Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year.
The document summarizes a study on the simultaneous extraction of copper and iron from chalcopyrite concentrates in hydrochloric acid media using chlorine gas. The study investigated the effect of various parameters including acid concentration, temperature, sodium chloride addition, and time on the dissolution of copper and iron. Key findings include that copper and iron dissolution increased with acid concentration and temperature but decreased with the addition of sodium chloride. Dissolution was also found to increase over time. The best conditions for copper extraction were determined to be 333K temperature, 10% concentrate, and 1 hour leaching time.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
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Inhibitive properties, thermodynamic, kinetics and quantumAl Baha University
Inhibitive properties, thermodynamic, kinetics and quantum
chemical calculations of polydentate Schiff base compounds
as corrosion inhibitors for iron in acidic and alkaline media
Extraction experiments for Zn(II) ions from aqueous phase by new laboratory prepared Azo
derivation as complex agent 2- [4-bromo-2,6-diethyl phenylazo] -4,5-diphenylimidazole(BDPI)shows the
optimum conditions for this extraction method was (pH= 8) (10 minutes) shaking time and 50μg
concentration of Zn(II)ions in aqueous phase. Organic solvents effect study shows there is not any linear
relation between distribution ratio (D) for extraction of Zn+2 ions and dielectric constant (ε)for organic
solvents used but there is in effect for organic solvent structure on the extraction of Zn+2 ions and
distribution ratio (D) values. Stoichiometric studies demonstrated the more probable structure ion pair
complex extracted for Zn+2 was 1:1.
Separation of calcium carbonate and barium sulphate from a mixed sludge prduc...Timothy Rukuni
South Africa is one of the first countries to implement full-scale mine water reclamation to drinking water quality. Reverse osmosis is already being used on full scale for desalination of mine water. However, with increased recycling of mine water, the result has been the increased generation of sludge. The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has developed the Alkali-Barium-Carbonate (CSIR-ABC) process that can be used for neutralization and desalination of sulphate-rich effluents while recovering valuable by-products from the mixed sludges produced. A mixture of BaSO4 and CaCO3 sludge is produced as one of the by-products, which preferably needs to be separated into its components prior to thermal treatment. The aim of this study was to separate CaCO3 and BaSO4 from a CaCO3-BaSO4 mixed sludge through dissolution of CaCO3 as Ca(HCO3)2 in contact with CO2. Measured quantities of a simulated CaCO3-BaSO4 mixed sludge from the CSIR-ABC process were fed into a reactor vessel containing deionized water and pressurized CO2 was introduced. The effects of temperature and pressure with time were investigated while monitoring alkalinity, pH and calcium concentration. The findings of this study were: (1) The dissolution rate of CaCO3 was rapid i.e. from 0 to 2000mg/L in the first 20 minutes; (2) Ca(HCO3)2 had a high solubility of about 2 600 mg/L when in contact with CO2 at 1 atm., while BaSO4 was almost completely insoluble; (3) The solubility of Ca(HCO3)2 increased with decreasing temperature and increasing pressure; (4) CaCO3, after conversion to Ca(HCO3)2, was separated from BaSO4 in a CaCO3-BaSO4 mixed sludge; (5) Visual MINTEQ model is a powerful tool that can be used to predict the solubilities of CaCO3 and BaSO4 when contacted with CO2.
Equilibrium and Kinetics Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead Ions from Aqueous Sol...theijes
Sourcing cheap adsorbents for the treatment of waste water is imperative for local environments. The adsorption of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from aqueous solution onto bamboo activated carbon prepared by chemical activation with ZnCl2 was investigated. The unwashed chemical activated bamboo carbon (UCABC) achieved up to 87.81% and 96.45% removal of Cd and Pb at pH-5 and 11, respectively. Removal equilibrium was attained within 1hr and 2.5hrs for Cd and Pb, respectively. The Cd and Pb adsorption increased with adsorbent dosage decrease while removal rate (%) increased with Cd and Pb concentration. Adsorption isotherm of Cd and Pb onto UCABC was determined and correlated with four isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Hills). The equilibrium data fitted into Freundlich Cd (R2 = 0.9873, SSE = 0.045), Pb (R2 =0.9903, SSE = 0.051); Temkin Cd (R2 =0.9730, SSE = 0.052), Pb (R2 = 0.9079, SSE = 0.056); Hills Cd (R2 = 0.9961, SSE = 0.048), Pb (R2.= 0.9183, SSE = 0.053) and Langmuir Cd (R2 = 0.9653, SSE = 0.302), Pb (R2 = 0.9899, SSE = 0.136) isotherms. The Freundlich fitting showed isotherm adsorption capacity constants Kf = 7.843 and 5.098 (mg/g) for Cd and Pb, respectively. Furthermore, their adsorption kinetics correlated with the Pseudo-first order, Pseudo-second order and Intra-particle diffusion models and could be best described by the Pseudo-second order equation, suggesting chemisorptions as the limiting process. This study demonstrated that the UCABC can remove Cd2+ and Pb+ ions from aqueous solution to avert expensive commercial adsorbents
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Inhibitive properties, thermodynamic, kinetics and quantumAl Baha University
Inhibitive properties, thermodynamic, kinetics and quantum
chemical calculations of polydentate Schiff base compounds
as corrosion inhibitors for iron in acidic and alkaline media
Extraction experiments for Zn(II) ions from aqueous phase by new laboratory prepared Azo
derivation as complex agent 2- [4-bromo-2,6-diethyl phenylazo] -4,5-diphenylimidazole(BDPI)shows the
optimum conditions for this extraction method was (pH= 8) (10 minutes) shaking time and 50μg
concentration of Zn(II)ions in aqueous phase. Organic solvents effect study shows there is not any linear
relation between distribution ratio (D) for extraction of Zn+2 ions and dielectric constant (ε)for organic
solvents used but there is in effect for organic solvent structure on the extraction of Zn+2 ions and
distribution ratio (D) values. Stoichiometric studies demonstrated the more probable structure ion pair
complex extracted for Zn+2 was 1:1.
Separation of calcium carbonate and barium sulphate from a mixed sludge prduc...Timothy Rukuni
South Africa is one of the first countries to implement full-scale mine water reclamation to drinking water quality. Reverse osmosis is already being used on full scale for desalination of mine water. However, with increased recycling of mine water, the result has been the increased generation of sludge. The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has developed the Alkali-Barium-Carbonate (CSIR-ABC) process that can be used for neutralization and desalination of sulphate-rich effluents while recovering valuable by-products from the mixed sludges produced. A mixture of BaSO4 and CaCO3 sludge is produced as one of the by-products, which preferably needs to be separated into its components prior to thermal treatment. The aim of this study was to separate CaCO3 and BaSO4 from a CaCO3-BaSO4 mixed sludge through dissolution of CaCO3 as Ca(HCO3)2 in contact with CO2. Measured quantities of a simulated CaCO3-BaSO4 mixed sludge from the CSIR-ABC process were fed into a reactor vessel containing deionized water and pressurized CO2 was introduced. The effects of temperature and pressure with time were investigated while monitoring alkalinity, pH and calcium concentration. The findings of this study were: (1) The dissolution rate of CaCO3 was rapid i.e. from 0 to 2000mg/L in the first 20 minutes; (2) Ca(HCO3)2 had a high solubility of about 2 600 mg/L when in contact with CO2 at 1 atm., while BaSO4 was almost completely insoluble; (3) The solubility of Ca(HCO3)2 increased with decreasing temperature and increasing pressure; (4) CaCO3, after conversion to Ca(HCO3)2, was separated from BaSO4 in a CaCO3-BaSO4 mixed sludge; (5) Visual MINTEQ model is a powerful tool that can be used to predict the solubilities of CaCO3 and BaSO4 when contacted with CO2.
Equilibrium and Kinetics Adsorption of Cadmium and Lead Ions from Aqueous Sol...theijes
Sourcing cheap adsorbents for the treatment of waste water is imperative for local environments. The adsorption of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from aqueous solution onto bamboo activated carbon prepared by chemical activation with ZnCl2 was investigated. The unwashed chemical activated bamboo carbon (UCABC) achieved up to 87.81% and 96.45% removal of Cd and Pb at pH-5 and 11, respectively. Removal equilibrium was attained within 1hr and 2.5hrs for Cd and Pb, respectively. The Cd and Pb adsorption increased with adsorbent dosage decrease while removal rate (%) increased with Cd and Pb concentration. Adsorption isotherm of Cd and Pb onto UCABC was determined and correlated with four isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Hills). The equilibrium data fitted into Freundlich Cd (R2 = 0.9873, SSE = 0.045), Pb (R2 =0.9903, SSE = 0.051); Temkin Cd (R2 =0.9730, SSE = 0.052), Pb (R2 = 0.9079, SSE = 0.056); Hills Cd (R2 = 0.9961, SSE = 0.048), Pb (R2.= 0.9183, SSE = 0.053) and Langmuir Cd (R2 = 0.9653, SSE = 0.302), Pb (R2 = 0.9899, SSE = 0.136) isotherms. The Freundlich fitting showed isotherm adsorption capacity constants Kf = 7.843 and 5.098 (mg/g) for Cd and Pb, respectively. Furthermore, their adsorption kinetics correlated with the Pseudo-first order, Pseudo-second order and Intra-particle diffusion models and could be best described by the Pseudo-second order equation, suggesting chemisorptions as the limiting process. This study demonstrated that the UCABC can remove Cd2+ and Pb+ ions from aqueous solution to avert expensive commercial adsorbents
Hollow-Polyaniline-Sphere-Coated Sensor For Measuring Gas-Phase OH Radicals A...IJERA Editor
In advanced oxidation processes, OH radicals play a crucial role in enhancing the removal efficiency of volatile
organic compounds. In this paper, hollow polyaniline (PANI) spheres were coated onto a conducting ceramic
honeycomb substrate to form a PANI sensor for detecting the concentration of OH radicals in the amorphous
phase. The hollow PANI spheres were effectively synthesized through a double-surfactant-layer-assisted
polymerization process by using Fe3O4 nanoparticle as the core template. The PANI shell thickness, morphology
characterizations and specific surface area were controlled by altering the weight of aniline monomers. The
electrical conductivity served as a function of the operating temperature and specific surface area, which is a
characteristic behavior of conductive polymer materials in the atmosphere. At an optimized temperature of
125°C and specific surface area of 1435 m2
/g, the PANI sensor reacted with a high amount of OH radicals
generated from the decomposition of ozone over α–FeOOH nanoparticles. The conductometric response after the
OH radical attack increased exponentially with the concentration of the OH radicals.
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenesunitha81
The role of V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves was
investigated for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic
V-MCM-41 (Si/V = 25, 50, 75 and 100), Mn-MCM-41 (Si/Mn = 50) and bimetallic
V-Mn-MCM-41 (Si/(V ? Mn) = 100) molecular sieves were synthesized by
a direct hydrothermal (DHT) process and characterized by various techniques such
as X-ray diffraction, DRUV-Vis spectroscopy, EPR, and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). From the DRUV-Vis and EPR spectral study, it was found that
most of the V species are present as vanadyl ions (VO2?) in the as-synthesized
catalysts and as highly dispersed V5? ions in tetrahedral coordination in the calcined
catalysts. The activity of the catalysts was measured and compared with each other
for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene in the presence of atmospheric air as an
oxidant at 573 K. Among the various catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V = 50
exhibited high activity towards production of phthalic anhydride under the experimental
condition. The correlation between the phthalic anhydride selectivity and
the physico-chemical characteristics of the catalyst was found. It is concluded that
V5? species present in the MCM-41 silica matrix are the active sites responsible for
the selective formation of phthalic anhydride during the vapor phase oxidation of
o-xylene.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Recovery of Platinum and Rejuvenation of Alumina From Spent Reforming Catalys...Waqas Tariq
Abstract Recovery of platinum from spent naphtha reforming catalyst (Pt/γ-Al2O3) which contain 0.30 wt % of Pt was conducted using two methods, the first one was treatment of the spent catalyst with aqua regia whereas the second one involved chlorination of the spent catalyst. The results show that the chlorination method is more efficient than the acid treatment one as 93 % platinum can be recovered, in addition to reserving the γ-Al2O3 skeletal structure from serous changes. The recovered platinum was converted to hexachlorplatinic acid, a material that can be used to prepare the catalyst again by impregnation method using either new alumina or certain proportion of it and recovered one.
This work shows a method to prepare manganese
nanoparticles on carbon substrate and some inorganic and organic
salts such as carbonate, nitrate, chloride, citrate and acetate from
spent dry battery cells. The method involves dismantling the cell
followed by sulfuric acid leaching of the whole contents at
temperatures up to 75°C for 3 hours. The leaching products were
filtered and the metals went into solution were determined. Metals
other than manganese were chemically separated whereby
manganese hydroxide was precipitated at pH 8. Nanoparticles of
manganese were prepared by direct reduction of the hydroxide
using hydrazine hydrate. The hydroxide salt reacted with the
respective acid to prepare the required salt. Results revealed that
manganese content in the spent battery cell amounts to 22 % by
weight. Leaching extent in sulfuric acid increased with the
increasing the acid molarity up to 3, temperature of leaching up to
75 °C, leaching time up to 3 hours and stirring conditions. The
quality of the products have been characterized by XRD, SEM and
FT-IR investigations. The activation energy of the acid leaching of
manganese amounts to kJ.mol.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
8 leaching of trace elements in enugu coal effect of acid concentrationINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The effect of acid concentration on the trace elements composition of Enugu sub-bituminous coal from Onyeama Mine was investigated by leaching the coal using nitric acid (HNO3) of 0.5M, 1.0M, 1.5M and 2.0M concentrations. The amount of trace elements (in ppm) present in the filtrate from the leaching process were determined using Varian AA240 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with cathode lamps of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb). Optimum leaching condition of the trace metals were obtained using 2.0M HNO3 solution for 1 hour and 75µm particle size which resulted in the detection of As(1.363ppm), Cu (1.413ppm), Cr (0.764ppm), Cd (0.146), and Pb (1.942ppm). 2.0M concentration of nitric acid has proven to be very effective in the leaching of trace metals in Enugu coal. Result of the SEM analysis shows that the porosity of the coal residue was increased and this provides strong evidence that significant amounts of inorganic elements were removed. Onyeama coal, therefore, contains large proportions of silica, calcium carbonate, and dolomite, as well as some elements such as aluminum, iron, and potassium, and other trace metals such as lead, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, copper.
Flotation Results of Oxidized Copper Ores of the Kalmakyr Depositijtsrd
According to preliminary calculations, oxidized copper ores in the dumps of the Kalmakyr deposit are about 107.6 million tons 01.01.2020 of which Balance ores 12.1 million tons with a Cu content of 0.8 Au 1.2 g t Ag 3.9 g t. Off balance ores 95.5 million tons with content Cu 0.3 Au 0.4 g t Ag 2 g t. Total metals copper 373 thousand tons, gold 56.6 tons, silver 246.5 tons. The total reserves of metals in the accumulated dumps are estimated at 373 thousand tons of copper, 56.6 tons of gold and 246.5 tons of silver, which is of interest primarily for non ferrous metallurgy. As a result of a set of studies carried out on samples of oxidized copper ore dumps from the Kalmakyr deposit, the following conclusions can be drawn Three methods hydrometallurgical, flotation and combined of processing oxidized copper ores of the Kalmakyr deposit have been shown experimentally and cathode copper with a content of 99.6 , a gold bearing concentrate with a gold content of 36.5 g t and silver content of 47.1 g t. Optimal modes and indicators of concentration efficiency are determined. On the basis of laboratory studies, a technology for processing oxidized copper ores of the Kalmakyr deposit has been proposed. Technological schemes for processing dumps of oxidized copper ores from the Kalmakyr deposit have been developed and recommended for implementation, the implementation of which will make it possible to obtain an estimated 6,183 tons of copper, 425 kg of gold and 707 kg of silver per year. Usenov Rasul Bovirjonovich | Yusupkhodjaev Asad Mahamatovich | Kholtursunov Farkhod Nurmatovich "Flotation Results of Oxidized Copper Ores of the Kalmakyr Deposit" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38006.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mineral-and-metallurgical-engineering/38006/flotation-results-of-oxidized-copper-ores-of-the-kalmakyr-deposit/usenov-rasul-bovirjonovich
ER Publication,
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Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Hollow-Polyaniline-Sphere-Coated Sensor For Measuring Gas-Phase OH Radicals A...IJERA Editor
In advanced oxidation processes, OH radicals play a crucial role in enhancing the removal efficiency of volatile
organic compounds. In this paper, hollow polyaniline (PANI) spheres were coated onto a conducting ceramic
honeycomb substrate to form a PANI sensor for detecting the concentration of OH radicals in the amorphous
phase. The hollow PANI spheres were effectively synthesized through a double-surfactant-layer-assisted
polymerization process by using Fe3O4 nanoparticle as the core template. The PANI shell thickness, morphology
characterizations and specific surface area were controlled by altering the weight of aniline monomers. The
electrical conductivity served as a function of the operating temperature and specific surface area, which is a
characteristic behavior of conductive polymer materials in the atmosphere. At an optimized temperature of
125°C and specific surface area of 1435 m2
/g, the PANI sensor reacted with a high amount of OH radicals
generated from the decomposition of ozone over α–FeOOH nanoparticles. The conductometric response after the
OH radical attack increased exponentially with the concentration of the OH radicals.
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenesunitha81
The role of V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves was
investigated for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic
V-MCM-41 (Si/V = 25, 50, 75 and 100), Mn-MCM-41 (Si/Mn = 50) and bimetallic
V-Mn-MCM-41 (Si/(V ? Mn) = 100) molecular sieves were synthesized by
a direct hydrothermal (DHT) process and characterized by various techniques such
as X-ray diffraction, DRUV-Vis spectroscopy, EPR, and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). From the DRUV-Vis and EPR spectral study, it was found that
most of the V species are present as vanadyl ions (VO2?) in the as-synthesized
catalysts and as highly dispersed V5? ions in tetrahedral coordination in the calcined
catalysts. The activity of the catalysts was measured and compared with each other
for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene in the presence of atmospheric air as an
oxidant at 573 K. Among the various catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V = 50
exhibited high activity towards production of phthalic anhydride under the experimental
condition. The correlation between the phthalic anhydride selectivity and
the physico-chemical characteristics of the catalyst was found. It is concluded that
V5? species present in the MCM-41 silica matrix are the active sites responsible for
the selective formation of phthalic anhydride during the vapor phase oxidation of
o-xylene.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Similar to Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year.
Recovery of Platinum and Rejuvenation of Alumina From Spent Reforming Catalys...Waqas Tariq
Abstract Recovery of platinum from spent naphtha reforming catalyst (Pt/γ-Al2O3) which contain 0.30 wt % of Pt was conducted using two methods, the first one was treatment of the spent catalyst with aqua regia whereas the second one involved chlorination of the spent catalyst. The results show that the chlorination method is more efficient than the acid treatment one as 93 % platinum can be recovered, in addition to reserving the γ-Al2O3 skeletal structure from serous changes. The recovered platinum was converted to hexachlorplatinic acid, a material that can be used to prepare the catalyst again by impregnation method using either new alumina or certain proportion of it and recovered one.
This work shows a method to prepare manganese
nanoparticles on carbon substrate and some inorganic and organic
salts such as carbonate, nitrate, chloride, citrate and acetate from
spent dry battery cells. The method involves dismantling the cell
followed by sulfuric acid leaching of the whole contents at
temperatures up to 75°C for 3 hours. The leaching products were
filtered and the metals went into solution were determined. Metals
other than manganese were chemically separated whereby
manganese hydroxide was precipitated at pH 8. Nanoparticles of
manganese were prepared by direct reduction of the hydroxide
using hydrazine hydrate. The hydroxide salt reacted with the
respective acid to prepare the required salt. Results revealed that
manganese content in the spent battery cell amounts to 22 % by
weight. Leaching extent in sulfuric acid increased with the
increasing the acid molarity up to 3, temperature of leaching up to
75 °C, leaching time up to 3 hours and stirring conditions. The
quality of the products have been characterized by XRD, SEM and
FT-IR investigations. The activation energy of the acid leaching of
manganese amounts to kJ.mol.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
8 leaching of trace elements in enugu coal effect of acid concentrationINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The effect of acid concentration on the trace elements composition of Enugu sub-bituminous coal from Onyeama Mine was investigated by leaching the coal using nitric acid (HNO3) of 0.5M, 1.0M, 1.5M and 2.0M concentrations. The amount of trace elements (in ppm) present in the filtrate from the leaching process were determined using Varian AA240 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with cathode lamps of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb). Optimum leaching condition of the trace metals were obtained using 2.0M HNO3 solution for 1 hour and 75µm particle size which resulted in the detection of As(1.363ppm), Cu (1.413ppm), Cr (0.764ppm), Cd (0.146), and Pb (1.942ppm). 2.0M concentration of nitric acid has proven to be very effective in the leaching of trace metals in Enugu coal. Result of the SEM analysis shows that the porosity of the coal residue was increased and this provides strong evidence that significant amounts of inorganic elements were removed. Onyeama coal, therefore, contains large proportions of silica, calcium carbonate, and dolomite, as well as some elements such as aluminum, iron, and potassium, and other trace metals such as lead, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, copper.
Flotation Results of Oxidized Copper Ores of the Kalmakyr Depositijtsrd
According to preliminary calculations, oxidized copper ores in the dumps of the Kalmakyr deposit are about 107.6 million tons 01.01.2020 of which Balance ores 12.1 million tons with a Cu content of 0.8 Au 1.2 g t Ag 3.9 g t. Off balance ores 95.5 million tons with content Cu 0.3 Au 0.4 g t Ag 2 g t. Total metals copper 373 thousand tons, gold 56.6 tons, silver 246.5 tons. The total reserves of metals in the accumulated dumps are estimated at 373 thousand tons of copper, 56.6 tons of gold and 246.5 tons of silver, which is of interest primarily for non ferrous metallurgy. As a result of a set of studies carried out on samples of oxidized copper ore dumps from the Kalmakyr deposit, the following conclusions can be drawn Three methods hydrometallurgical, flotation and combined of processing oxidized copper ores of the Kalmakyr deposit have been shown experimentally and cathode copper with a content of 99.6 , a gold bearing concentrate with a gold content of 36.5 g t and silver content of 47.1 g t. Optimal modes and indicators of concentration efficiency are determined. On the basis of laboratory studies, a technology for processing oxidized copper ores of the Kalmakyr deposit has been proposed. Technological schemes for processing dumps of oxidized copper ores from the Kalmakyr deposit have been developed and recommended for implementation, the implementation of which will make it possible to obtain an estimated 6,183 tons of copper, 425 kg of gold and 707 kg of silver per year. Usenov Rasul Bovirjonovich | Yusupkhodjaev Asad Mahamatovich | Kholtursunov Farkhod Nurmatovich "Flotation Results of Oxidized Copper Ores of the Kalmakyr Deposit" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38006.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mineral-and-metallurgical-engineering/38006/flotation-results-of-oxidized-copper-ores-of-the-kalmakyr-deposit/usenov-rasul-bovirjonovich
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Thermal Oxidation of Copper for Favorable Formation of Cupric Oxide (CuO) Sem...IOSR Journals
Thermal oxidation of copper has been restudied to control the formation of photovoltaic active cupric oxide (CuO) phase against the cuprous oxide (Cu2O) phase. It has been established that the thermal oxidation of copper is governed by the outward lattice diffusion and grain boundary diffusion of copper ions at the interface. The lattice diffusion favors the formation of Cu2O phase whereas grain boundary diffusion favors the formation of CuO phase. In the present work, a fine copper powder is taken as starting material for thermal oxidation to increase the grain boundary diffusion and to study its on phase formation. Further, to suppress the grain boundary diffusion the starting material is chemically passivated with diethylenetriamine and olelamine to chameically passivated the surface defects. Thermal oxidation of these pre-treated materials is carried out in open air at temperature 500 oC and 700 oC to study the phase formation. The resulting materials are characterized by x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. These studies clearly confirm that grain boundary diffusion or defect mediated diffusion due to small particle size and more surface atoms of copper favor the formation of CuO at low temperature in case of pure copper, whereas the chemical passivation and high temperature heating favours the formation of Cu2O phase and hence the resulting material is biphasic. Hence, the present study is useful information in controlling the phase formation of copper oxide to obtain more photoactive material that is CuO.
Neural network model for HCl recovery processpantapong
This paper describes neural network models (AI) for the prediction of the concentration profile of a hydrochloric acid recovery process consisting of double fixed-bed ion exchange columns.
Carbon-cuprous oxide composite nanoparticles
were chemically deposited on surface of thin glass tubes of spent
energy saving lamps for solar heat collection. Carbon was
obtained from fly ash of heavy oil incomplete combustion in
electric power stations. Impurities in the carbon were removed by
leaching with mineral acids. The mineral free-carbon was then
wet ground to have a submicron size. After filtration, it was
reacted with concentrated sulfuric/fuming nitric acid mixture on
cold for 3-4 days. Potassium chlorate was then added drop wise on
hot conditions to a carbon slurry followed by filtration.
Nanocarbon sample was mixed with 5% by weight PVA to help
adhesion to the glass surface. Carbon so deposited was doped with
copper nitrate solution. After dryness, the carbon/copper nitrate
film was dipped in hydrazine hydrate to form cuprous oxide -
carbon composite, It was then roasted at 380-400 °C A heat
collector testing assembly was constructed of 5 glass coils
connected in series with a total surface area of 1250 cm2
. Heat
collection was estimated by water flowing in the glass coils that
are coated with the carbon/copper film,. Parameters affecting the
solar collection efficiency such as time of exposure and mass flow
rate of the water were studied. Results revealed that the prepared
glass coil has proven successful energy collector for solar heat.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Low temperature corrosion in black liquor recovery boilers due to hygroscopic...Henri Holmblad
Master's Thesis, Henri Holmblad 2015, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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Low temperature corrosion in black liquor recovery boilers due to hygroscopic...
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year.
1. RESEARCH INVENTY: International Journal of Engineering and Science
ISSN: 2278-4721, Vol. 1, Issue 9 (November2012), PP 8-13
www.researchinventy.com
Simultaneous Extraction of Copper and Iron from Chalcopyrite
Concentrates in Hydrochloric Acid Media: Effect of Additives
and Temperature
1
Sampad Ghosh, 2Balram Ambade, 3Shailesh Kumar Prasad, 4Anand K.
Choudhary
1,2,3,4
Chemistry Department, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur-831014, Jharkhand, India
Abstract: Studies on the chlorination of a chalcopyrite concentrate in aqueous slurry by gaseous chlorine have
been demonstrated in this investigation. The effect of time, acid concentration, p ulp density (PD) of the sulphide
concentrate, effect of sodium chloride on dissolution of copper and the temperature of chlorination, on the
fraction of copper dissolved, has been investigated. At the optimum flow rate of Cl 2 gas (400 mL min -1 ), the
percent of copper dissolved is found to be increasing with increase in acid concentration, temperature in the
range of 318K to 333K and also increasing with decrease with pulp density, addition of sodium chloride,
studied. The activation energy of the chlorination process has been calculated to be 7.26 kJ mol -1 . The best fit of
kinetic data to a diffusion-controlled model indicated that diffusion through the product layer was the rate -
controlling step during the dissolution. At 333K, with 10wt% concentrate in the slurry and using pure Cl 2 gas
with a flow rate of 400 ml/min, nearly 93% of copper extraction has been achieved in about 1 hr. The
mechanism of the leaching was further established by characterising the original concentrate and the leach
residue by XRD phase identification studies.
Keywords: Chalcopyrite concentrate, Chlorine leaching, Dissolution, Hydrochloric acid, and Copper, Iron.
1. Introduction
Extractive metallurgy consists of the science and art of obtaining commercial grades of metal fro m ore
material mined fro m the earth’s crust. CuFeS2 (chalcopyrite) is the most abundant primary copper ore, and as a
result, the extract ive metallurgy of copper is based largely on this mineral. A mongst the non-ferrous metals
copper is one of the most commonly used metal over thousand years. The traditional industries are continuing to
survive and flourish due to the art of making and shaping of copper and copper alloys. Develop mental of non -
conventional energy sources and the superiority of copper in solar heating are expected to dictate the use of the
metal in large quantities in the near future [1]. Chalcopyrite is the principal source fro m wh ich copper is
commercially extracted. The current practice of extracting copper from sulphidic ores su ch as chalcopyrite
involves beneficiation through froth flotation, which produces a concentrate, followed by smelting and electro -
refining to produce copper metal.In the traditional pyro metallurg ical processes, chalcopyrite concentrates are
smelted in reverberatory/flash smelters. These processes provide an energetically efficient route for the
extraction of metals fro m sulphide concentrates because the sulphide sulphur is used as a fuel [2]. Besides the
pyrometallurgical methods where environmental pollution resulting emission of SO2 gas is a real problem, also
hydrometallu rgical methods are increasingly used [3]. However, it has been established that chalcopyrite
requires the presence of an oxidizing agent for its dissolution [4]. Nu merous leaching process es have been
advocated for recovering copper values from chalcopyrite concentrate. Conventional pyro-/hydro metallu rgical
process for recovery of copper from copper concentrate usually follows roasting -leaching and electrowinning
steps [5]. Elimination of copper in the roasting step for such a system is considered most attractive from the
economic and environmental points of view. The roasting of chalcopyrite has been an important step for the
extraction of copper, in the traditional smelting route and more so in newer processes. As a result, numerous
attempts have been employed to study the roasting parameters; its mechanism and the reactions involved.
Elimination of copper in the roasting step for such a system is considered most attractive fro m the econom ic and
environmental points of view.
2CuFeS2 + 7.5 O2 2CuSO4 + Fe2 O3 + 2SO2
Ho wever, it has been established that chalcopyrite requires the presence of an oxid izing agent for its
dissolution [6]. Pressure leaching at high temperature and oxygen pressure has not found favour because of
problems associated with the operation and maintenance of autoclaves and materials of construction [7-8].
Therefore an alternative p rocess such as direct oxidative leaching is considered an impart option to address
some of these problems [9-10]. The selection of an o xidizing agent suitable for hydrometallurgical recovery of
8
2. Simultaneous Extraction Of Copper And Iron From Chalcopyrite...
copper fro m copper concentrate has been given considerable attention results on the direct lea ching of copper
have been reported in several processes. These processes involve ferric sulphate and ferric chloride, cupric
chloride and ozone as the oxidants [11-19]. But due to the corrosive nature and difficulty in storage of chlorine
gas, its use has been restricted so far [20]. Today, with the availab ility of imp roved corrosion -resistant metals
and alloys, the use of chlorine gas as a leaching agent seems to have potential for develop ment and growth in
many specific areas of base metal extract ion and processing, dissolution kinetics of oxid ized and sulphide
copper ores in water saturated with chlorine gas been studied by many authors [21-26]. Dutrizac showed that
the activation energy in chlorine solution is about 42 KJ / mole as co mpared to 75 KJ/ mo le in sulphate system
[27]. Palmer et al reported dissolution of chalcopyrite in chloride solution containing hydrochloric acid, sodium
chloride and ferric chloride [28]. Lu et al studied mixed chloride sulphate leaching of chalcopyrite in acid ic
solution and reported very poor leaching efficiency in absence of chloride [2]. Groove et al achieved 90%
extraction with chlorine leaching of copper sulphide minerals in an enclosed perc olation column [29-30]. In this
paper, studies on chlorine gas has been chosen as the leaching agent because leaching in chloride media is much
more effective than sulphate system and yields high current efficiency with better quality with respect to purity
during electrolysis. Therefore the main objective of the present work is to study the leaching behaviour of
chalcopyrite mineral in chlorine media using chlorine gas and the effects of acid concentration, temperature,
sodium chloride on the dissolution kinetics have been systematically investigated.
2. Experimental
The chalcopyrite concentrate sample, used for this investigation was a high grade and collected fro m
Ghatsila, (Jharkhand, India). The material was sieved to 45m size to obtain the particle distribution and
chemical analysis of the sample is incorporated in Table 1.
Fe Cu Mn As Zn Ni Pb
35.18 21.80 0.01 0.002 0.045 0.003 0.001
Table 1. Chemical co mposition (%) of chalcopyrite concentrate.
The material was sieved to obtain the particle size distribution. The XRD of concentrate is given in
Figure 1. Hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride of laboratory reagent grade were used in this study. Analytical
grade chemicals were used for analysis. Leaching experiments were carried out in a closed three-necked glass
vessel, which was placed on a thermostatically controlled magnetic stirrer. Chemically pure Cl 2 gas stored in
cylinder was used in the leaching experiments. For each experiment the desired amount of copper concentrate
was added to the 0.25L leaching solution containing a known amount of hydrochloric acid maintained at the
required temperature. The temperature was monitored and controlled by passing water through the bath. At
selected time intervals, a known amount of slurry s ample was withdrawn and filtered by Whatmann 41 filter
paper; copper and iron in the filtrate were analysed titrimetrically using standard methods (Vogel, 1989). The
samples were chemically analysed for the copper and iron content percentage by atomic abso rption
spectrophotometer (AAS). The solid residue was also analysed sometimes to check the material balance.
Analytical grade reagents were used for chemical analysis. Purity of the oxygen and chlorine gas used in the
leaching experiments was of good quality. Phases in the concentrate, chalcopyrite ore and leach residue were
analysed by XRD. In this manner, the dissolution of copper and iron at different periods of chlorination under
the desired experimental condit ions was determined.
Figure 1. The XRD pattern of chalcopyrite concentrate used in this study .
9
3. Simultaneous Extraction Of Copper And Iron From Chalcopyrite...
3. Results & Discussion
X-ray diffraction studies as well as petrological studies indicated the presence of chalcopyrite as the
major copper and iron containing phase along with hematite and quartz in minor quantities. In the present
investigation, various leaching parameters such as acid concentration, effect of sodiu m chloride and temperature
with time were studied to optimise the leaching condition for dissolution of chalcopyrite.
3.1 Leaching of Chalcopyri te in Presence of Oxygen Gas
Leaching of chalcopyrite in presence of oxygen gas, the effect of acid concentration, sodium chloride
and temperature with time, on the extent of copper and iron present in the concentrate, has been investig ated.
The results are summarised and discussed in the following pages.
3.1.1. Effect of Oxygen
Leaching experiment in absence of oxygen was carried out under the condition: PD – 10%, HCl – 1.5
N at temperature of 900 C. The experimental results are presented in Fig. 2 wh ich shows very poor dissolution of
both copper and iron. Dissolution of copper is nil even after 4 h of leaching where as only 18% iron gets
dissolved. However, when the same experiment was repeated by passing oxygen gas, very fast dissolu tion of
copper as well as iron occurs. The percentage dissolution increases with time. A maximu m of 68.2% Cu and
90.5% Fe d issolution occurs at 7 h time interval.
100
Cu with O2
90
Cu without O2
80
Fe with O2
70
% Dissolution
Fe without O2
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (h)
Figure 2. Leaching of chalcopyrite in presence and absence of oxygen, HCl – 1.5 N, O2 flow rate 400 mL/ min,
Temp. – 363K, PD - 10%.
3.1.2 Effect of Sodium Chlori de
Effect of sodium chloride on chalcopyrite dissolution in hydrochloric acid was studied at 363K; 400
ml/ min o xygen flo w rate and 10% PD and the results are represented in Fig. 3 (a) & 3 (b) for copper and iron
respectively. The percentage recovery increases with increase in time. Surprisingly, sodium chloride has a
negative effect on chalcopyrite dissolution. The results showed copper recovery decreased from 68.2% to
46.4% by addition of 5% (w/v) of sodiu m chloride. The percentage dissolution further decreased to only 3.8%
with increase in sodium chloride fro m 5% to 10% (w/v). Similar trend is also observed for iron dissolution. With
addition of 5% sodium chloride iron recovery decrease from 90.5% to 79.4% at 4h duration which is further
decreased to 77.4% with addition of 10% sodiu m chloride. The decrease in dissolution rate of both copper and
iron may be due decrease in the solubility of o xygen during leaching .
100
70 (a) Fe : without NaCl (b)
Cu : Without NaCl Fe : with 5% NaCl
60 Cu : With 5% NaCl 80 Fe : with 10% NaCl
Cu : With 10% NaCl
% Dissolution
% Dissolution
50
60
40
30 40
20
20
10
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Time (h) Time (h)
Figure 3. (a) Effect of sodium chloride on copper dissolution during leaching of chalcopyrite in presence of
oxygen, HCl – 3.0 N, Temp.- 363K, PD - 10%, Oxygen - 400 mL/ min. and (b) Effect of sodium chloride on
iron dissolution during leaching of chalcopyrite in presence of o xygen, HCl – 3.0 N, Temp .- 363K, PD - 10%,
Oxygen - 400 mL/ min.
10
4. Simultaneous Extraction Of Copper And Iron From Chalcopyrite...
3.1.3. Effect of Temperature
In the dissolution behaviour of chalcopyrite, the leaching experiments were carried out at different
temperature between 353K and 363K. The recoveries of different metals at different time intervals are plotted in
Fig. 4 in the presence of 3 N hydrochloric acid, 10% sodium chloride and 400 mL/ min o xygen flow rate.
Copper recovery decreases with increasing the temperature fro m 353K to 363K. At 353K recovery of copper
increased from 7.6% at 2h to 48% at 4 h duration. However with increase in leaching temperature to 363K
copper recovery decreased from 48% to 3.8% at 4h time interval. The temperature has reverse trend for iron
dissolution i.e. with the increase in temperature recovery of iron is also increased. Percentage dissolution
increased fro m 66.7% to 77.4% at 4 h duration.
80 Cu: 1.5 N HCl
Cu: 3.0 N HCl
70
Fe: 1.5 N HCl
60 Fe: 3.0 N HCl
% Dissolution
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4
Time (h)
Figure 4. Effect of temperature on copper and iron recovery fro m chalcopyrite. PD - 10%, [HCl] – 3 N, Oxygen
- 400 mL/ min.
3.1.4. Effect of Aci d Concentration
The effect hydrochloric acid concentration on the leaching of different metal fro m the bulk sulphide
was studied using 1.5 to 3.0 N HCl and the results are presented in Fig. 5. In these experiments, the leaching
temperature 363K with oxygen flow rate of 400 ml and pulp density of 10% were maintained constant. The
results showed that dissolution of metals increased with increase in acid concentration. However a very
marginal effect acid concentration on percentage copper recovery was observed when hydrochloric acid
concentration increased. Copper recovery increased from 2.7% to 3.8% with increase in acid concentration from
1.5 N to 3 N at 4h duration. In both the cases copper dissolution is almost nil till 3 h. Increase in percentage of
iron recovery is observed with increase in time interval as well as acid concentration. Iron recovery is increase
fro m 68.4% to 77.4% with increase in acid concentration fro m 1.5N to 3.0N at 4 h duration.
80
Cu at 353K
70 Cu at 363K
Fe at 353K
60
Fe at 363K
% Dissolution
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4
Time (h)
Figure 5. Effect of acid concentration on copper and iron recovery fro m chalcopyrite. PD - 10%, Temp . - 363 K,
Oxygen - 400 mL/ min.
3.2. Leaching in presence of chlorine g as
3.2.1 Effect of Aci d Concentrati on
Leaching of chalcopyrite of composition mentioned in Table 1 was carried out at 333 K by passing
chlorine gas in presence absence of HCl. Ch lorine gas from the cylinder was passed in to the reaction mixtu re
through a series of valves and rotameter. Dissolution occurs very fast with chlorine gas and a maximu m
11
5. Simultaneous Extraction Of Copper And Iron From Chalcopyrite...
recovery of about 92% copper and 82.5% iron is achieved. Faster dissolution occurs in presence of acid as
compared to dissolution in absence of acid (Fig. 6). Percentage recovery of both copper and iron increase from
80.9 and 71.4 in absence of acid to 92.7 and 82.5 respectively with 2 N HCl in 1h.
100 Cu : without HCl
Cu : 2N HCl
Fe : without HCl
80
Fe : 2N HCl
% Dissolution
60
40
20
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time (h)
Figure 6. Effect of acid concentration on dissolution of chalcopyrite in presence of chlorine gas. Temp. – 333 K.
PD – 10%, Cl2 flow rate – 400 mL/ min .
3.2.2 Effect of Temperature
Experiments on the dissolution behaviour of chalcopyrite were carried out at varying temperature
between 318K and 348K in the presence of 1.0 N hydrochloric acid, and 400 mL/ min chlorine gas flow rate.
The data are represented in Fig. 7 (a) for copper and in Fig. 7 (b) for iron. Copper recovery was found to be
maximu m at 333K and similar leaching behaviour was obtained at temperature 318 K and 348K. Recovery of
copper at 333K decreases from 82.4% to 76.5% at 318K and 70% at 348K in 1 h duration. Temperature has
very marginal effect on iron dissolution in chalcopyrite with chlorine gas. Final recovery at 1 h duration
increased from 71.4% to 77.8% with increase in temperature form 318K to 333K. Again iron recovery
decreased to 70.6% with further increase in temperature to 348K. Decrease in chalcopyrite dissolution at higher
temperature may be due to decrease in the solubility of ch lorine gas in the lixiv iant.
Cu : at 318K (a) 80 (b)
80 Fe : at 318K
Cu : at 333K Fe : at 333K
Cu : at 348K Fe : at 348K
60
60
% Dissolution
% Dissolution
40 40
20 20
0 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time (h) Time (h)
Figure 7. (a) Effect of temperature on dissolution of copper fro m chalcopyrite in presen ce of chlorine gas.
[HCl].- 1.0 N. PD – 10%, Cl2 flo w rate – 400 mL/ min. and (b ) Effect of temperature on dissolution of iron fro m
chalcopyrite in presence of chlorine gas. [HCl] - 1.0 N. PD – 10%, Cl2 flow rate – 400 mL/ min.
3.2.3 Effect of Sodium chl ori de
Effect of sodiu m chloride on dissolution of chalcopyrite in hydrochloric acid media was studied at
333K, 400mL/ min chlorine gas flow rate, 10% PD and the results are presented in Fig. 8(a) & Fig. 8(b) for
copper and iron respectively. Due to the addition of sodium chloride, it lowers the dissolution of chalcopyrite.
The results showed that dissolution of metals decrease with the addition of sodium chloride. Copper recovery
decreased from 82.4% to 67.7% with addition of 5% (w/v) of sodium ch loride. The percentage dissolution of
copper further decreased to only 4.4% with fu rther increase of sodium ch loride fro m 5% (w/v) to 10% (w/v).
Similarly with the addition of 5% (w/v) sodiu m chloride, iron recovery decreases from 77.7% to 74.3% at 1h
which further decreases to 70.4% with the addition of 10% (w/v) with addition of 10% sodium chloride. The
decrease in dissolution rate of both copper and iron may be due decrease in the solubility of chlorine gas in
presence of sodium chloride during leaching.
12
6. Simultaneous Extraction Of Copper And Iron From Chalcopyrite...
Cu : Without NaCl (a) Fe : without NaCl (b)
80 Cu : With 5% NaCl 80
Fe : with 5% NaCl
Cu : With 10% NaCl Fe : with 10% NaCl
60 60
% Dissolution
% Dissolution
40 40
20 20
0 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Time (h) Time (h)
Figure 8. (a) Effect of sodium chloride on copper dissolution during leaching of chalcopyrite in presence of
chlorine gas, [HCl]- 1.0 N, PD – 10%, temperature – 333K and Cl2 flo w rate – 400 mL/ min. & (b) Effect of
sodium chloride on iron d issolution during leaching of chalcopyrite in presence of chlorine gas, [HCl]- 1.0 N,
PD – 10%, temperature – 333K and Cl2 flow rate – 400 mL/ min.
4. Conclusion
Systematic investigation on dissolution of copper and iron from chalcopyrite ore in o xygen and
chlorine gas atmosphere in different react ion media, the following conclusions may be drawn fro m this study:
Dissolution of copper and iron fro m chalcopyrite ore in p resence of oxygen and chlorine gas is affected in
different environments like acid concentration, temperature and presence of sodium chloride.-A mount of copper
and iron dissolution from chalcopyrite ore is maximu m in acidic media in both the cases in oxygen and chlorine
gas environment, keeping the other parameters constant. Oxidative dissolution of chalcopyrite in presence of
chlorine gas is faster than that in presence of oxygen gas. At 333 K temperature, 10% PD, 400 mL/ min. Cl2
flow rate and 2N HCl in presence of chlorine gas is an optimu m condition for leach ing. Presence of sodium
chloride as a leachant decreases the rate of metal extraction fro m the chalcopyrite ore both in oxygen and
chlorine med ia.The presence of chloride ions in acid ic solution enhances the format ion of porous sulfur reaction
product that allows the diffusion of reactants through the product sulfur film.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to express their gratitude to Dr. R. K. Jana, Dr. K. K. Sahu, National Metallu rgical
Laboratory (CSIR), Jamshedpur, India, for experimental support.
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