Antigen processing and presentation by Dr K.Geetha, Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Near Virudhunagar, Madurai Dist.
this slide can help you to know full details about the major type of antigen based on its activity on B or T cell. This slide consists of images to clarify your doubts
Antigen processing and presentation by Dr K.Geetha, Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Near Virudhunagar, Madurai Dist.
this slide can help you to know full details about the major type of antigen based on its activity on B or T cell. This slide consists of images to clarify your doubts
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
This presentation gives you the detailed description of various cells & organs of immune systems that participates (particularly, in combination), make communication between themselves to regulate the whole immune system very precisely.
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
This presentation gives you the detailed description of various cells & organs of immune systems that participates (particularly, in combination), make communication between themselves to regulate the whole immune system very precisely.
Immunology is the study of the immune system and how it protects us from infection and disease123. It is a branch of biology and medicine2. Are you looking for something specific about immunology?
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Lymphatic system and body defensesJethro Baltazar
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Lymphatic System and body defenses.
This presentation was made by Jethro Baltazar showing the Lymphatic system, Parts of Lymphatic system, Function of Lymphatic System, The body defenses including the importance of Lymphatic System in defending our body, Disorders of immunity and Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System.
Email me at emulsifier1998@gmail.com and jethrobaltazar1998@yahoo.com for more information and permission to download. You can also text me at 09096530340.
A lecture on Chemical Mediators of inflammation as a part of undergraduate pathology curriculum. The lecture is primarily based on Robbin's textbook of pathology
Announcement about my previous presentations - Thank youAreej Abu Hanieh
ANNOUNCEMENT Thank you for all of you, my followers who sent me messages with a lot of love and appreciations, I finally graduated after 6 years of studying in Birzeit University , In doctor of Pharmacy department I hope all of you benefited from all the presentations posted before Thank you a new PharmD GraduatedAreej ^^
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. Host Resistance Overview
• Most pathogens (disease causing microbes)
– must overcome surface barriers and reach
underlying
– overcome resistance by host
• nonspecific resistance
• specific immune response
2
3. Host Resistance Overview…
• Immune system
– composed of widely distributed cells, tissues,
and organs
– recognizes foreign substances or microbes
and acts to neutralize or destroy them
• Immunity
– ability of host to resist a particular disease or
infection
• Immunology
– science concerned with immune responses
3
4. Immunity
• Nonspecific immune response
– Aka nonspecific resistance, innate, or natural immunity
– acts as a first line of defense
– offers resistance to any microbe or foreign material
– lacks immunological memory
• Specific immune response
– Aka acquired, adaptive, or specific immunity
– resistance to a particular foreign agent
– has “memory”
• effectiveness increases on repeated exposure to agent
4
6. Antigens
• Recognized as foreign
• Invoke immune responses
– presence of antigen in body ultimately results
in B cell activation production of
antibodies
• antibodies bind to specific antigens, inactivating
or eliminating them
• other immune cells also become activated
• Name comes from antibody generators
6
7. Physical Barriers in Nonspecific
(Innate) Resistance
• Effectiveness impacted by:
– direct factors
• nutrition, physiology,
fever, age, and genetics
– indirect factors
• personal hygiene,
socioeconomic status,
and living conditions
• Along with host’s
secretions (flushing),
barriers = first line of
defense against microbes 7
8. Skin
• Strong mechanical barrier to microbial
invasion
– keratin produced by keratinocytes in outer
layer
• Inhospitable environment for microbes
– attached organisms removed by shedding of
outer skin cells
– pH is slightly acidic
– high NaCl concentration
– subject to periodic drying
8
9. • Form protective covering that resists penetration
and traps many microbes
• Are often bathed in antimicrobial secretions which
contain a variety of antimicrobial substances
– lysozyme
• hydrolyzes bond connecting sugars in peptidoglycan
– lactoferrin
• secreted by activated macro-
phages and PMNs
• sequesters iron from plasma
– lactoperoxidase
• produces superoxide radicals
Mucous Membranes
9
10. Respiratory System
• Turbulent air flow deposits
microbes onto mucosal surfaces
• Mucociliary blanket
– mucous secretions trap microbes
– once trapped, microbes
transported away from the lungs
(mucociliary escalator)
• expelled by coughing or sneezing
• salivation washes microbes to
stomach
• Alveolar macrophages
– phagocytic cells in alveoli of
lungs 10
11. Gastrointestinal Tract
• Stomach
– gastric acid
• Intestines
– pancreatic enzymes
– bile
– intestinal enzymes
– GALT
– peristalsis
11
• Intestines
– shedding of columnar
epithelial cells
– secretory IgA
– normal microbiota
– Paneth cells
• produce lysozyme
• produce cryptins
12. Genitourinary Tract
• Unfavorable environment for foreign microbes
– low pH of urine and vagina
– vagina has lactobacilli
– urea and other toxic metabolic end products in
urine
– hypertonic nature of kidney medulla
• Flushing with urine and mucus
• Distance barrier of male urethra
12
13. The Eye
• Mucus secreting epithelial membrane
• Flushing action of tears
• Lysozyme, lactoferrin, and secretory IgA in
tears
13
14. Cells of the Immune System
• Granulocytes
• Mast cells
• Monocytes and macrophages
• Dendritic cells
• Lymphocytes
• Each has specialized role in defending host
• Leukocytes
– white blood cells
– involved in both specific and nonspecific immunity
– all arise from pluripotent stem cells 14
17. Granulocytes
• Irregularly-shaped nuclei with two to five
lobes
• Cytoplasm has granules with reactive
substances
– kill microbes, enhance inflammation
• Three types
– basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
(polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN))
17
18. Basophils
• Stain bluish-black with basic dyes
• Nonphagocytic
• Release vasoactive mediators
– e.g., histamine, prostaglandins, serotonin, and
leukotrienes from granules
• Play important role in development of
allergies and hypersensitivities
18
19. Neutrophils
• Stain at neutral pH
• Highly phagocytic
• Circulate in blood then migrate to sites of
tissue damage
• Kill ingested microbes with lytic enzymes and
reactive oxygen metabolites contained in
primary and secondary granules
19
20. Monocytes and Macrophages
• Highly phagocytic cells
• Monocytes
– are mononuclear phagocytic leukocytes
– after circulating for ~8 hours, mature into macrophages
• Macrophages
– larger than monocytes, reside in specific tissues, highly
phagocytic
– have a variety of surface receptors (including pattern
recognition receptors)
• bind pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
– named according to tissue in which they reside 20
21. Dendritic Cells
• Heterogeneous group of cells
with neuron-like appendages
– from lymphoid and myeloid
lines
• Present in small numbers in
blood, skin, and mucous
membranes of nose, lungs, and
intestines
– also express pattern recognition
receptors
– contact, phagocytose, and
process antigens display
foreign antigens on their
surfaces (antigen presentation) 21
22. Lymphocytes
• Major cells of the immune system
• Major populations include T cells, B cells, and
natural killer (NK) cells
• B and T lymphocytes differentiate in bone marrow
from stem cells
– are only activated by binding of specific antigen onto
lymphocyte surface receptors
– after activation replication continues as lymphocytes
circulate and enter lymphoid tissue
– memory cells are activated lymphocytes that do not
immediately replicate, but will do so later in host’s life
when antigen is again present 22
23. B Lymphocytes
• B cells (B lymphocytes)
– mature in bone marrow
– circulate in blood
– can settle in lymphoid organs
– after maturation and activation are called
plasma cells and produce antibodies
23
24. T Lymphocytes (T cells)
• Mature in thymus
• Can remain in thymus, circulate in blood, or
reside in lymphoid tissue
• Like B cells, require antigen binding to
surface receptors for activation and
continuation of replication
• Activated T cells differentiate into helper T
cells (TH) and cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs)
• Secrete cytokines, chemicals that have
effects on other cells, are produced and
secreted by activated T cells
24
26. Natural Killer (NK) Cells
• Small population of large non-phagocytic granular
lymphocytes
– important role in innate immunity
– kill malignant cells and cells infected with pathogens
by releasing granzymes (cytotoxic enzymes)
• Two ways of recognizing target cells
– bind to antibodies which coat infected or malignant
cells (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
(ADCC)
– recognizes cells that have lost their class I major
histocompatibility antigen due to presence of virus or
cancer 26
28. Organs and Tissues of the
Immune System
• Primary organs and tissues
– sites where lymphocytes mature and
differentiate into antigen-sensitive mature B
and T cells
• Secondary organs and tissues
– areas where lymphocytes may encounter and
bind antigen
• followed by proliferation and differentiation into
fully mature effector cells
28
30. Primary Lymphoid Organs
and Tissues
• Thymus
– precursor cells move enter from bone marrow and
proliferate
– thymic deletion removes T cells recognizing self
antigens
– remaining cells become mature T cells
– enter bloodstream and recognize nonself antigens
• Bone marrow
– site of B cell maturation in mammals
– maturation involves removal of nonfunctioning and
self-reactive cells 30
31. Secondary Lymphoid Organs
and Tissues
• Spleen
– most highly organized lymphoid organ
– filters blood
– macrophages and dendritic cells trap
microbes and antigens
• present antigens to B and T cells
– most common way that lymphocytes become
activated to carry out their immune functions
31
32. Secondary Lymphoid Organs
and Tissues
• Lymph nodes
– most highly organized lymphoid tissue
– filter lymph
– microbes and antigens trapped and
phagocytosed by macrophages and dendritic
cells
– B cells differentiate into memory and plasma
cells within lymph nodes
32
33. Secondary Lymphoid Organs
and Tissues
• Lymphoid tissue
– located throughout the body
– serve as interface between innate and acquired host
immunity
– act as areas of antigen sampling and processing
– some lymphoid cells are found closely associated
with specific tissues
• e.g., skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)
• e.g., mucous-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
33
34. Skin Associated Lymphoid Tissue
(SALT)
• Contains specialized
cells
– Langerhans cell
• dendritic cell that can
phagocytose antigens
• differentiates into
interdigitating
dendritic cell –
presents antigen to
and activates T cells
– intraepidermal
lymphocyte
• function as T cells 34