cost saving categories & effective operations & chemical cleaning.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
The document summarizes a study on the simultaneous extraction of copper and iron from chalcopyrite concentrates in hydrochloric acid media using chlorine gas. The study investigated the effect of various parameters including acid concentration, temperature, sodium chloride addition, and time on the dissolution of copper and iron. Key findings include that copper and iron dissolution increased with acid concentration and temperature but decreased with the addition of sodium chloride. Dissolution was also found to increase over time. The best conditions for copper extraction were determined to be 333K temperature, 10% concentrate, and 1 hour leaching time.
The document discusses a condensate polishing unit (CPU), which is a resin-based ion exchange system that treats boiler feedwater to improve water quality. It removes dissolved and suspended contaminants to make boiler operation more efficient and improve steam quality. The CPU controls corrosion, impurities from makeup water, and condenser leaks. It works by exchanging ions through mixed cation and anion resin beds and regenerating the resins to remove residual ions. Key factors that impact its performance include flow rate, regeneration process, water composition treated, and resin quality. It outlines the CPU design, regeneration steps, operating cycles, and design options used at a particular power plant.
This document describes a new method for extracting trace amounts of mercury from natural waters using silver and gold nanoparticles impregnated in nylon membrane filters. Water samples are treated to convert all mercury species to Hg2+ and then reduced to elemental Hg0. The mercury is then collected on the nanoparticle-coated membrane filters during filtration. Mercury levels are then determined by thermal desorption from the filters using a mercury analyzer. This new method achieves a lower limit of detection of 0.04 ng compared to the traditional cold vapor generation method, and avoids additional sample treatment and contamination risks. Mercury was also found to be stable on the filters for at least 5 months without loss.
Formate fluids are high density, thermally stable, and environmentally friendly drilling and completion fluids. Saturated cesium formate fluid has a density of 19.2 ppg. Formate fluids are polar ionic fluids that are inherently low viscosity, biodegradable, non-toxic, and non-corrosive. They provide improved well control compared to other fluids and minimize formation damage due to their low solids content. Formate fluids also exhibit better shale stability, lower friction pressures, and reduced methane diffusion into the wellbore.
Monitoring and maintaining water purity are important to the power and electronics industries. In the both of these industries, impurities must be minimized and monitored to prevent corrosion or scaling, and degradation in demineralization processes. Learn about the analysis of ppb concentrations of ionic contaminants in high purity water using two easy methods: a direct large volume injection and concentration of a large volume injection, using electrolytically generated hydroxide eluents on a Reagent-Free™ Ion Chromatography system (RFIC™).
This document summarizes the results of a field work investigation and chemical testing program to address acidic corrosion at the Tangga Barat Central Processing Platform in Malaysia. Key findings include:
- Produced water from 12 of 13 active wells was acidic, with pH below safe limits of 6-8.
- Total iron levels increased significantly throughout the production and processing system, indicating corrosion.
- Chemical testing showed an engineered neutralizing filming additive was able to neutralize the acidic water and provide 25% additional corrosion protection.
- Recommendations included installing injection pumps and points for the additive to provide long-term corrosion mitigation for the platform's produced water systems.
The document summarizes a presentation on water distribution system planning given at the Ohio AWWA SW District Meeting on October 14, 2011. The presentation covered topics such as the benefits of creating a water distribution system model, the types of data required to build the model, and how the model can be used to evaluate the system, identify needed improvements, and ensure adequate water storage and fire flow capacities. Key aspects of storage analysis using the model were discussed, including determining storage needs for operational balancing and turnover as well as emergency outages and fire protection.
Patti Engineering Presentation: Water/Wastewater with InduSoft Web Studio and...AVEVA
With cities and municipalities looking for ways to offer safer, cleaner, and more reliable water supplies, many are turning to automation to aid in monitoring and controlling water/wastewater systems. Join us for a webinar with Nick Hitchcock of Patti Engineering, where we’ll discuss how SCADA software like InduSoft Web Studio was used to design a system for the City of Fair Oaks Ranch. See how Patti Engineering’s solution handles challenges like remote servers and web access for the city’s water/wastewater engineers, and hear some of their best practices for creating Water/Wastewater applications.
The document provides information on excreta, sewage, and refuse disposal. It discusses the nutrients contained in human feces and urine. It describes various methods for the disposal of human excreta including pit latrines, septic tanks, and composting toilets. It also covers the treatment and reuse of sewage and graywater. The document emphasizes the importance of properly disposing of human waste to prevent disease and pollution, while highlighting the potential for waste to be used as a resource.
This document provides information about various components of a thermal power plant. It discusses the different sources that contribute to India's total installed power capacity. It then describes the key components of a thermal power plant including the boiler, turbine, generator, coal handling plant, water handling plant, and ash handling plant. It provides details on how each component functions and its role in the power generation process.
P.P.T on water distribution system by Manish PandeyManish Pandey
The document discusses different types of distribution networks and pipes used in water distribution systems. It describes dead end, radial, grid iron and ring networks. PVC, CPVC, PEX and copper pipes are discussed. Distribution reservoirs help maintain water pressure and quality by absorbing demand fluctuations. Elevated and surface reservoirs are used. Joints like end caps, tees, strainers and reducers connect pipes. The purpose of distribution systems is to deliver water to consumers with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure.
The slickwater stimulation of unconventional gas and oil shale plays creates flowback water with a composition that is unique to particular shale formations. Characteristically, these fluids contain high concentrations of salts (e.g., chloride, bromide) which are routinely determined using ion chromatography. This analysis typically requires sample preparation, including manual dilution, which can significantly increase the cost of analysis. Results presented will show highly reproducible determination of anions and cations from Marcellus Shale flowback water using inline conductivity to identify high salt samples and then automatically diluting them prior to injection, saving time and column life.
Abstract— The water quality was studied for selected samples from groundwater and network water-supply. The values of NH3, NO3-, pH, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, Pb, Cd, Fe3+ and Mn2+ were estimated. Ammonia values ranged between 0.07-0.7 ppm. Nitrate values ranged between 2.4 and 0.35 ppm. The TDS was between 645 ppm and 480 ppm. For Fe3+ and Mn2+ the values are below the limits of WHO except for well 9; and manganese in wells 6-10. Several wells showed values of Cd above the Saudi STD. The network water-supply in Tabuk city was investigated. The TDS values for these samples were between 500-600 ppm. The hardness values exceed the Saudi STD limit. When ammonia was tested, only one sample showed high value. Chloride level was below 158 ppm, but sulfate values for most samples were 128-222 ppm. For iron only one sample (well no. 9) was above the permissible limit.
Basic Thermal Power Plant Chemistry, for Operational Staff.Syed Aqeel Ahmed
The document provides an overview of water chemistry training for power plant operators. It discusses the importance of controlling water quality to prevent scale, corrosion, and biological growth in power plant systems. It covers external water treatment processes like clarification, filtration, and desalination. It also summarizes internal water treatment including oxygen scavenging, pH control, and use of chemicals like hydrazine. Key water quality parameters that are monitored like conductivity, pH, chlorides, and sodium are explained. The document provides troubleshooting guidance and emphasizes the importance of detecting condenser leakage to prevent contamination of boiler water.
Scale Formation problems in Oil & Gas Industry : Its reduction procedures by ...Sachin Nambiar
This paper is a literature review on methods to control scale formation using various chemicals; and its economic feasibility in the petroleum industry.
This document describes a new method for analyzing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in air and water samples at the parts-per-billion level using gas chromatography with a photoionization detector (GC/PID). H2S in air samples can be collected using an impinger containing cadmium sulfate, which traps the H2S. The H2S is then released using hydrochloric acid and analyzed by GC/PID. Water samples are preserved with ascorbic acid and analyzed using static or dynamic headspace GC/PID. The method achieves detection limits of 40 parts-per-billion for air samples and 100 parts-per-billion for water samples. The document provides details on the sample
The document discusses advanced design concepts for reverse osmosis systems, including selecting membrane elements based on feed water quality and permeate requirements, balancing flux across multi-stage arrays, and using internally staged designs or multi-element hybrid arrays to improve performance and permeate quality while reducing energy usage and total cost of water. The document provides guidelines on variables to consider for RO system design based on application and goals of minimizing capital or operational costs.
Tips for Elemental Analysis of Biological SamplesRyan Brennan
This document provides information on elemental analysis of biological samples using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) techniques. It discusses challenges in analyzing clinical samples due to issues like limited volume and complex matrices. It recommends solutions like using different nebulizers and torches tailored to the application. The document also emphasizes the importance of speciation analysis to determine toxicity and recommends an HPLC interface kit and micro-nebulizers for analyzing small sample volumes. Maintaining a constant temperature is shown to improve sensitivity and detection limits.
The importance of clean drinking water is recognized worldwide. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established Maximum Contamination Limits (MCL) for monitoring toxic contaminants that may cause adverse health effects. Other ions, such as chloride and sulfate are monitored for aesthetic characteristics under the U.S. National Secondary Drinking Water Standards guidelines. Similar regulations for clean drinking water have been implemented in other industrialized countries. Ion Chromatography (IC) methods have been approved for compliance monitoring including U.S. EPA 300.0 in 1993. Learn about using ion chromatography for the determination of inorganic anions, perchlorate and chromate for compliance monitoring according to U.S. EPA Methods 300.0, 314 and 218.6.
Power plant chemistry ion exchange processumar farooq
Umar Farooq prepared a document on ion exchange processes used in power plant chemistry. It provides an overview of various water treatment methods including reverse osmosis desalination, multi-stage flash distillation, lime soda softening, zeolite softening, and demineralization using various ion exchange resins. The document describes the chemical processes involved and advantages and disadvantages of each method. It also discusses common issues with ion exchange like excessive regeneration frequency and solutions to improve treated water quality and production.
Factors affecting Gold Recovery from Secondary Ore_TatendaTatenda Chingosho
The document discusses factors that affect the recovery of gold from low-grade secondary ore using hydrometallurgical processes. It finds that gold recovery is highly dependent on cyanide concentration, leaching time, and pH level. The highest recoveries were obtained at a cyanide concentration of 0.056M, a pH of 11, and a leaching time of 48 hours. Particle size analysis showed that most of the gold was contained in finer particles. Varying these process parameters can optimize gold recovery from low-grade secondary ores.
This presentation is about water recover from waste water. In the end of the presentation attendant are able to understand basic of water reclamation system. Also able to know how RO & UF membrane foul & scale. and how to remove (Chemical cleaning). Important factor need to monitor during operation, identify symptoms of problem. Also can identify cost saving categories & effective operations & chemical cleaning.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
The document summarizes a study on the simultaneous extraction of copper and iron from chalcopyrite concentrates in hydrochloric acid media using chlorine gas. The study investigated the effect of various parameters including acid concentration, temperature, sodium chloride addition, and time on the dissolution of copper and iron. Key findings include that copper and iron dissolution increased with acid concentration and temperature but decreased with the addition of sodium chloride. Dissolution was also found to increase over time. The best conditions for copper extraction were determined to be 333K temperature, 10% concentrate, and 1 hour leaching time.
The document discusses a condensate polishing unit (CPU), which is a resin-based ion exchange system that treats boiler feedwater to improve water quality. It removes dissolved and suspended contaminants to make boiler operation more efficient and improve steam quality. The CPU controls corrosion, impurities from makeup water, and condenser leaks. It works by exchanging ions through mixed cation and anion resin beds and regenerating the resins to remove residual ions. Key factors that impact its performance include flow rate, regeneration process, water composition treated, and resin quality. It outlines the CPU design, regeneration steps, operating cycles, and design options used at a particular power plant.
This document describes a new method for extracting trace amounts of mercury from natural waters using silver and gold nanoparticles impregnated in nylon membrane filters. Water samples are treated to convert all mercury species to Hg2+ and then reduced to elemental Hg0. The mercury is then collected on the nanoparticle-coated membrane filters during filtration. Mercury levels are then determined by thermal desorption from the filters using a mercury analyzer. This new method achieves a lower limit of detection of 0.04 ng compared to the traditional cold vapor generation method, and avoids additional sample treatment and contamination risks. Mercury was also found to be stable on the filters for at least 5 months without loss.
Formate fluids are high density, thermally stable, and environmentally friendly drilling and completion fluids. Saturated cesium formate fluid has a density of 19.2 ppg. Formate fluids are polar ionic fluids that are inherently low viscosity, biodegradable, non-toxic, and non-corrosive. They provide improved well control compared to other fluids and minimize formation damage due to their low solids content. Formate fluids also exhibit better shale stability, lower friction pressures, and reduced methane diffusion into the wellbore.
Monitoring and maintaining water purity are important to the power and electronics industries. In the both of these industries, impurities must be minimized and monitored to prevent corrosion or scaling, and degradation in demineralization processes. Learn about the analysis of ppb concentrations of ionic contaminants in high purity water using two easy methods: a direct large volume injection and concentration of a large volume injection, using electrolytically generated hydroxide eluents on a Reagent-Free™ Ion Chromatography system (RFIC™).
This document summarizes the results of a field work investigation and chemical testing program to address acidic corrosion at the Tangga Barat Central Processing Platform in Malaysia. Key findings include:
- Produced water from 12 of 13 active wells was acidic, with pH below safe limits of 6-8.
- Total iron levels increased significantly throughout the production and processing system, indicating corrosion.
- Chemical testing showed an engineered neutralizing filming additive was able to neutralize the acidic water and provide 25% additional corrosion protection.
- Recommendations included installing injection pumps and points for the additive to provide long-term corrosion mitigation for the platform's produced water systems.
The document summarizes a presentation on water distribution system planning given at the Ohio AWWA SW District Meeting on October 14, 2011. The presentation covered topics such as the benefits of creating a water distribution system model, the types of data required to build the model, and how the model can be used to evaluate the system, identify needed improvements, and ensure adequate water storage and fire flow capacities. Key aspects of storage analysis using the model were discussed, including determining storage needs for operational balancing and turnover as well as emergency outages and fire protection.
Patti Engineering Presentation: Water/Wastewater with InduSoft Web Studio and...AVEVA
With cities and municipalities looking for ways to offer safer, cleaner, and more reliable water supplies, many are turning to automation to aid in monitoring and controlling water/wastewater systems. Join us for a webinar with Nick Hitchcock of Patti Engineering, where we’ll discuss how SCADA software like InduSoft Web Studio was used to design a system for the City of Fair Oaks Ranch. See how Patti Engineering’s solution handles challenges like remote servers and web access for the city’s water/wastewater engineers, and hear some of their best practices for creating Water/Wastewater applications.
The document provides information on excreta, sewage, and refuse disposal. It discusses the nutrients contained in human feces and urine. It describes various methods for the disposal of human excreta including pit latrines, septic tanks, and composting toilets. It also covers the treatment and reuse of sewage and graywater. The document emphasizes the importance of properly disposing of human waste to prevent disease and pollution, while highlighting the potential for waste to be used as a resource.
This document provides information about various components of a thermal power plant. It discusses the different sources that contribute to India's total installed power capacity. It then describes the key components of a thermal power plant including the boiler, turbine, generator, coal handling plant, water handling plant, and ash handling plant. It provides details on how each component functions and its role in the power generation process.
P.P.T on water distribution system by Manish PandeyManish Pandey
The document discusses different types of distribution networks and pipes used in water distribution systems. It describes dead end, radial, grid iron and ring networks. PVC, CPVC, PEX and copper pipes are discussed. Distribution reservoirs help maintain water pressure and quality by absorbing demand fluctuations. Elevated and surface reservoirs are used. Joints like end caps, tees, strainers and reducers connect pipes. The purpose of distribution systems is to deliver water to consumers with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure.
Master Metering using your SCADA SystemSCADAmetrics
An educational presentation of the latest technology for integrating master flow meters into a SCADA system.
Three case studies are presented, each detailing a different SCADA communication backbone: FM Telemetry Radio-Modem, Cellular/GSM/GPRS Modem, and Extraterrestrial Satellite Modem.
The metered liquid in the case studies is potable water, although the technology is applicable to wastewater, oil, gas, steam, etc..
The document discusses water distribution systems and sanitary systems. It describes the main components of water distribution systems including pipes, valves, fittings and motors. It also discusses the components of sanitary systems such as traps, pipes, fittings and different plumbing systems. Plumbing systems discussed include single stack, fully ventilated stack, one pipe and dual pipe systems.
Corrosion is a major problem in oil and gas pipelines. There are several types of corrosion like internal corrosion due to water reacting with steel, microbiologically influenced corrosion from bacteria, and sand erosion corrosion from sand particles in the fluid flow. Materials selection, use of inhibitors, protective coatings, and corrosion monitoring help mitigate corrosion. The presentation recommends further research on more effective inhibitors, durable coatings, affordable corrosion-resistant materials, and improved corrosion monitoring and inspection techniques.
Manufacture of caustic soda and chlorine using electrolysis process ...Ankush Gupta
This document discusses the manufacture of chlorine and caustic soda using electrolysis processes. It provides background on the chlor-alkali industry and describes the three main electrolysis processes: diaphragm cell, mercury cell, and membrane cell. The membrane cell process is highlighted as the most energy efficient and environmentally friendly option. Properties and production details of chlorine, caustic soda, and hydrogen are also outlined. A literature review covers previous research on improving chlor-alkali cell efficiency and treating wastewater from the process.
'Corrosion' may seem to be a simple word. But the underlying mechanism and its significance in Major industries are just reviewed in the presentation named "FAC- Flow Accelerated Corrosion"
Decontamination of pollutted discharge waters from surface treatmentneehar91
This document summarizes research on using pressure-driven membranes to decontaminate wastewater from surface treatment industries. Nanofiltration membranes were found to effectively remove over 95% of heavy metals like chromium and arsenic. Experiments tested various membrane types on artificial and real effluents. While treated effluents did not affect crustaceans, they disrupted snail egg development due to micropollutants. Further study is needed on removing micropollutants.
This document discusses the role of chemistry in power plants. It covers various aspects of feedwater treatment including removal of insoluble and soluble impurities. It discusses parameters for boiler water quality at different plant capacities. Methods for physical and chemical deaeration of feedwater like use of hydrazine are explained. Boiler water chemistry including use of volatile alkalis like ammonia for pH control is covered. Methods for detecting and addressing condenser leaks are summarized. Quality guidelines for steam and requirements for monitoring systems are provided.
The team designed a water treatment process to remove chromium(VI) and copper(II) ions from contaminated water to meet EPA standards. The process uses a batch reactor with a stirring mechanism to perform oxidation-reduction reactions using ferrous sulfate and iron(0) to reduce the toxic ions to less harmful and precipitated forms. Treated water flows through activated carbon filtration before collection. The system was designed to be low-cost using recycled materials when possible, with an estimated total cost of $57.71.
Reverse Osmosis module design and engineering emerged with membrane technology
evolution. In order to understand module design, first membrane configuration needs to be
explored, since the module design is always tailored according to the membrane
characteristics. There is a significant difference between membrane chemistries (most
important ones being cellulose acetate and thin film composite with polyamide barrier
layer), and more importantly, between the different membrane configurations (hollow fine
fiber and flat sheet). Therefore, before looking into detail on the module configuration, the
membrane development needs to be considered.
This document discusses cooling water treatment at a fertilizer plant in India. It provides details on the plant's cooling towers and water chemistry parameters. Cooling water treatment is needed to prevent corrosion, scaling, and microbial fouling of the system. Common issues like corrosion, scaling, and biofouling are discussed along with the mechanisms of corrosion inhibition, scale inhibition, and microbial control through chemical treatment.
An Aid to Support Root-Cause Investigation - Internal Corrosion Pipeline FailureDavid Richardson
The template provides guidance for teams involved in investigating wet-gas pipeline failures attributed to internal corrosion.
The method is designed to:
1. support thorough investigation of the corrosive environment to which the pipeline was exposed; over the entire operating life;
2. investigate why the mitigation program was not properly aligned with the actual corrosive conditions within the pipeline, and why the mitigation program failed to be correctly adjusted to correspond with changes to the corrosive environment, over time; and,
3. establish why the pipeline inspection and monitoring strategy did not find the corrosion damage prior to failure.
The template offers guidance for identification of causal issues as an aid to prevent future failures. The investigation causes the team to consider all potential causal factors, and to document their findings accordingly.
This document appears to be from a technical training presentation on boiler water treatment that was held at Reliance Industries Limited in Hazira, India. The training covered topics such as basic water chemistry, boiler descriptions, oxygen pitting and control, condensate treatment, internal treatment processes, steam purity, boiler storage, and interpreting water analysis results. It included diagrams of different boiler types, discussions of key water quality parameters like pH and alkalinity, and causes and prevention of boiler corrosion issues. The presentation contained detailed technical content on maintaining proper water treatment for industrial boilers.
The document discusses revisions to the Boric Acid Corrosion (BAC) Guidebook. It provides an overview of topics that will be covered in the revised guidebook, including industry experience with borated water leakage and corrosion, BAC mechanisms, results of BAC testing programs, and industry guidance documents on related topics. It notes that Revision 2 will reflect additional testing results on factors that influence BAC rates, such as the more modest effect of oxygen at low pH. The status and outline of the revised guidebook is presented. The guidebook is a key reference for industry BAC inspection programs and assessing potential for continued operation with borated water leakage.
Corrosion in oil and gas operations can be caused by various factors including salt water, H2S, CO2, oxygen, bacteria, pH, temperature, and pressure. Different types of corrosion include galvanic, crevice, pitting, stress corrosion, and erosion corrosion. Proper materials selection and corrosion management strategies are needed to prevent corrosion from negatively impacting well integrity and operations over the life of a well.
The document discusses corrosion control techniques for underground pipelines, including coatings, cathodic protection, and chemical inhibitors. It outlines the objectives of minimizing corrosion to increase pipeline lifespan and safety. Key techniques are summarized, such as using coatings as a barrier between the pipeline and environment, cathodic protection methods like galvanic anodes and impressed current, and chemical inhibitors. Field surveys like pipe-to-soil potential and close interval potential surveys are described. Experimental work involved performing these surveys on various pipelines and coating inspection. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of corrosion control for oil/gas pipelines and following standards like NACE for cathodic protection.
97377 performance of a new mill supply treatment pGustavo Jaime
This document summarizes laboratory testing to identify a zinc replacement for use in mill supply water treatment. Testing identified hydroxylated carboxylic acids (HCAs) as effective organic corrosion inhibitors. Initial screening in a beaker corrosion test apparatus showed HCAs provided carbon steel corrosion rates similar to zinc at 4.0-6.0 mpy. Further dynamic testing in bench top units confirmed one HCA performed equivalently to zinc under mill supply conditions, with a corrosion rate of 5.5 mpy for carbon steel. This HCA was identified as a viable replacement for zinc in mill supply water treatment programs.
INHIBITION OF CO2 CORROSION BY FORMATE FLUIDS IN HIGH TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS John Downs
Presentation to the Royal Society of Chemistry's "Chemicals in the Oilfield" conference, November 2005
The paper describes how formate brines protect steels against CO2 corrosion. It also shows the results of stress corrosion cracking tests on CRA steel samples exposed to high-density completion brines containing oxygen at 160 deg C. The 13Cr, 22Cr and 25Cr steels all cracked in the presence of calcium bromide brine containing oxygen.
The document summarizes the process of designing and installing a water treatment plant in Georgetown, Queensland, Australia to address high levels of iron and manganese in the town's water supply. An intensive two-week pilot study tested different treatment methods. Oxidation with catalytic media and sodium hypochlorite was found to reduce iron and manganese to compliant levels. The permanent treatment plant was then built using surplus equipment from another project. It utilizes dual media filtration and catalytic media to treat water from two distinct seasons and reliably produces water meeting all guidelines. Lessons learned include the importance of pilot studies, automation, involving local operators, and designing for worst-case scenarios.
Essentials for a sound boiler water treatment programlorenzo Monasca
El agua de Calderas es la base del proceso de Generacion de Vapor. Esta presentacion de Cleaver Brooks y Nalco empresas de clase mundial nos dan los consejos precisos para la conservacion de la estructura de la caldera por corrosion acida y depositos de solidos minerales.Elige el tratamineto recomendable.
The document discusses corrosion monitoring techniques, providing details on manual monitoring methods like corrosion probes and coupons, semi-automatic online monitoring systems, and factors to consider for corrosion monitoring locations and safety procedures. It also covers corrosion causes and forms, cost impacts, and the importance of corrosion monitoring programs for assessing infrastructure integrity and costs.
Similar to Insight H20- From Plant to Tap- Optimizing Drinking Water Distribution Systems (20)
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We welcome your questions and comments regarding this report and/or Black & Veatch services. You can reach us at MediaInfo@bv.com.
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Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
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2. •Q&A will be held at the end. To submit a
question, click on the question tab located on
the dashboard
•To receive a certificate indicating 1 hour of
continuing education, email Ben Klayman at
KlaymanBJ@bv.com
•This webcast is being recorded. An email will be
sent to participants with a link to the recording.
TO GET THE MOST OUT OF TODAY’S WEBCAST
2
3. • Distribution system
overview
• Corrosion and metals
release
• A proactive approach to
managing distribution
systems
AGENDA
3
•Dr. Ben Klayman,
Black & Veatch
•Dr. Daniel Giammar,
Washington
University in St. Louis
•Brandy Thigpen,
Black & Veatch
4. • Water main
• Storage tanks
• Utility service line
• Customer service line
• Premise plumbing
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
4
5. •Regulations
• Lead and Copper Rule
• Sets action level for 90th percentile
• NDWAC Lead and Copper Working Group
• Long term revisions due out 2017
• Disinfectants / Disinfection Byproduct Rule
• Total Coliform Rule
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS
5
6. •Aesthetic / Public Health
• Increased microbial activity
• Taste and odor
• Cloudy or colored water
• Metals release
•Maintaining integrity of the distribution system
• Operations
• Maintenance
• Replacement program
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS
6
7. •Managing water quality
•Managing infrastructure
7
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OVERVIEW
(SIMPLIFIED)
Hydraulic /
Quality
Analysis
Risk-
Consequence
Prioritized
Improvement
s
9. WATER QUALITY
06/23/2009
• Three categories:
• Biological stability
• Metals solubility and uniform corrosion
• Particulate scale release and transport
9
10. •Disinfectant residual and ORP
• Maintain residual throughout system
•Temperature, organic carbon, nutrients
•Measure overall microbial activity
• ATP or HPC
• TCR data
• Nitrification data (NO3
-, NO2
-, ammonia)
•Impacts chemistry and metals release
10
BIOSTABILITY
11. CORROSION AND METALS RELEASE
11
Daniel E. Giammar, Ph.D., P.E.
Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering
Washington University in St. Louis
• Active versus passive corrosion
• Iron and red water
• Copper and blue water
• Lead corrosion and corrosion control
12. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 12
Corrosion
• Corrosion involves the oxidation of the metal to result in the pipe scales
of solid products or the release of metals to the water.
• Stability and solubility of the pipe scales controls concentrations of
metals in water and whether corrosion is active or passivated.
Source: MWH, 2005, Water Treatment Principles and Design
13. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 13
Iron and Red Water
• Perturbations that disturb the scale
mobilize iron.
– changes in pH
– removal of corrosion inhibitor
• Red water complaints.
• Iron corrosion consumes chlorine,
making it harder to maintain residual.
Source: Water Quality and Treatment, 5th Ed., AWWA, 1999
http://events.nace.org/library/corrosion
/Experiments/rust-chemistry.asp
14. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 14
Copper and Blue Water
• Corrosion at low pH (< 6.5)
• Can be subject to pitting corrosion
(high pH low alkalinity)
• Blue water complaints (even in
new buildings)
Source: MWH, 2005, Water Treatment Principles and Design
Source: Lytle and Schock, 2008, Journal AWWA
15. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 15
Lead in Drinking Water
• Historical use of lead (plumbing = Pb)
for conveying and storing water.
• Widespread use starting in the late 19th
century in service lines that connect
residences to water mains.
• Use dropped off in 1930, but not
prohibited until 1986.
16. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 16
Lead Phases in Lead Service Lines
• Lead(IV) oxide (PbO2) and lead phosphate solids are the least soluble.
• Lead carbonate and hydroxycarbonate can have solubility minimized by
controlling pH and alkalinity.
• Changes in distribution system water chemistry can destabilize
corrosion products in premise plumbing.
CO3
2-, PO4
3-
OCl-
Cl-
Pb 2+
Pb(IV)O2, Pb3(CO3)2OH2, PbCO3, Pb5(PO4)3OH
Lead Pipe Pb(0)
CO3
2-, PO4
3-, Cl-
Pb2+
Particulate
Pb(II) Pb(IV)
17. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 17
Formation and Dissolution of PbO2
• PbO2 can only be formed in the presence of free chlorine.
• When free chlorine is depleted, PbO2 dissolves and releases lead to the water.
• Switching from free chlorine to chloramine (e.g., for control of disinfection
byproducts) can result in lead release from PbO2.
• Presence of reductants, including dissolved organic carbon, enhances the
dissolution of PbO2.
Mn2+, Fe2+
Br-, I-
DOC
H2O
PbO2(s)
Pb(II)(diss)
Pb2+, Pb(II)-CO3 complexes
reductants
HOCl/OCl-
18. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 18
Lead Service Line Replacements
• Required if corrosion control does not decrease 90th
percentile of tap water lead concentrations below 15 µg/L.
• Examples include Washington, DC and Providence, RI
• Partial replacement can be worse than no replacement.
19. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 19
Possibility for Galvanic Corrosion
• Service line had been all lead, but the replaced part is now copper, which
is connected to the remaining lead pipe.
• Electrical connection of dissimilar metals can allow a current to develop.
copper leadbrass
Pb2+
O2
2e-2e-
anodecathode
DeSantis, WQTC 2009
brass
lead pipe
leadcopper
brass
20. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 20
Bench-Scale Experiments with DC Pipes
• Use lead pipes harvested from distribution systems and
connect them to copper tubing used in replacements.
• Make connections using commercially-available couplings.
• Operate with intermittent flow and stagnation.
21. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 21
DC Lead Pipes with Different Connections
6-h stagnation
• More lead released with brass couplings than with plastic.
• Dielectric couplings resulted in lower lead release but did not prevent galvanic corrosion.
• Replicates are important.
• These effects persisted for at least six weeks.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
TotalPb(µg/L)
Mean
BrassBrass diePlastic -exPlastic LL-Brass
max
median
min
75th percentile
25th percentile
galvanic corrosion
not possible
galvanic corrosion occurring
From Wang, Mehta, Welter, and Giammar Journal AWWA, 2013
22. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 22
Preparing for a Transition in Water Chemistry
• Pipe loop studies are valuable for evaluating implications of source or
process changes that influence water chemistry.
Providence evaluation of orthophosphate addition to high pH water (~10.4).
From Welter, Schock, Miller, Razza, and Giammar, WQTC 2015
23. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 23
Providence Dissolved Lead
From Welter, Schock, Miller, Razza, and Giammar, WQTC 2015
• Orthophosphate has immediate and clear impact
on dissolved concentrations.
• Concentrations are higher at higher temperatures.
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
DissolvedLead(ppm)
Pipe Loops - Dissolved Lead
1b-C
2b-C
5b-C
8b-C
1a-P
2a-P
5a-P
7b-P
Temp (fresh)
Temp (24-hr)
Temperature
with orthophosphate
control
(no orthophosphate)
24. Aquatic Chemistry LaboratoryAquatic Chemistry Laboratory 24
Providence Total Lead
From Welter, Schock, Miller, Razza, and Giammar, WQTC 2015
• Benefits for total lead take longer to be achieved.
• Replicate experiments valuable for distinguishing impacts
from noisy data associated with use of real pipes.
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
TotalLead(ppm)
Pipe Loops - Total Lead
1b-C
2b-C
5b-C
8b-C
1a-P
2a-P
5a-P
7b-P
Temp (fresh)
Temp (24-hr)
Dates for temperature
data are approximate,
Temperature
with orthophosphate
25. A PROACTIVE APPROACH TO MANAGING
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
25
BRANDY THIGPEN,
INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING
BLACK & VEATCH
26. DISTRIBUTION OPTIMIZATION - BEYOND
HYDRAULICS
Distribution
System
Optimization
Hydraulics
Energy
Management
GIS & Asset
Management
Water
Quality Hydraulics
Infrastructure
Sizing
Pressure
CIP
Development
Fire Flow
26
28. Locate high water age areas
and limit the need for
sampling.
Evaluation of Corrective
Strategies
Tank Operations
Strategic Flushing
Rerouting Water
Water
Age
Chlorine
Residual
Nitrification
Tank
Management
DBP
How can computer models help lower Water Age?
WATER QUALITY OPTIMIZATION
28
31. Source trace used to track
water movement
throughout the system
Source Blending or New
Source
Holistic Approach to
Operating Plans to achieve
quality goals
Managing a Contamination
Event
How can computer models help with source and contamination
management?
WATER QUALITY OPTIMIZATION
31
32. • Identify high water age and focus sampling sites
• Trace introduction of new source(s)
• Identify changes in velocity or flow direction
• Evaluate benefits of potential operational changes
• “What-if” scenarios to find most effective solution
BENEFITS OF WATER QUALITY MODELING
32
33. GIS AND ASSET MANAGEMENT
GIS and Asset
Management
Likelihood of
Failure/
Identify High
Risk
Infrastructure
Visualize
System
Components
Map modeling
results and
Identify and
alert affected
Population
Facilitate
Effective
Capital
Planning
33
34. LINKING ASSET MANAGEMENT WITH WATER QUALITY
R3 = Replace the Right Facility at the Right Time with the
Right Material.
Hydraulic / Quality Analysis Risk-Consequence Prioritized
Improvements
Locational
water quality
34
36. • Understand the water quality in your distribution
system
• Updated hydraulic model
• Distribution system monitoring plan
• Biological and chemical stability
• Parameters, frequencies, and locations
• Minimize change in water quality within system
• Have a system wide unidirectional flushing program
• Minimize water age and variability
• Understand the potential impacts from changes to
source or treatment
• Re-evaluate asset replacement program risk
prioritization model
RECOMMENDATIONS
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37. • Increased public health protection
• Reducing the potential for waterborne pathogens to reach
customer’s tap
• Reducing metals release
• Proactively achieving regulatory compliance
• Preparing for future regulations
• Lower overall asset management program cost
• Improved public confidence and agency coordination
MOVING FROM COMPLIANCE TO
OPTIMIZATION
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38. •To submit a question, click on the question tab
located on the dashboard
Q&A
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39. •Thank you for your participation today
•To receive a certificate indicating 1 hour of
continuing education, email Ben Klayman at
KlaymanBJ@bv.com
•This webcast is being recorded. An email will be
sent to participants with a link to the recording
as well as the Q&A log.
•This webcast is part of a continuing series.
CLOSING THOUGHTS
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