Keynote presentation at the OpenLang Network Multiplier Event, 10th December 2021. This presentation reflects on more than a decade of innovation in open education.
Philosophical pedagogies are typically based on abstract discussion of texts, and have remained largely unchanged throughout the history of the subject. However, there is a considerable body of research which suggests that this is unsuited to some learning styles and may discourage some students from prolonged study (AEL, 2003; Pashler et al, 2008). Many prefer to learn through visual cues and models alongside engaging with literature resources. Students with learning needs like dyslexia might find the emphasis on the written word to be a considerable barrier to philosophical study. Simultaneously, there are ever greater numbers of websites, apps and mashups dedicated to the study of philosophy which sometimes do little more than recreate printed materials in a digital environment.
This presentation explores the potential for introducing and integrating visual pedagogies into teaching and learning philosophy by reviewing a number of different styles of visualization and their possible use in educational scenarios with a particular focus on education and the appropriate use of digital technologies.
CCCOER Webinar: OER Research on Open Textbook adoption and LibrariansOER Hub
"OER Research on Open Textbook adoption and Librarians" was presented by Beck Pitt on 10 December 2014 as part of a CCCOER webinar with Nicole Allen (SPARC) and Una Daly.
These slides were created by reversioning two previous presentations: Librarians Perceptions of OER and Open Access Week 2014: Open Textbook Research Overview (also available on Slideshare).
Show & TEL Ethics & Technology-Enhanced Learning Robert Farrow
This presentation reviews the state of the art with respect to the use of artificial intelligence in education, reflecting on the ethical aspects and implications with particular reference to distance education.
Innovating Open Education: Critical Pathways and Communities of PracticeRobert Farrow
This presentation from Open Education Global 2021 provides an overview of the ENCORE+ project (https://encoreproject.eu/) and discusses the relationship between open educational resources (OER) and innovation, identifying strategies for knowledge exchange.
Philosophical pedagogies are typically based on abstract discussion of texts, and have remained largely unchanged throughout the history of the subject. However, there is a considerable body of research which suggests that this is unsuited to some learning styles and may discourage some students from prolonged study (AEL, 2003; Pashler et al, 2008). Many prefer to learn through visual cues and models alongside engaging with literature resources. Students with learning needs like dyslexia might find the emphasis on the written word to be a considerable barrier to philosophical study. Simultaneously, there are ever greater numbers of websites, apps and mashups dedicated to the study of philosophy which sometimes do little more than recreate printed materials in a digital environment.
This presentation explores the potential for introducing and integrating visual pedagogies into teaching and learning philosophy by reviewing a number of different styles of visualization and their possible use in educational scenarios with a particular focus on education and the appropriate use of digital technologies.
CCCOER Webinar: OER Research on Open Textbook adoption and LibrariansOER Hub
"OER Research on Open Textbook adoption and Librarians" was presented by Beck Pitt on 10 December 2014 as part of a CCCOER webinar with Nicole Allen (SPARC) and Una Daly.
These slides were created by reversioning two previous presentations: Librarians Perceptions of OER and Open Access Week 2014: Open Textbook Research Overview (also available on Slideshare).
Show & TEL Ethics & Technology-Enhanced Learning Robert Farrow
This presentation reviews the state of the art with respect to the use of artificial intelligence in education, reflecting on the ethical aspects and implications with particular reference to distance education.
Innovating Open Education: Critical Pathways and Communities of PracticeRobert Farrow
This presentation from Open Education Global 2021 provides an overview of the ENCORE+ project (https://encoreproject.eu/) and discusses the relationship between open educational resources (OER) and innovation, identifying strategies for knowledge exchange.
A presentation to accompany the launch of a guide to conceptual frameworks for researchers; especially those working in an open education context. Download the Guide from https://go-gn.net/gogn_outputs/conceptual-frameworks/
The Global OER Graduate Network (GO-GN): Engaging Doctoral Research with Open...Robert Farrow
This workshop was led by the Global OER Graduate Network (GO-GN) team (http://go-gn.net/). GO-GN is a network of PhD candidates around the world whose research projects include a focus on open education. These doctoral researchers are at the core of the network while around them, experts, supervisors, mentors and interested parties connect to form a community of practice. Considering the growth of open research and the commitment of research funders to follow this approach, there is a need to understand what open research practices imply. This involves understanding the benefits and challenges of making research more visible to increase impact and opportunities for collaboration with other researchers when doing a PhD and when pursuing a career in academia.
The workshop will focus on introducing the network possibilities for PhD students, including worldwide support to those researching in the different areas of open education. We will expose the values of the network promoting equity and inclusion in the field of open education research and introduce the different types of events we host such as an annual face-to-face workshop and online events. As well, we will discuss the support for alumni and members with a funded fellowship scheme and the acknowledgement of our members’ achievements through our annual awards. At the second part of the workshop, we will have a practical exercise with the audience to promote the co-authoring of research publications with our members. Two examples of those which will be disclosed are the research methods handbook, awarded with the 2020 Open Education Award for Excellence Winner, and the Research Review Summer 2020.
Slides presented at Open Education 2016. The Open Research Agenda is an international consultation exercise on research priorities in open education which combines online surveys and focus group interactions. This presentation summarises thematic analysis of the data set and indicates future directions for research in the field of open education.
Ramirez-Montoya (2020) recently presented a review of literature pertaining OER and educational innovation, noting that although definitions of openness vary across sectoral spaces, the crossover between openness and innovation is an area of increasing interest. A core part of the story of open educational resources is that they can be used to create spaces for innovation in teaching and learning (Orr et al., 2015; Pitt & Smyth, 2017; Weller et al., 2015). As Coughlan et al. (2018) argue, there has been a lack of detailed analysis of the specific function of OER as a driver of innovation, and a single model has not yet captured the multi-faceted relationship between openness and innovation.
This presentation will present an overview of several major theories of innovation as they relate to contexts of open education, making clear connections to open educational practice and showing how innovation theories can apply to OER. The presentation is likely to be of interest to practitioners wishing to have a stronger theoretical and practical understanding of how OER can support innovative practice.
• Task-Artefact Cycle (Carroll, Kellog & Rosson, 1991)
• The diffusion of innovations theory (Rogers, 2010)
• SAMR framework (Puentedura, 2006; Orr et al., 2015)
• Cyclic Innovation Model (Berkhout, 2007)
• Forms of innovation in OER (Coughlan, Pitt & Farrow, 2018)
This work contributes to the European Network for Catalysing Open Resources in Education (ENCORE+). ENCORE+ is a pan-European Knowledge Alliance funded under the Erasmus+ programme. The project will run from 2021 to 2023 to support the modernisation of education in the European area through OER.
Building the 21st Century OER EcosystemRobert Farrow
This presentation offers insights into realizing a European-wide OER Ecosystem. ENCORE+ (European Network for Catalysing Open Resources in Education, www.encoreproject.eu) is building a regional Ecosystem for OER, focused along four engaging circle communities on the following four topics: OER Technology, Policies & Practice, Quality and Innovation & Business Models. The initiative is open to anyone interested in furthering the implementation of the OER Recommendation.
The presentation will highlight results from a pan-European stakeholder survey on OER to give a state of play for the sector. The survey, due completed in September 2021, will be mapping the perceived value of using open educational resources, including its potential and current implementation. At the time of the conference, the project will have hosted two events, specifically events for the circle communities on Policies & Practice and Innovation & Business Models. Results and discussions from these two events will be shared with the Open Education Conference audience, giving an opportunity to continue the discussions after the presentation.
The collaborative community model, described as circle communities, is the ENCORE+ approach to engaging a wide range of stakeholders in and outside Europe. The community will be coming together to solve issues and catalyse change through identifying innovation potential, collaboration opportunities and in general increasing the awareness, implementation and potential of OER.
The presentation focuses on findings from research and circle community events on community needs, collaboration and innovation potential within OER. This will give the participants unique insights into real experiences of building a cross-sectoral, multistakeholder community for OER. The presentation will be split into shorter segments, giving broad insights into the ongoing work with the Ecosystem. Engagement with the audience, through available channels, during and after the presentation will give an opportunity for the participants to elaborate and discuss points of the presentation, including findings, and the ecosystem model overall.
https://opened21.sched.com/event/moQZ/building-the-21st-century-oer-ecosystem
Pathways to Learning: International Collaboration Under Covid-19Robert Farrow
The Recommendation on Open Educational Resources (OER) (UNESCO) emphasizes in its key aims the importance of (i) “developing the capacity of all key education stakeholders to create, access, re-use, re-purpose, adapt, and redistribute OER, as well as to use and apply open licenses in a manner consistent with national copyright legislation and international obligations” and (ii) “fostering and facilitating international cooperation [by] supporting international cooperation between stakeholders”.
Both these aspects were present in a recent open education research collaboration between The African Council for Distance Education and The Open University (UK). Pathways to Learning: new approaches in higher education (OpenLearn) hosted two free professional development programmes for university lecturers, instructional designers, technical and professional staff, managers, and heads of department who share responsibility for providing quality distance and online learning.
The evaluation of the Pathways to Learning project provides a great touchstone for reflecting on the kinds of agile, open collaboration that can build international capacity for OER projects and the communities that sustain them.
Research methods in open education: insights from the Global OER Graduate Ne...Robert Farrow
Presentation from the ALT Summer Summit 2020 describes the GO-GN Research Methods Handbook which supports researchers working in the field of open education
Open Education – Impact on Higher Education and Societyicdeslides
This is a background presentation for the participation in a panel at Open Science, 21-22 March 2017, Berlin, Germany: Open Education – Impact on Higher Education and Society.
The panel aims to explore the impact of Open Education on the various “actors” involved: teachers, learners, employers and the society.
A introduction and overview of Open Educational Resources (OER): what they are; how open licences work; how OER are used; and how they support innovation
Enhancing Research Communities Through Open Collaboration: The GO-GN Guide to...Robert Farrow
Research plays a key role in our understanding of open education, and is highlighted in the Recommendation on Open Educational Resources (OER) (UNESCO, 2019) as essential for describing the impact of open education; building awareness among key stakeholders; enhancing quality; and forming connections and communities.
The Global OER Graduate Network (GO-GN) is a network of PhD candidates and experts around the world whose research projects include a focus on open education. The Network has more than 300 global members who form a community of practice and support. GO-GN is currently funded through the OER programme of The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and administered by the Open Education Research Hub from the Institute of Educational Technology at The Open University, UK.
One central aim for the Network is supporting research in the emergent area of open education, and our researchers are encouraged to explore openness as a research vector. The resources produced by the Network reflect this. Last year, GO-GN produced a well-received guide to Research Methods in Open Education (Farrow et al., 2020) which was recognised as a winner in the Open Education Awards for Excellence.
In 2021 GO-GN publishes a companion volume. The GO-GN Guide to Conceptual Frameworks (Farrow et al., 2021) again combines an accessible narrative and visual style with real-life insights gleaned from practising researchers who are using these theories, concepts and models in cutting edge work.
This presentation provides an overview of the new guide and the open, collaborative production process, emphasizing practical strategies for completing research projects. It will be of interest to anyone who conducts research and/or forms policy in the open education space, but particularly for doctoral level researchers.
This presentation about Open Education focuses on Open Educational Practice and Open Access. It was delivered as part of the Jisc Digital Leaders programme on 20th November 2015. The presentation was collaboratively put together by @celeste_mcl (focussed on OEP) and @hblanchett (focussed on Open Access).
Scoping: The GO-GN Guide to Conceptual Frameworks Robert Farrow
Slides from a webinar on the forthcoming GO-GN Guide to Conceptual Frameworks. This presentation discusses the rationale for a Handbook to guide doctoral students and reviews some literature on theories, theoretical frameworks, conceptual frameworks, models, and other constructs. This webinar is part of the scoping process for a forthcoming publication.
Computers and Learning Research Group: Research methods in open education: I...Robert Farrow
This session will present an overview of the Global OER Graduate Network research methods handbook. The handbook is being developed by members of the network who are researchers in open education, and will serve as a useful starting point for anyone wishing to do research in education with a focus on OER, MOOCs or OEP.
To contextualise this approach, an accessible and brief description of the types of methods typically used in research into education and educational technology will be provided. Some of the contrasting philosophical, epistemological and ontological commitments of different research paradigms will be used to differentiate alternative methodologies. Theoretical perspectives will be outlined but not fully explored.
State-of-the-art approaches will be explored and their relevance for open education explained. The presentation will use examples of current doctoral research to highlight the use of different methods, and will convey insights into using different methods as shared by the researchers. This includes reflections on using different methods, and advice for conducting similar work.
Finally, the presentation will offer up for discussion a provisional model of open scholarship including open practices (agile project management; directly influencing practice; radical transparency; sharing research instruments; social media presence; networks); open science (open access; open data; open licensing); digital innovation (HCI; data science; open source technologies); and normative elements (challenging dominant narratives; promoting social justice; and reducing barriers to educational access).
The Student-Inquirer Identity During the Master Thesis in an Online UniversityAngelos Konstantinidis
When students are conducting their research project as part of their studies, they can be better prepared for the societal and professional challenges of the future. This study contributes to the research of the inquirer identity by elaborating a model for the assessment of student-inquirer identity skills in light of the development of a master thesis in an education-related field in an online university. The model presents student-inquirer identity as a dynamic multiplicity of ten skills related to the five phases of the practice of inquiry (search and focus, understand and explore, design and implement, interpret/evaluate and reflect, write and present). Based on the model, a questionnaire that measures students’ inquiry skills during the development of the master thesis was constructed. The questionnaire is comprised of ten sub-scales with 42 Likert-type items in total. 154 students of the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya responded to the questionnaire. Findings revealed that, overall, online students develop inquiry skills to a moderate extent while conducting their master thesis.
ENCORE+: Your Place in the Open EcosystemRobert Farrow
The objective of this workshop is to give the participants an opportunity to imagine and recreate their work and business as Open. The workshop is focused on Open Educational Resources (OER), and on its applicability and benefit to business, innovation and technology in lifelong learning.
This workshop is designed to take the participants through a simulation experience, where each participant will imagine the business potential, innovation potential and technological changes available and possible for their work to be open (more open).
The workshop is facilitated by the European Network for Catalysing Open Resources in Education (ENCORE+). ENCORE+ is a European Commission funded project, aimed at establishing a European OER Ecosystem, for both academia and business.
The participants will be presented with research and findings from the project, directly linked to enabling their work to be open, profitable and innovative. Representatives from ENCORE+ business partners will showcase real-life examples of how OER is integral to their work and business as part of the introduction to the workshop.
The workshop is suited to all participants who are interested in OER, regardless of knowledge and experience with OER. The workshop is interactive, with practical simulation tasks guided by ENCORE+ facilitators and ENCORE+ OER research.
Examples of successful Open Education strategies in Higher EducationFabio Nascimbeni
The presentation introduces some successful strategies of universities that have opened up their offer, together with some reflections on how this could be done in the Mediterranean region.
A presentation to accompany the launch of a guide to conceptual frameworks for researchers; especially those working in an open education context. Download the Guide from https://go-gn.net/gogn_outputs/conceptual-frameworks/
The Global OER Graduate Network (GO-GN): Engaging Doctoral Research with Open...Robert Farrow
This workshop was led by the Global OER Graduate Network (GO-GN) team (http://go-gn.net/). GO-GN is a network of PhD candidates around the world whose research projects include a focus on open education. These doctoral researchers are at the core of the network while around them, experts, supervisors, mentors and interested parties connect to form a community of practice. Considering the growth of open research and the commitment of research funders to follow this approach, there is a need to understand what open research practices imply. This involves understanding the benefits and challenges of making research more visible to increase impact and opportunities for collaboration with other researchers when doing a PhD and when pursuing a career in academia.
The workshop will focus on introducing the network possibilities for PhD students, including worldwide support to those researching in the different areas of open education. We will expose the values of the network promoting equity and inclusion in the field of open education research and introduce the different types of events we host such as an annual face-to-face workshop and online events. As well, we will discuss the support for alumni and members with a funded fellowship scheme and the acknowledgement of our members’ achievements through our annual awards. At the second part of the workshop, we will have a practical exercise with the audience to promote the co-authoring of research publications with our members. Two examples of those which will be disclosed are the research methods handbook, awarded with the 2020 Open Education Award for Excellence Winner, and the Research Review Summer 2020.
Slides presented at Open Education 2016. The Open Research Agenda is an international consultation exercise on research priorities in open education which combines online surveys and focus group interactions. This presentation summarises thematic analysis of the data set and indicates future directions for research in the field of open education.
Ramirez-Montoya (2020) recently presented a review of literature pertaining OER and educational innovation, noting that although definitions of openness vary across sectoral spaces, the crossover between openness and innovation is an area of increasing interest. A core part of the story of open educational resources is that they can be used to create spaces for innovation in teaching and learning (Orr et al., 2015; Pitt & Smyth, 2017; Weller et al., 2015). As Coughlan et al. (2018) argue, there has been a lack of detailed analysis of the specific function of OER as a driver of innovation, and a single model has not yet captured the multi-faceted relationship between openness and innovation.
This presentation will present an overview of several major theories of innovation as they relate to contexts of open education, making clear connections to open educational practice and showing how innovation theories can apply to OER. The presentation is likely to be of interest to practitioners wishing to have a stronger theoretical and practical understanding of how OER can support innovative practice.
• Task-Artefact Cycle (Carroll, Kellog & Rosson, 1991)
• The diffusion of innovations theory (Rogers, 2010)
• SAMR framework (Puentedura, 2006; Orr et al., 2015)
• Cyclic Innovation Model (Berkhout, 2007)
• Forms of innovation in OER (Coughlan, Pitt & Farrow, 2018)
This work contributes to the European Network for Catalysing Open Resources in Education (ENCORE+). ENCORE+ is a pan-European Knowledge Alliance funded under the Erasmus+ programme. The project will run from 2021 to 2023 to support the modernisation of education in the European area through OER.
Building the 21st Century OER EcosystemRobert Farrow
This presentation offers insights into realizing a European-wide OER Ecosystem. ENCORE+ (European Network for Catalysing Open Resources in Education, www.encoreproject.eu) is building a regional Ecosystem for OER, focused along four engaging circle communities on the following four topics: OER Technology, Policies & Practice, Quality and Innovation & Business Models. The initiative is open to anyone interested in furthering the implementation of the OER Recommendation.
The presentation will highlight results from a pan-European stakeholder survey on OER to give a state of play for the sector. The survey, due completed in September 2021, will be mapping the perceived value of using open educational resources, including its potential and current implementation. At the time of the conference, the project will have hosted two events, specifically events for the circle communities on Policies & Practice and Innovation & Business Models. Results and discussions from these two events will be shared with the Open Education Conference audience, giving an opportunity to continue the discussions after the presentation.
The collaborative community model, described as circle communities, is the ENCORE+ approach to engaging a wide range of stakeholders in and outside Europe. The community will be coming together to solve issues and catalyse change through identifying innovation potential, collaboration opportunities and in general increasing the awareness, implementation and potential of OER.
The presentation focuses on findings from research and circle community events on community needs, collaboration and innovation potential within OER. This will give the participants unique insights into real experiences of building a cross-sectoral, multistakeholder community for OER. The presentation will be split into shorter segments, giving broad insights into the ongoing work with the Ecosystem. Engagement with the audience, through available channels, during and after the presentation will give an opportunity for the participants to elaborate and discuss points of the presentation, including findings, and the ecosystem model overall.
https://opened21.sched.com/event/moQZ/building-the-21st-century-oer-ecosystem
Pathways to Learning: International Collaboration Under Covid-19Robert Farrow
The Recommendation on Open Educational Resources (OER) (UNESCO) emphasizes in its key aims the importance of (i) “developing the capacity of all key education stakeholders to create, access, re-use, re-purpose, adapt, and redistribute OER, as well as to use and apply open licenses in a manner consistent with national copyright legislation and international obligations” and (ii) “fostering and facilitating international cooperation [by] supporting international cooperation between stakeholders”.
Both these aspects were present in a recent open education research collaboration between The African Council for Distance Education and The Open University (UK). Pathways to Learning: new approaches in higher education (OpenLearn) hosted two free professional development programmes for university lecturers, instructional designers, technical and professional staff, managers, and heads of department who share responsibility for providing quality distance and online learning.
The evaluation of the Pathways to Learning project provides a great touchstone for reflecting on the kinds of agile, open collaboration that can build international capacity for OER projects and the communities that sustain them.
Research methods in open education: insights from the Global OER Graduate Ne...Robert Farrow
Presentation from the ALT Summer Summit 2020 describes the GO-GN Research Methods Handbook which supports researchers working in the field of open education
Open Education – Impact on Higher Education and Societyicdeslides
This is a background presentation for the participation in a panel at Open Science, 21-22 March 2017, Berlin, Germany: Open Education – Impact on Higher Education and Society.
The panel aims to explore the impact of Open Education on the various “actors” involved: teachers, learners, employers and the society.
A introduction and overview of Open Educational Resources (OER): what they are; how open licences work; how OER are used; and how they support innovation
Enhancing Research Communities Through Open Collaboration: The GO-GN Guide to...Robert Farrow
Research plays a key role in our understanding of open education, and is highlighted in the Recommendation on Open Educational Resources (OER) (UNESCO, 2019) as essential for describing the impact of open education; building awareness among key stakeholders; enhancing quality; and forming connections and communities.
The Global OER Graduate Network (GO-GN) is a network of PhD candidates and experts around the world whose research projects include a focus on open education. The Network has more than 300 global members who form a community of practice and support. GO-GN is currently funded through the OER programme of The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and administered by the Open Education Research Hub from the Institute of Educational Technology at The Open University, UK.
One central aim for the Network is supporting research in the emergent area of open education, and our researchers are encouraged to explore openness as a research vector. The resources produced by the Network reflect this. Last year, GO-GN produced a well-received guide to Research Methods in Open Education (Farrow et al., 2020) which was recognised as a winner in the Open Education Awards for Excellence.
In 2021 GO-GN publishes a companion volume. The GO-GN Guide to Conceptual Frameworks (Farrow et al., 2021) again combines an accessible narrative and visual style with real-life insights gleaned from practising researchers who are using these theories, concepts and models in cutting edge work.
This presentation provides an overview of the new guide and the open, collaborative production process, emphasizing practical strategies for completing research projects. It will be of interest to anyone who conducts research and/or forms policy in the open education space, but particularly for doctoral level researchers.
This presentation about Open Education focuses on Open Educational Practice and Open Access. It was delivered as part of the Jisc Digital Leaders programme on 20th November 2015. The presentation was collaboratively put together by @celeste_mcl (focussed on OEP) and @hblanchett (focussed on Open Access).
Scoping: The GO-GN Guide to Conceptual Frameworks Robert Farrow
Slides from a webinar on the forthcoming GO-GN Guide to Conceptual Frameworks. This presentation discusses the rationale for a Handbook to guide doctoral students and reviews some literature on theories, theoretical frameworks, conceptual frameworks, models, and other constructs. This webinar is part of the scoping process for a forthcoming publication.
Computers and Learning Research Group: Research methods in open education: I...Robert Farrow
This session will present an overview of the Global OER Graduate Network research methods handbook. The handbook is being developed by members of the network who are researchers in open education, and will serve as a useful starting point for anyone wishing to do research in education with a focus on OER, MOOCs or OEP.
To contextualise this approach, an accessible and brief description of the types of methods typically used in research into education and educational technology will be provided. Some of the contrasting philosophical, epistemological and ontological commitments of different research paradigms will be used to differentiate alternative methodologies. Theoretical perspectives will be outlined but not fully explored.
State-of-the-art approaches will be explored and their relevance for open education explained. The presentation will use examples of current doctoral research to highlight the use of different methods, and will convey insights into using different methods as shared by the researchers. This includes reflections on using different methods, and advice for conducting similar work.
Finally, the presentation will offer up for discussion a provisional model of open scholarship including open practices (agile project management; directly influencing practice; radical transparency; sharing research instruments; social media presence; networks); open science (open access; open data; open licensing); digital innovation (HCI; data science; open source technologies); and normative elements (challenging dominant narratives; promoting social justice; and reducing barriers to educational access).
The Student-Inquirer Identity During the Master Thesis in an Online UniversityAngelos Konstantinidis
When students are conducting their research project as part of their studies, they can be better prepared for the societal and professional challenges of the future. This study contributes to the research of the inquirer identity by elaborating a model for the assessment of student-inquirer identity skills in light of the development of a master thesis in an education-related field in an online university. The model presents student-inquirer identity as a dynamic multiplicity of ten skills related to the five phases of the practice of inquiry (search and focus, understand and explore, design and implement, interpret/evaluate and reflect, write and present). Based on the model, a questionnaire that measures students’ inquiry skills during the development of the master thesis was constructed. The questionnaire is comprised of ten sub-scales with 42 Likert-type items in total. 154 students of the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya responded to the questionnaire. Findings revealed that, overall, online students develop inquiry skills to a moderate extent while conducting their master thesis.
ENCORE+: Your Place in the Open EcosystemRobert Farrow
The objective of this workshop is to give the participants an opportunity to imagine and recreate their work and business as Open. The workshop is focused on Open Educational Resources (OER), and on its applicability and benefit to business, innovation and technology in lifelong learning.
This workshop is designed to take the participants through a simulation experience, where each participant will imagine the business potential, innovation potential and technological changes available and possible for their work to be open (more open).
The workshop is facilitated by the European Network for Catalysing Open Resources in Education (ENCORE+). ENCORE+ is a European Commission funded project, aimed at establishing a European OER Ecosystem, for both academia and business.
The participants will be presented with research and findings from the project, directly linked to enabling their work to be open, profitable and innovative. Representatives from ENCORE+ business partners will showcase real-life examples of how OER is integral to their work and business as part of the introduction to the workshop.
The workshop is suited to all participants who are interested in OER, regardless of knowledge and experience with OER. The workshop is interactive, with practical simulation tasks guided by ENCORE+ facilitators and ENCORE+ OER research.
Examples of successful Open Education strategies in Higher EducationFabio Nascimbeni
The presentation introduces some successful strategies of universities that have opened up their offer, together with some reflections on how this could be done in the Mediterranean region.
The Ecology of Sharing: Synthesizing OER ResearchOER Hub
Arguably, Open Educational Resources (OER) are starting to enter the mainstream, though some fundamental questions about their value and impact remain to be answered or supported with appropriate evidence. Much early OER activity was driven by ideals and interest in finding new ways to release content, with less direct research and reflection on the process. Furthermore, the majority of OER studies are localised, making extrapolation problematic. At the same time there are considerable practical experiences and ideas that it would be valuable to share. This presentation introduces the 'hub' as metaphor for the kind of networked research that is needed by the OER movement. The Open University's OER Research Hub project (2012-2014) works across eight primary research collaborations augmented with additional fellowships and connections with organisation to collate and synthesize research into OER across a range of sectors and stakeholders (K12, College Entry, Higher Education, Informal). The guiding research hypotheses are grounded in preparatory work in discourse analysis and collective intelligence as part of the OLnet project (McAndrew et al., 2012). We then describe the research methodology for OER Research Hub, showing how claims about 'openness' may be validated in different contexts. The argument presented is that through (1) integrating and co-ordinating research methods and (2) developing open data policies it is possible to build an evidence base for the kinds of claims that the OER movement wants to make. Thus, through an 'ecology of sharing' researchers can build and participate in a research network that is greater than the sum of its parts. We will also show how this is working in practice by highlighting some of the activities that are taking place within some collaborations, showing how harmonizing the questions we ask in surveys and interviews across the different collaborations enhances our ability to make normative claims which apply in the broadest range of educational contexts.
Advantages of Open Educational Resources: 1. Affordability and Accessibility 2. Customization and Adaptability 3. Global Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing 4. Innovation in Teaching and Learning
The Ecology of Sharing: Synthesizing OER ResearchRobert Farrow
Arguably, Open Educational Resources (OER) are starting to enter the mainstream, though some fundamental questions about their value and impact remain to be answered or supported with appropriate evidence. Much early OER activity was driven by ideals and interest in finding new ways to release content, with less direct research and reflection on the process. Furthermore, the majority of OER studies are localised, making extrapolation problematic. At the same time there are considerable practical experiences and ideas that it would be valuable to share. This presentation introduces the 'hub' as metaphor for the kind of networked research that is needed by the OER movement. The Open University's OER Research Hub project (2012-2014) works across eight primary research collaborations augmented with additional fellowships and connections with organisation to collate and synthesize research into OER across a range of sectors and stakeholders (k12, College Entry, Higher Education, Informal). The guiding research hypotheses are grounded in preparatory work in discourse analysis and collective intelligence as part of the OLnet project (which was previously presented at OER12). We then describe the research methodology for OER Research Hub, showing how claims about 'openness' may be validated in different contexts. The argument presented is that through (1) integrating and co-ordinating research methods and (2) developing open data policies it is possible to build an evidence base for the kinds of claims that the OER movement wants to make. Thus, through an 'ecology of sharing' researchers can build and participate in a research network that is greater than the sum of its parts. We will also show how this is working in practice by highlighting some of the activities that are taking place within some collaborations, showing how harmonizing the questions we ask in surveys and interviews across the different collaborations enhances our ability to make both comparative claims which apply in the broadest range of educational contexts.
“Open” Access, Open Educational Resources, Open Educational Practices & Open ...Lilian Juma
“Open” Access, Open Educational Resources, Open Educational Practices & Open Data Uses in Africa was presented by Kamel Belhamel during OpenCon 2018 Algeria. Kamel is DOAJ Ambassador for North Africa and Middle East
This presentation summarises several theories of innovation; explaining their relevance and potential for open education in Europe. These frameworks are likely to be of interest to practitioners wishing to have a stronger theoretical and practical understanding of how OER can support innovative practice.
Ramirez-Montoya (2020) recently presented a review of literature pertaining OER and educational innovation, noting that although definitions of openness vary across sectoral spaces, the crossover between openness and innovation is an area of increasing interest. A core part of the story of open educational resources is that they can be used to create spaces for innovation in teaching and learning (Orr et al., 2015; Pitt & Smyth, 2017; Weller et al., 2015). As Coughlan et al. (2018) argue, there has been a lack of detailed analysis of the specific function of OER as a driver of innovation, and a single model has not yet captured the multi-faceted relationship between openness and innovation.
Several theories of innovation - including the Task-Artefact Cycle (Carroll, Kellog & Rosson, 1991); the "diffusion of innovations" (Rogers, 2010); the SAMR framework (Puentedura, 2006; Orr et al., 2015); the Cyclic Innovation Model (Berkhout, 2007); and the Forms of innovation in OER (Coughlan, Pitt & Farrow, 2018) - will be outlined and contextualised. These will be used to describe ways to think about innovation in the context of open education.
This presentation contributes to the European Network for Catalysing Open Resources in Education (ENCORE+, 2021), a pan-European Knowledge Alliance funded under the Erasmus+ programme. The project is running from 2021 to 2023 to support the modernisation of education in the European area through OER.
https://i-he2021.exordo.com/programme/presentation/28
The Role of Teachers, Students and Institutions on OERicdeslides
On 19 September, ICDE was invited to take part in a panel plenary session, discussing the role of Teachers, Students and Institutions on OER. The scope for the discussion was to give recommendations for actions to mainstream OER in education systems worldwide from the perspective of the key stakeholder groups in education.
The Potential Contribution of Open Educational Resources to e-Learning and Di...ROER4D
The Potential Contribution of Open Educational Resources
to e-Learning and Distance Education.
A/Prof Patricia B. Arinto
3rd e-Learning and Distance Education Conference
Lahore, Pakistan, 14-15 March 2016
Similar to Innovation with Open Educational Resources: The State of the Art (20)
From Openness to Opportunity? Strategical Approaches to OERs Uptake and Use f...Robert Farrow
Presentation from Open Education Global 2023, held in Edmonton, Canada. This piece of research aimed to provide an up-to-date overview of the opportunities of OERs in business by conducting a set of interviews with relevant stakeholders during the course of the ENCORE+ Project (European Network for Catalysing Open Resources in Education). OERs-related value propositions and sustainability in business seem to be innovative oriented in light of the results. OERs clearly have a place in this space, though they are not adopting a central role in business processes.
https://oeglobal2023.sched.com/event/1S7iV/from-openess-to-opportunity-strategical-approaches-to-oers-uptake-and-use-from-business
This paper provides an update on activity in the innovation and business models strand of the ENCORE+ project. A range of business models that support or draw on open educational resources (OER) have been proposed. This paper reviews models that have been proposed (Tlili et al., 2020; Padilla Rodriguez et al., 2018; Belleflamme & Jacqmin, 2015; Ubachs & Konings, 2016; and Farrow, 2019) and suggests a synthesis into one typology of OER business models. The ENCORE+ OER Business Model Typology has been developed as part of a wider effort to understand and evaluate economically sustainable approaches to OER as well as to formulate OER value propositions for different stakeholders. In related work, a range of OER innovation case studies (N=48) are being prepared for publication. These illustrate different instances of innovation with OER and show how OER actors understand their value proposition to different audiences.
Open Education Research: Past, Present, FutureRobert Farrow
The Global OER Graduate Network (GO-GN, n.d.) supports doctoral research in open education around the world and currently has several hundred members who are doctoral/post-doctoral researchers and interested expert practitioners. In this presentation we offer some analysis of trends in research into open education, drawing on the data generated by GO-GN as well as other expert research. We provide an analysis of network activity and identify core areas for contemporary open education research, including open practice, OER as a discipline area, making connections between research clusters and the application of OER in non-traditional learning contexts. We also offer some reflections on the evolving nature of discourse around open education and the relation between research and practice, particularly around the themes of social justice and equity, diversity and inclusion.
Understanding OER, Innovation & Business ModelsRobert Farrow
The European Network for Catalysing Open Resources in Education (ENCORE+, n.d.) is a pan-European Knowledge Alliance funded under the Erasmus+ programme. The project is running from 2021 to 2023 to support the modernisation of education in the European area through open educational resources (OER). Participants will be presented with research and findings from the project, directly linked to enabling their work to be open, sustainable and innovative.
One project focus is understanding (and sharing) business models that use or integrate OER. The ENCORE+ Innovation Case Study Collection and Business Model Typology represent important advances in the self-understanding of open educators and collaboration partners (potential and existing).
Another ENCORE+ activity strand has audited innovation related behaviours for a range of organisations that use OER. OER is of course an innovation in teaching and learning practice, but the practices associated with using OER can themselves be a foundation for further innovation. This potential is often overlooked for being highly contextual or marginal to the key focus of OER initiatives, yet the culture of innovation that exists alongside many OER projects and in the practice of open educators is a key attraction for many working in the field.
More than OER innovation 40 case studies have been prepared and a selection of these will be presented with a critical commentary. Alongside this, the related evaluation framework is being shared on an open licence for others to use and better understand the role of innovation in their own OER practice.
These achievements build on various aspects of theoretical work conducted in the last two years (Farrow & Granly, 2021; Farrow, 2022) as well as a series of face-to-face and online stakeholder events conducted within the ENCORE+ network. Delegates will be in a position to benefit from what has been shared by the wider European OER community in locating and reflecting on their own practice.
Coughlan, T., Pitt, R. & Farrow, R. (2019). Forms of innovation inspired by open educational resources: a post-project analysis. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 34:2, 156-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2018.1552579
ENCORE+ (n.d.). European Network for Catalysing Open Resources in Education. https://encoreproject.eu/
Farrow, R. (2022). A Framework for Understanding Innovation with OER. Open Education Global 2022. Université de Nantes, France. https://pretalx.com/oeglobal2022/talk/QYVRCM/
Farrow, R. & Granly, J. (2021). Building the 21st Century OER Ecosystem. Open E
Sharing innovation practices around OER: theory, practice, examples and debatesRobert Farrow
This ENCORE+ Network Event focuses on Innovation & Business Models - preliminary results for the ENCORE+ OER Innovation Evaluation Framework and associated case studies are presented.
We will be taking a look at the results of more than two years of research and networking activity, including outcomes from the OER Innovation Survey; and desk research into the essential factors relating to OER innovation.
An expert panel provided responses and reflections, and looked ahead to a packed final year of ENCORE+ including our integration events and final conference.
ENCORE+: The Open Educational Resources (OER) Innovation EcosystemRobert Farrow
Slides to accomany a workshop at the I-HE2022 Conference in Athens, Greece (Oct 2022). The slides provide an overview of the ENCORE+ project logic and theoretical perspectives on innovation through open education.
https://i-he2022.exordo.com/programme/presentation/75
Keynote presentation from the Association of Learning Technologists Annual Conference 2022. The ALT Framework for Learning Technology reflects the authentic need for ethical perspectives in an increasingly uncertain world. This presentation explores contemporary relationships between ethics and educational technology. There is an increasing ethical import associated with the rapid deployment of new and powerful and transformative digital technologies across society. Cutting edge technologies offer new possibilities for pedagogy, inclusion and access to learning, but are often implemented without their effects being fully understood. Learning technologists operate at the intersection of competing demands and interests along with their ethical complexities, often with little more guidance than a risk management checklist. Drawing on the history of online learning, philosophical ethics, critical theory and educational research, key examples of ethical issues will be explored and related to the FELT framework. It will be argued that the increasing need for ethical reflection requires dialogic and inclusive approaches which retain critical perspectives.
Presentation (with Eamon Costello) from the Global Smart Education Conference (The 6th International Conference on Smart Learning Environments), Beijing National University, China.
The presentation explores issues in AI driven learning systems and implications of machine learning approaches for inclusion and access to education.
The Future OER Ecosystem - On Building a Community for OER in EuropeRobert Farrow
Group presentation/workshop from Open Education Global 2022
The European Network for Catalysing Open Resources in Education (ENCORE+) project (2021-2023) is an Erasmus+ funded initiative which aims to raise awareness of open education, coordinate stakeholder and support new strategies for the proliferation of OER (https://encoreproject.eu/).
Although the Coronavirus pandemic and the resulting online ‘pivot’ increased opportunities for integrating OER into education and training, general awareness of open alternatives remains low. Many educators and learners have been in crisis mode, using whatever resources they can to fulfil their needs. While this can include OER, the demands put upon practitioners makes it hard to strategise and move systematically towards meeting the five action areas of the UNESCO OER resolution.
ENCORE+ is a coordinated European approach to strengthening the value of OER as a catalyst and multiplier. The goal is to move from a series of individual OER initiatives into a European OER Ecosystem. This will be done through addressing and contributing to European and International policy priorities, stimulating innovation in businesses through learning and training, supporting the modernization and digitalization of higher education in Europe, as well as bridging non-formal & formal education by advancing recognition of open learning.
ENCORE+ has established 4 thematic circle communities for OER in Europe on the thematic focus areas of OER Technology, Quality, Innovation & Business Models and Policies. The circle communities convenes and collaborate on issues related to the circle theme. The four communities will convene for its second round of circle events in the first week of May.
This workshop aims to take the content and discussions held within the 4 thematic circle communities in ENCORE+ to the global stage. This workshop marks halfway through the project, and the ENCORE+ team will share and discuss experiences, issues and solutions found with the delegates at the conference. The stakeholders of ENCORE+ is truly global, connecting international stakeholders from academia and business together into a collaborative OER Ecosystem solving challenges of education through OER.
Explicable Artifical Intelligence for Education (XAIED)Robert Farrow
The application of artificial intelligence in AI is increasing, but there is a growing awareness of the profound ethical implications which are presently undertheorised. The emerging consensus is that there needs to be adequate transparency and explicability for the use of algorithms in education. This presentation provides an overview of AI in education (AIED) and characterises the requirement for explicability as a response to the ‘black box’ of machine learning. It is argued that explicability should be understood as part of a wider socio-technical turn in AI, and that there is a strong case for implementing full transparency in AIED as a default position. Such transparency threatens to disrupt traditional pedagogical processes, and mediation strategies will be needed. There are also instances where non-transparency may be justifiable and in these examples processes for auditing and governance.
Guest lecture delivered to the Master of Leadership in Open Education programme at the University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia. An overiew of more than 10 years working on open education research projects is reviewed and the relation between research and policy explored. Responses are made to questions raised by students.
This presentation is licensed CC BY - any logos or other images are included under fair use or assumed public domain.
The future OER Ecosystem - On building a community for OER in EuropeRobert Farrow
The European Network for Catalysing Open Resources in Education (ENCORE+) project (2021-2023) is an Erasmus+ funded initiative which aims to raise awareness of open education, coordinate stakeholder and support new strategies for the proliferation of OER (https://encoreproject.eu/).
Although the Coronavirus pandemic and the resulting online ‘pivot’ increased opportunities for integrating OER into education and training, general awareness of open alternatives remains low. Many educators and learners have been in crisis mode, using whatever resources they can to fulfil their needs. While this can include OER, the demands put upon practitioners makes it hard to strategise and move systematically towards meeting the five action areas of the UNESCO OER resolution.
ENCORE+ is a coordinated European approach to strengthening the value of OER as a catalyst and multiplier. The goal is to move from a series of individual OER initiatives into a European OER Ecosystem. This will be done through addressing and contributing to European and International policy priorities, stimulating innovation in businesses through learning and training, supporting the modernization and digitalization of higher education in Europe, as well as bridging non-formal & formal education by advancing recognition of open learning.
ENCORE+ has established 4 thematic circle communities for OER in Europe on the thematic focus areas of OER Technology, Quality, Innovation & Business Models and Policies. The circle communities convenes and collaborate on issues related to the circle theme. The four communities will convene for its second round of circle events in the first week of May.
This workshop aims to take the content and discussions held within the 4 thematic circle communities in ENCORE+ to the global stage. This workshop marks halfway through the project, and the ENCORE+ team will share and discuss experiences, issues and solutions found with the delegates at the conference. The stakeholders of ENCORE+ is truly global, connecting international stakeholders from academia and business together into a collaborative OER Ecosystem solving challenges of education through OER.
A Framework for Understanding Innovation with OERRobert Farrow
Presentation on the ENCORE+ Project from Open Education Global 2022. The European Network for Catalysing Open Resources in Education (ENCORE+, n.d.) is a pan-European Knowledge Alliance funded under the Erasmus+ programme. The project is running from 2021 to 2023 to support the modernisation of education in the European area through open educational resources (OER).
OER are one of the great recent innovations in education and learning. OER leverage the benefits of digitalisation to extend equitable access to learning; provide new avenues for the distribution, adaptation and iteration of resources; and support innovation in pedagogy and collaboration. Innovating is a key part of how OERs are used, as resources are transformed for use in a new context. But because of the siloed way that reuse typically happens it can be hard for others to take advantage of the effective practice of others.
Developing general awareness of the potential of OER remains a challenge, and one route to this is to highlight cases of exceptional interest (along with identifying the enabling software and services; understanding drivers and enablers; and capturing the meaningful interactions between relevant stakeholders).
In line with its role supporting the OER ecosystem and acting as a hub for OER innovation, ENCORE+ has developed an OER Innovation Evaluation Framework. This toolkit draws on several predominant theories of innovation (Carroll, Kellog & Rosson, 1991; Puentedura, 2006; Rogers, 2003) as well as research into effective OER initiatives (e.g. Coughlan et al., 2019; Darwish, 2019) to present simple categories which can be used to consistently describe cases of interest.
This presentation will describe the background, inspiration and process for developing the Evaluation Framework (Farrow, 2021). Information will also be provided on ways participants can share their examples of innovation through the ENCORE+ network using the OER Innovation Evaluation Framework.
ENCORE+ Innovation and Business Models Circle 2Robert Farrow
Slides used in the delivery on an online discussion workshop for the ENCORE+ project including a brief introduction to the project and links to the outputs from group discussions
This presentation accompanied a face-to-face workshop at the OER22 conference where delegates were encouraged to brainstorm and interact around key themes and suggestions from the ENCORE+ project (https://encoreproject.eu/) regarding OER implementation, strategisation and improvement.
The European Network for Catalysing Open Resources in Education (ENCORE+) project (2021-2023) is an Erasmus+ funded initiative which aims to raise awareness of open education, co-ordinate stakeholder and support new strategies for the proliferation of OER (https://encoreproject.eu/). The UNESCO OER Recommendation (https://en.unesco.org/themes/building-knowledge-societies/oer/recommendation) sets out five areas for action:
Building the capacity of stakeholders to create, access, re-use, adapt and redistribute OER;
Developing supportive policy for OER;
Encouraging inclusive and equitable quality OER;
Nurturing the creation of sustainability models for OER; and
Promoting and reinforcing international cooperation in OER.
Although the Coronavirus pandemic and the resulting online ‘pivot’ increased opportunities for integrating OER into education and training, general awareness of open alternatives remains low. Many educators and learners have been in crisis mode, using whatever resources they can to fulfil their needs. While this can include OER, the demands put upon practitioners makes it hard to strategise and move systematically towards meeting the five action areas of the UNESCO OER resolution.
ENCORE+ proposes that we understand the strategizing of OER at the level of the ‘ecosystem’, emphasizing that while there are viable, established strategies for OER there is no integrated European OER university-business ecosystem able to identify, catalyse and share best practices. How can collaboration be encouraged? How can confidence in operational models which use OER be encouraged beyond the usual advocacy networks in higher education?
Following a short general introduction, this workshop is organised around the following 4 x 10 minute discussion areas, each of which reflects an activity area of ENCORE+.
Focus area 1: Bleeding edge technologies for OER integration
Focus area 2: New paradigms for OER quality
Focus area 3: Strategies and policies for OER uptake and integration
Focus area 4: Innovation, Business Models & Sustainability
In each focus area relevant results from the ENCORE+ project were briefly presented to support an inclusive plenary discussion.
Dialogue was facilitated and moderated by relevant experts from ENCORE+. Feedback and reflection was gathered through a 'World Cafe' approach designed around stakeholder interactions and perspective sharing.
The function of microcredentials for the Open UniversityRobert Farrow
This presentation explores the reasons for adopting and developing microcredentials, and whether they currently satisfy those intentions. This draws on the development of microcedentials at the UK Open University and the experience of the European Microcredential Consortium project.
As with many educational technology developments, the hype and rhetoric sometimes outstrips the reality of implementation. MOOCs, learning analytics, artificial intelligence and blockchain have all seen intense periods of projected possible benefits, before settling into a narrower range of actual usage and recognised benefits. Microcredentials are perhaps still in the initial phase of being a development without an evidence base of practical use to support their claims, but some clear intentions from institutions are emerging and initial evidence regarding their take up by learners suggests avenues for their continued deployment.
It should be noted that development of microcredentials is not a zero cost game. They are costly to develop, often requiring different sets of expertise and tools. There is also an associated opportunity cost in developing them, for the time and resource they demand is effort that could be used on other initiatives. So in adopting them, institutions need to be asking two fundamental questions: “Are microcredentials worth this cost?” and “Do microcredentials represent the best way to realise these aims?”
This presentation will explore the answers to these questions, drawing on the experience of the OU in developing a range of microcredentials for the FutureLearn platform and the Erasmus+ EMC project which is examining the adoption of microcredentials for work based learning.
https://i-he2021.exordo.com/programme/presentation/254
Pathways to Learning: Open Collaboration to Support the Online Pivot Robert Farrow
This presentation reports results of a recent open education research collaboration between The African Council for Distance Education and The Open University (UK). Pathways to Learning: new approaches in higher education (OpenLearn, 2020a) hosted two free professional development programmes for university lecturers, instructional designers, professional staff, and managers who share responsibility for providing quality distance and online learning.
• A Teacher Educator programme, Skills for 21st Century Learning and Teaching (OpenLearn, 2020b)
• A Tertiary Educator programme, Take Your Teaching Online (OpenLearn, 2020c)
The courses ran over six weeks between 13th July and 20th August, 2020, and was contextualized by a rapid rollout of online learning during the Coronavirus pandemic. The programmes combined a course of study using OER materials with supplementary activities including a total of 12 webinars and interactive events alongside use of new platforms created by The Open University’s Institute of Educational Technology: nQuire (Herodotou et al., 2018) and Our Journey (Coughlan et al., 2019).
Key findings:
• The pandemic led to a substantial shift in teaching across Africa and a requirement to better understand and gain experience of online learning. Change is likely to persist post-pandemic, although infrastructure and cultural barriers are reported.
• The project surveys, interviews and the data generated through interactions that occurred in the programmes explores challenges and opportunities for online and blended learning across the African continent and globally.
• The evaluation data provides evidence that the programmes led to important understanding of course design and confidence in online facilitation for a large majority of those who took part in them.
• There is evidence that the programmes built confidence, particularly through the experiences of these educators themselves learning online with well-designed materials, and engaging with platforms and experts.
• There is evidence that each of the elements and activities were appreciated by some learners. The open courses were seen as most useful alongside some webinars. Community events and forums added substantial value to these.
• The flexibility offered in the programmes led to different behaviours. Many aimed to complete all the available activities despite time pressures and other barriers. Some were unable to attend live events so recordings were appreciated.
• Given the courses were free to join and many educators faced barriers and pressures, retention figures were very positive with around 66% of those who took part in the first week completing the rest of these programmes.
• Assessment, Open Educational Resources (OER), and understanding of technologies that can be used for online learning and learning design were areas that learners reported as being particularly valuable.
Research Integrity: Philosophical Perspectives Robert Farrow
A short presentation exploring the concept of research integrity from a philosophical perspective and discussing some of the advice and frameworks that support research integrity.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Innovation with Open Educational Resources: The State of the Art
1. Innovation with Open Educational
Resources: The State of the Art
Open Educational Resources and Practices in Language
Learning and Teaching
OpenLang Network Multiplier Event, 10th December 2021
Dr. Robert Farrow
Open Education Research Hub
Institute of Educational Technology
The Open University, UK
rob.farrow@open.ac.uk
@philosopher1978
2. Open Educational Resources (OER) are teaching, learning and research
materials in any medium – digital or otherwise – that are in the public
domain and/or released under an open license that permits no-cost
access, use, adaptation and redistribution by others with no or limited
restrictions. They are free at the point of use and ‘free’ in the sense that
they provide users with greater freedoms in how resources are shared,
used, customised and iterated.
Compatible definitions of OER are provided by UNESCO, Hewlett
Foundation and OER Commons.
2
WHAT ARE OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES (OER)?
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
3. There is a wealth of evidence to suggest that OER have a positive effect on
learning and teaching without compromising quality (e.g. de los Arcos et al.,
2014; Hilton, 2016; Weller et al., 2015; Wiley, 2015).
When embedded in the right organisational culture, the benefits of OER include:
● Improved access to education and training
● Dramatically reducing the cost of educational and training materials
● Facilitating more diverse input into the creation of learning materials
● Efficient use and reuse of intellectual property
● Greater opportunity for synchronous and asynchronous learning
● More flexibility in provision in education and training
● Facilitating translation and adaptation of resources for different markets
● More responsive design and calibration of education and training materials
● Flexible integration into learning management systems and platforms
● Transparency/publicity in the creation and use of educational resources
3
WHAT ARE OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES (OER)?
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
4. Widespread recognition that the shift to digitized, online and freely accessible
learning resources can bring profound ethical challenges
A range of cultures, behaviours, practices and technologies from educational
contexts may be described as ‘open educational practices’ (OEP), including
access to education or published research, policies, teaching methods, software,
data sets and other educational resources.
Over the last decade – primarily in the form of Massive Open Online Courses
(MOOC) and Open Educational Resources (OER) – the open education
movement has expanded opportunities for education worldwide.
4
THE OPEN PARADIGM IN EDUCATION
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
7. Keyword Hypothesis
Performance OER improve student performance/satisfaction
Openness People use OER differently from other online materials
Access OER widen participation in education
Retention OER can help at-risk learners to finish their studies
Reflection OER use leads educators to reflect on their practice
Finance OER adoption brings financial benefits for students/institutions
Indicators Informal learners use a variety of indicators when selecting OER
Support Informal learners develop their own forms of study support
Transition OER support informal learners in moving to formal study
Policy OER use encourages institutions to change their policies
Assessment Informal assessments motivate learners using OER
10. The evidence base about the impact of OER continues to grow, but claims about
saving money and encouraging innovative pedagogies have been shown to be
well grounded
Much of the debate in the USA is about the relative efficacy of OER alternatives
Openness presents challenges to researchers along several axes: lack of clarity;
validity; data collection; dissemination.
Openness is typically contextual and situated: it can be hard to generalise
Certain tensions can be determined in the open education movement
(conservative/radical; idealist/pragmatic; &c.)
Openness can be seen to have a close connection with radical, critical
connections through the association with enhanced freedom/autonomy
10
THE BIG PICTURE
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
11. Open Research Agenda (2016):
● Community consultation exercise to better understand research priorities of
practitioners
● Intended to identify patterns across countries and stakeholders
● ‘Flipping’ the conference format
● Survey (n=91) of open education leaders
● Workshops: Hewlett OER Grantees Meeting; Open Education Global;
OER16; Global OER Graduate Network (webinar); Computers and Learning
Research Group (CALRG); European OER Experts Meeting; OERu Expert
Meeting; Open Education 2016
Priority areas for research focus identified under thematic clusters…
11
OPEN RESEARCH AGENDA
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
12. Open practices and pedagogies
• OER for lifelong learning and professional
development
• Policy development
• Benefits of ‘non-disposable assignments’
• Local/National platforms for teachers
• Networked learning
• OER for language development
• “Open pedagogy”
• Citation and cataloguing protocols
• Integration of OER into curriculum
• Creating assessment tools
• Micro-credentialling
• Recognition of prior learning
• Sustainable business models
13. OER impact research
• Measuring the influence
of the use of OER and
OEP on learning
outcomes and institutions
• More empirical studies
with wider focus than
purely on open textbook
efficacy
• A wider range of research
methods (including
qualitative approaches)
• Quantifying the return on
investment from going
open
• Scant mention of student
cost savings
14. Promoting adoption and adaptation
• Factors affecting adoption of individual OER
• Qualitative descriptions of adaptation
• Barriers to remix and sharing (& implications for design)
• Barriers to institutional adoption
• Strategies for easing implementation by faculty
15. Collaboration and community
• Peer review
• Co-operation between institutions
• Transnational co-operation
• Collaborative instructional design
• Promoting equality of opportunity
• Partnerships that provide added
value
• Quality
16. Technology and infrastructure
• Sustainable OER ecosystem
• Ways of cataloguing and sharing
OER (e.g. shared database)
• Linked open data for education
• Open digital badging
• Geographical hubs for sharing
OER
• Using OER with VLEs
• Beyond repositories
• Interoperability
17. Ethical issues
• Privacy, security and trust in
online learning
• Ownership of (student) data and
‘safe spaces’
• Access & accessibility vs.
remixable resources
• Appropriate literacies
• Being ethical ‘in the open’
• Some conflation with ethical
issues in e-learning more
gnenerally
18. Openness
• Tension between differing
interpretations of openness
• Social and political aspects of open
education
• Articulating the benefits of open
• Building open communities and
supporting cross-community
exchange
19. 19
TENSIONS AT THE MACRO LEVEL
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
Desire for control and predictability Desire for freedom, exploration and
innovation
Advocacy ‘Pure’ research
A well defined community of practice An ‘open’ community
‘I have this problem and I need a
solution…’
‘I think research should be done in…’
Local context Global context
Pragmatic Ideological
20. http://bizmooc.eu/
• Established a common body of knowledge across
academia & industry
• Overcoming strategic barriers to MOOC activity
• Produced guidelines, best practice, open access MOOC
BOOK
• 3 Pilot MOOCs on lifelong learning; entrepreneurship;
and innovation
https://moocbook.pressbooks.com/
21. 22
Enabling experimentation
Larger, more diverse learning
communities
Support lifelong, inexpensive, flexible
learning
Creativity & innovation around social
activities (cMOOC, constructivism)
Empowering educators and learners
FOSTERING INNOVATION AND CREATIVITY
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
23. 24
UK OPEN TEXTBOOKS
Open Textbooks have been deployed for a
number of reasons including:
• Immediate access to a free version for all
students
• The ability to remix, adapt, combine and add
content
• The quality of the open textbooks available
• The ease of the digital format
• Costs of textbooks is less of an issue in
Europe - emphasis on ease of access,
pedagogical advantages; innovation;
provision for smaller markets which are not
well served by commercial publishers (e.g.
less common languages)
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
24. 25
GLOBAL OER GRADUATE NEWORK
GO-GN started in 2013 as an initiative from Fred Mulder, UNESCO Chair in OER at the Dutch Open
Universiteit, in collaboration with Rory McGreal, UNESCO / COL Chair in OER at Athabasca University
(Canada).
GO-GN is currently funded through the OER programme of The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and
administered by the Open Education Research Hub from the Institute of Educational Technology at The Open
University, UK.
The aims of the GO-GN are:
• to raise the profile of research into open education,
• to offer support for those conducting PhD research in
this area, and
• to develop openness as a process of research.
More than 100 doctoral and post-doctoral researchers
form the core of the network with more than 200 experts,
supervisors, mentors and interested parties forming a
community of practice
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
26. 27
A guide to doctoral research processes which
covers:
• philosophical foundations of research
(ontology, epistemology, axiology);
• research paradigms;
• open research practices;
• designing and managing a research
project;
• catalogue of authentic experiences of
using different methods in open education
research
Farrow, R., Iniesto, F., Weller, M. & Pitt., R.
(2020). The GO-GN Research Methods
Handbook. Open Education Research Hub.
Research Hub. The Open University, UK. CC-
BY 4.0.
http://go-gn.net/gogn_outputs/research-
methods-handbook/
30. 31
• A companion volume focused on
theoretical perspectives
• Collaborative, open practices
• Contributions from 20
researchers
• Overview of perspectives on
conceptual frameworks and their
role in research
• Testimony about using a range
of different frameworks in open
education research
• A range of tips and guides to
best practice
Farrow, R., et al (2021). The GO-GN
Guide to Conceptual Frameworks.
Open Education Research Hub. The
Open University, UK. CC-BY 4.0.
http://go-
gn.net/gogn_outputs/conceptual-
frameworks/
32. 33
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS: UNDERPINNING RESEARCH CONSTRUCTS
Underpinning Description Examples
Model A model holds for a given
case or stated population,
arising from context-specific
research, often indicating
main features of influence or
contribution
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, 1989)
Diffusion of Innovation (Rogers, 2003)
Pathways to Implementing Change (Corbett & Rossman,
1989)
Conceptual Framework Conceptual frameworks tend
to be more flexible and
descriptive, identifying factors
or criteria that have influence
on a particular field within the
more major features
Technological, Pedagogical and Content knowledge (TPACK)
(Mishra & Koehler, 2006)
Discovery Learning (Bruner, 1961)
Experiential Learning (Kolb, 1984)
Theoretical framework A theoretical framework
arises from outcomes beyond
a single study, based on one
or more theories
Social Creative Constructivism (Passey, Dagien, Atieno &
Baumann, 2019)
Human Motivation (Maslow, 1943)
Theory Theories consider a broader
and deeper concern or
context, suggesting the detail
of what might be more
general, beyond a given
context
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology
(UTAUT) (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis & Davis, 2003)
Social Constructivism (Vygotsky, 1978)
Constructionism (Papert, 1986)
Behaviourism (Skinner, 1953)
Examples of forms of underpinning constructs (Passey, 2020:3)
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
35. 36
Farrow, R. (ed.) et al. (2020). GO-GN
Research Review (Summer 2020).
Global OER Graduate Network.
http://go-
gn.net/gogn_outputs/research-
review-summer-2020/
• Marjon Baas (Leiden University,
Netherlands)
• Natasha Chtena (University of
California Los Angeles, USA)
• Glenda Cox (University of Cape Town,
South Africa)
• Michael Dabrowski (Athabasca
University, Canada)
• Helen De Waard (Lakehead University,
Canada)
• Kathy Essmiller (Oklahoma State
University, USA)
• Paco Iniesto (Open University, UK)
• Caroline Kuhn (Bath Spa University,
UK)
• Rebecca Pitt (Open University, UK)
• Hélène Pulker (Open University, UK)
• Martin Weller (Open University, UK)
36. 37
Farrow, R. (ed.) et al.(2021). GO-GN
Research Review (Winter 2021). Global
OER Graduate Network.
https://go-gn.net/gogn_outputs/research-
review-winter-2021/
• Paula Cardoso (Universidade Aberta,
Portugal)
• Natascha Chtena (Harvard University, USA)
• Glenda Cox (University of Cape Town, South
Africa)
• Ada Czerwonogora (Universidad de la
República, Uruguay)
• Helen DeWaard (Lakehead University,
Canada)
• Robert Farrow (The Open University, UK)
• Paco Iniesto (The Open University, UK)
• Caroline Kuhn (Bath Spa University, UK)
• Anuradha Peramunugamage (University of
Moratuwa, Sri Lanka)
• Rebecca Pitt (The Open University, UK)
• Viviane Vladimirschi (Educational
Consultant/Independent Researcher, Brazil)
• Martin Weller (The Open University, UK)
37. 38
EUROPEAN NETWORK FOR CATALYSING OPEN RESOURCES IN EDUCATION (ENCORE+)
ENCORE+ is a Knowledge Alliance project funded by the European
Commission under Erasmus+
https://encoreproject.eu/
• Supporting the uptake of open education resources (OER)
• Catalysing and sharing innovative practice across education and
business
• Developing stakeholder communities for knowledge exchange
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
38. 39
EUROPEAN NETWORK FOR CATALYSING OPEN RESOURCES IN EDUCATION (ENCORE+)
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
OER World Map includes details of 1400+ organisations, 900+ services, 500+ projects and
300+ policies in support of OER. However, activity is typically uncoordinated, and happens
in clusters (national/regional, disciplinary, technological, etc.)
39. 40
EUROPEAN NETWORK FOR CATALYSING OPEN RESOURCES IN EDUCATION
Needs which ENCORE addresses Outcomes
Need 1: European multi-stakeholder
engagement platform for OER linking
business and academia.
European catalyst network to strengthen an
integrated and community-based European
vision of the future European OER area.
(WP2)
Need 2: Analytical consolidation of
approaches and solutions of OER
Repository Technologies.
Integrated future architecture of a European
OER-RT infrastructure. (WP3)
Need 3: Validated policy
recommendations which are based on
broad consensus and experiences.
European guidelines for effective OER
policies for business and academia. (WP4)
Need 4: Community-based broad
consensus for open education quality.
European Open & Community-based Quality
Review Framework for OER. (WP 5)
Need 5: Validated innovation and
business models for OER.
European OER business and start-up
community including business models.
(WP 6)
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
40. 41
EUROPEAN NETWORK FOR CATALYSING OPEN RESOURCES IN EDUCATION (ENCORE+)
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
41. Text
42
https://en.wikipedia.org/wik
i/Eureka_(word)#/media/Fil
e:Archimede_bain.jpg
“Innovation is production or adoption,
assimilation, and exploitation of a value-
added novelty in economic and social
spheres; renewal and enlargement of
products, services, and markets;
development of new methods of
production; and the establishment of new
management systems. It is both a process
and an outcome.”
Crossan & Apayadin (2010)
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-
6486.2009.00880.x
Εὕρηκα!
EUROPEAN NETWORK FOR CATALYSING OPEN RESOURCES IN EDUCATION
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
42. 43
• Focused on spread of new technology &
practices
• Adoption culture is required for innovations to
sustain
• Relative advantage; compatibility
DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS (ROGERS, 2003)
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
43. OER has 5% K12 market
share in USA
https://www.onlinelearningsurv
ey.com/reports/k-
12_whatweteach.pdf
DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS (ROGERS, 2003)
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
• Focused on spread of new technology &
practices
• Adoption culture is required for innovations to
sustain
• Relative advantage; compatibility
45. 46
SAMR FRAMEWORK APPLIED TO OPEN TEXTBOOKS
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
Substitution Augmentation Modification Redefinition
Use Open
Textbooks in place
of proprietary
versions
(More than $1 billion
saved in the USA)
https://sparcopen.or
g/news/2018/1-
billion-in-savings-
through-open-
educational-
resources/
Freely shared
and accessible
online
Enhances
access, reduced
dependency on
grants and loans
Facilitates
pedagogical
experimentation
and iteration
Producing
revised/remixed
versions of
lessons,
textbooks and
supplementary
resources (e.g.
assessments,
multimedia)
Collaboration
across
institutions
Rethinking the
textbook as the
standard
organisation of
curricula
46. 47
EUROPEAN NETWORK FOR CATALYSING OPEN RESOURCES IN EDUCATION (ENCORE+)
Creation of an OER innovation evaluation framework
• Develop theory/model of innovation
• Piloting and refinement of framework/tool
Highlight and amplify innovation & business model cases:
• Establishing key criteria for cases of interest
• Benchmarking technical innovation
• Connecting with external stakeholders
• Developing OER value proposition
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
48. 50
ENCORE+ ‘INNOVATION PIVOT’
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
Desk research to identify drivers, enablers, barriers and challenges for
innovation through OER and provide evaluation criteria for identifying
outstanding examples of OER innovation.
• Regular Innovation Briefings (6 monthly)
• Innovation Report 2022
Future Circles:
• February 2022
• October 2022
• April 2023
Innovation Showcase April 2023
49. 51
ENCORE+ POSITION PAPERS
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
ENCORE+ Position Paper Technology
https://encoreproject.eu/2021/10/07/oer-technology-circle-position-paper-no-1/
ENCORE+ Position Paper Policy and Strategy
https://encoreproject.eu/2021/09/14/oer-policy-and-strategy-position-paper/
ENCORE+ Position Paper on Innovation
https://bit.ly/3jlLVMR (open for comment)
ENCORE+ Position Paper on Quality
https://cutt.ly/cR1toZy
50. ● Raise awareness of open alternatives
● Empower individuals in ways that enable them to exercise
autonomy
● Encourage experimentation in pedagogy and practice
● Develop constructive, critical learning cultures
● Think and act at the level of the ecosystem
● Leverage the power of networks
SUPPORTING INNOVATION WITH OER
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
51. • Contextualist, not essentialist
• Defines itself against a status quo that restricts some
activity: open lets you do X / removes some impediment to
X
• Fundamentally oriented towards freedom
• But what kind of freedom?
52. 54
Deimann, M. & Farrow, R. (2013). Rethinking OER and their use:
Open Education as Bildung. International Review of Online and
Distance Learning 14(3).
http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1370/2542
Farrow, R. (2016).“Constellations of Openness” in Deimann, M. and
Peters, M. A. (eds.) The Philosophy of Open Learning: Peer Learning
and the Intellectual Commons. New York: Peter Lang.
https://www.peterlang.com/view/product/31200
Farrow, R. (2016). A Framework for the Ethics of Open Education.
Open Praxis, 8(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.8.2.291
Farrow, R. (2017). Open education and critical pedagogy. Learning,
Media and Technology 42 (2): 130-146.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2016.1113991
OPEN EDUCATION AS EMPOWERMENT
INNOVATION WITH OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES