Infectious agents 2
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1. Leishmania donovani is a parasite that mainly infects the reticuloendothelial system and can be found in abundance in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen. 2. It can cause a skin condition called Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) which sometimes appears after treatment. 3. The parasite is transmitted through the bites of sand flies.
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Malaria and its homeopathy treatment in Chembur, Mumbai, India
Malaria is caused by a parasite transmitted through mosquito bites that multiplies in the liver and infects red blood cells. Symptoms include fever, chills, headaches and enlarged spleen. It can range from uncomplicated to severe, with severe malaria involving organ failure. Diagnosis is through blood smear demonstrating parasites. Homeopathic treatment aims to prevent infection through avoiding mosquito bites or use of antimalarial drugs, while conventional treatment addresses symptoms and uses medications like quinine.
Group10 dysentery
Dysentery is a painful intestinal infection caused by bacteria or parasites that results in abdominal pain and diarrhea with mucus or blood. It is usually transmitted through contaminated food, water, or poor sanitation. There are two main types: amoebic dysentery caused by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica, and bacillary dysentery caused by Shigella bacteria. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever and dehydration. Treatment focuses on rehydration and antibiotics to kill the infecting organisms. Prevention involves proper handwashing and drinking bottled water in areas with poor sanitation.
Amoebiasis report
Amoebic dysentery, also known as amoebiasis, is an intestinal inflammation caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica found in contaminated food and water. It commonly affects those in less developed countries and travelers who visit areas with poor sanitation. Symptoms range from mild abdominal cramps and diarrhea to more severe bloody stools and fever. Treatment involves antibiotics like metronidazole to kill the parasite, while complications can include liver abscesses if the infection spreads.
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This document discusses dengue, an emerging tropical disease spread by mosquitoes. It causes dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Dengue is a leading cause of hospitalization and death in children under 15. It is caused by any of four dengue virus serotypes and transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Symptoms of DF include high fever, rash, and joint pain. DHF symptoms are similar but can progress to shock. DSS involves severe bleeding and organ impairment. Diagnosis involves clinical signs and blood tests. Treatment focuses on hydration and symptom relief, while prevention centers on vector control.
Dysentery
Dysentery is an inflammation of the intestines that causes bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and mucus in the stool. It is typically caused by either bacteria (bacillary dysentery) like Shigella species, which spreads through poor hygiene and contaminated food/water, or by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica (amoebic dysentery), which is more common in tropical areas and spreads through ingestion of cysts. Symptoms include abdominal pain and bloating, bloody diarrhea, nausea, and in severe cases, fever, chills, and dehydration. Diagnosis involves examining a stool sample under a microscope to look for bacteria or parasites.
Acute and chronic diarrhea
1. Acute diarrhea is defined as diarrhea lasting less than 3 weeks and can be caused by infectious or non-infectious factors. Common infectious causes include bacteria like Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, viruses like Rotavirus, and parasites like Giardia.
2. Chronic diarrhea lasts 3 weeks or more and can be caused by malabsorption issues, motility disorders, chronic infections, or factitious causes. Evaluation of chronic diarrhea involves tests like stool studies to identify causes and rule out conditions like lactose intolerance, celiac disease, or inflammatory bowel disease.
3. Treatment for acute infectious diarrhea focuses on rehydration and antibiotics if indicated. Management of chronic
Urinary Tract Infection
Urinary tract infections are common, affecting millions worldwide each year. Symptoms vary depending on the location of infection but commonly include increased urination frequency, pain or burning during urination, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves urine testing and culture to identify the bacterial cause. Treatment depends on the type and severity of infection but generally involves antibiotics like amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, or nitrofurantoin. Prevention strategies include frequent urination, good hygiene, sufficient fluid intake, and proper catheter care.
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Malaria and its homeopathy treatment in Chembur, Mumbai, India
Malaria is caused by a parasite transmitted through mosquito bites that multiplies in the liver and infects red blood cells. Symptoms include fever, chills, headaches and enlarged spleen. It can range from uncomplicated to severe, with severe malaria involving organ failure. Diagnosis is through blood smear demonstrating parasites. Homeopathic treatment aims to prevent infection through avoiding mosquito bites or use of antimalarial drugs, while conventional treatment addresses symptoms and uses medications like quinine.
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Dysentery is a painful intestinal infection caused by bacteria or parasites that results in abdominal pain and diarrhea with mucus or blood. It is usually transmitted through contaminated food, water, or poor sanitation. There are two main types: amoebic dysentery caused by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica, and bacillary dysentery caused by Shigella bacteria. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever and dehydration. Treatment focuses on rehydration and antibiotics to kill the infecting organisms. Prevention involves proper handwashing and drinking bottled water in areas with poor sanitation.
Amoebiasis report
Amoebic dysentery, also known as amoebiasis, is an intestinal inflammation caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica found in contaminated food and water. It commonly affects those in less developed countries and travelers who visit areas with poor sanitation. Symptoms range from mild abdominal cramps and diarrhea to more severe bloody stools and fever. Treatment involves antibiotics like metronidazole to kill the parasite, while complications can include liver abscesses if the infection spreads.
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This document discusses dengue, an emerging tropical disease spread by mosquitoes. It causes dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Dengue is a leading cause of hospitalization and death in children under 15. It is caused by any of four dengue virus serotypes and transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Symptoms of DF include high fever, rash, and joint pain. DHF symptoms are similar but can progress to shock. DSS involves severe bleeding and organ impairment. Diagnosis involves clinical signs and blood tests. Treatment focuses on hydration and symptom relief, while prevention centers on vector control.
Dysentery
Dysentery is an inflammation of the intestines that causes bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and mucus in the stool. It is typically caused by either bacteria (bacillary dysentery) like Shigella species, which spreads through poor hygiene and contaminated food/water, or by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica (amoebic dysentery), which is more common in tropical areas and spreads through ingestion of cysts. Symptoms include abdominal pain and bloating, bloody diarrhea, nausea, and in severe cases, fever, chills, and dehydration. Diagnosis involves examining a stool sample under a microscope to look for bacteria or parasites.
Acute and chronic diarrhea
1. Acute diarrhea is defined as diarrhea lasting less than 3 weeks and can be caused by infectious or non-infectious factors. Common infectious causes include bacteria like Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, viruses like Rotavirus, and parasites like Giardia.
2. Chronic diarrhea lasts 3 weeks or more and can be caused by malabsorption issues, motility disorders, chronic infections, or factitious causes. Evaluation of chronic diarrhea involves tests like stool studies to identify causes and rule out conditions like lactose intolerance, celiac disease, or inflammatory bowel disease.
3. Treatment for acute infectious diarrhea focuses on rehydration and antibiotics if indicated. Management of chronic
Urinary Tract Infection
Urinary tract infections are common, affecting millions worldwide each year. Symptoms vary depending on the location of infection but commonly include increased urination frequency, pain or burning during urination, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves urine testing and culture to identify the bacterial cause. Treatment depends on the type and severity of infection but generally involves antibiotics like amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, or nitrofurantoin. Prevention strategies include frequent urination, good hygiene, sufficient fluid intake, and proper catheter care.
Salmonellosis
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Haemorrhagic sapticemia in Livestock
Hemorrhagic Septicemia is a highly fatal disease of cattle and water buffalo caused by Pasteurella multocida bacteria. It is characterized by high fever, respiratory distress, edema of the neck and chest, and hemorrhaging in internal organs. The disease spreads through direct contact and fomites. It mostly affects younger animals and occurs more commonly following stressors like transportation or weather changes. Confirmation requires laboratory and serological testing. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care.
Dysentery
This document defines dysentery as diarrhea with loose, frequent stools containing blood. It is caused by bacteria like Shigella that infect and inflame the colon, causing ulcers. The main symptoms are abdominal pain, frequent bloody diarrhea, and tenesmus. Treatment involves antibiotics, oral rehydration, rest, soft diet, and health education on hygiene, sanitation, food handling, and cooking to prevent spread.
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- Symptoms include high fever, severe headache, joint and muscle pain. It can develop into a potentially lethal condition called severe dengue.
- Prevention efforts should focus on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and using protective measures like repellents, nets and proper clothing. Community involvement is important to control the spread of the disease.
- There is currently no licensed vaccine or specific treatment, so care is supportive and focuses on rest, fever relief and fluid intake.
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Salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella bacteria, including S. pullorum and S. gallinarum. S. pullorum causes pullorum disease (bacillary white diarrhea), a septicemic disease primarily in chickens and turkeys seen as excess dead chicks and mortality up to 60% in chicks under 3 weeks. S. gallinarum causes fowl typhoid, an acute or chronic septicemic disease in mature birds with mortality up to 100% characterized by swollen liver with necrotic foci and a bronze sheen. Other Salmonella serotypes like S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis cause paratyphoid infections in poultry and foodborne
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Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. Some infected persons, however, may have no symptoms at all.
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Hemorrhagic Septicemia is a highly fatal disease of cattle and water buffalo caused by Pasteurella multocida bacteria. It is characterized by high fever, respiratory distress, edema of the neck and chest, and hemorrhaging in internal organs. The disease spreads through direct contact and fomites. It mostly affects younger animals and occurs more commonly following stressors like transportation or weather changes. Confirmation requires laboratory and serological testing. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care.
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This document defines dysentery as diarrhea with loose, frequent stools containing blood. It is caused by bacteria like Shigella that infect and inflame the colon, causing ulcers. The main symptoms are abdominal pain, frequent bloody diarrhea, and tenesmus. Treatment involves antibiotics, oral rehydration, rest, soft diet, and health education on hygiene, sanitation, food handling, and cooking to prevent spread.
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This document provides information about dengue fever, including:
- It is caused by the dengue virus and transmitted through mosquito bites. There are four types of the virus.
- Symptoms include high fever, severe headache, joint and muscle pain. It can develop into a potentially lethal condition called severe dengue.
- Prevention efforts should focus on eliminating mosquito breeding sites and using protective measures like repellents, nets and proper clothing. Community involvement is important to control the spread of the disease.
- There is currently no licensed vaccine or specific treatment, so care is supportive and focuses on rest, fever relief and fluid intake.
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This document provides an outline on diarrhea by Dr. Melaku Yitbarek. It defines diarrhea and classifies it as acute or chronic based on duration. Acute diarrhea is usually infectious and caused by toxins, enteric pathogens, or cytotoxins. Chronic diarrhea warrants evaluation to exclude underlying causes, with most being noninfectious. Chronic diarrhea can be secretory, osmotic, steatorrheal, inflammatory, or due to dysmotility. Common causes of each type are outlined. The approach to patients with diarrhea involves classifying it based on characteristics and mechanisms to guide management.
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This document provides an overview of enteric infections. It discusses that diarrheal diseases are the third most common cause of medical visits in the US and the leading cause of childhood death globally. It outlines the various host, location, and timing factors that influence enteric infections. It then describes the major bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens that cause acute and persistent diarrhea, including their modes of transmission, clinical presentations, and potential complications.
Diarrhoea by Kwadwo Nyanor Afriyie
1. Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old, killing around 1.8 million children each year, 90% of whom are under five.
2. Diarrhoea occurs when water and electrolytes are lost through loose stools due to infections by viruses, bacteria, or parasites, as well as certain medical conditions and malnutrition.
3. Dehydration from diarrhoea, which is the most severe threat, can be classified as early, moderate, or severe based on symptoms like thirst, sunken eyes, decreased skin elasticity, shock, or lack of urine output.
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1. Amebiasis is caused by Entamoeba histolytica and is transmitted through contaminated food, water, or direct person-to-person contact. It commonly involves the cecum and ascending colon, causing dysentery and liver abscesses. Metronidazole is the treatment.
2. Tuberculosis of the intestines is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ingestion. It causes chronic inflammation and granuloma formation in the terminal ileum and lymph nodes. Morphology shows ulceration, granulomas, and fibrosis.
3. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi or paratyphi. It primarily involves the terminal ileum, causing
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This document discusses acute diarrhea. It defines diarrhea and classifies it based on duration as acute, persistent, or chronic. The major causes are bacteria like E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, viruses like rotavirus and norovirus, and parasites like Giardia. Rotavirus is the most common cause in children under 2 years. Clinical features include watery stools, vomiting, fever and dehydration. The document provides details on the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of major diarrhea-causing pathogens like cholera, E. coli, and Shigella.
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Colibacillosis is caused by pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli. It affects poultry and can cause diseases like colisepticaemia, egg peritonitis, yolk sac infection, and coligranuloma. Colisepticaemia is the most serious form, seen in young broilers as bacteremia. Predisposing factors allow E. coli to enter through the respiratory tract, causing lesions in multiple organs. Clinical signs include depression, breathing difficulties, and mortality rates varying from 5-10% to over 50%.
The surge of leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira that infects humans and animals. It is transmitted through contact with urine from infected rats, dogs, cattle, and other animals. Symptoms include high fever, severe headache, muscle pain, and jaundice. Without treatment, it can affect the kidneys, lungs, and intestines, causing issues like decreased urination and coughing up blood. Antibiotic therapy and supportive care along with clean surroundings and good hygiene can treat and prevent leptospirosis.
Leucorrhoea and homoeopathy therapeutics
The document discusses leucorrhoea (abnormal vaginal discharge) and its homeopathic treatment. It defines leucorrhoea as excessive normal vaginal discharge and lists criteria for diagnosis. It notes that the causes and pathophysiology of leucorrhoea are discussed on following pages. The document provides information on various homeopathic remedies for different types of leucorrhoea discharge, such as color, consistency, timing of discharge, and associated symptoms. It concludes by listing reference materials.
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Medi 4303-i-bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract-i--diarrhoea
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1. Taenia solium, or pork tapeworm, infects people who eat undercooked pork. It can cause abdominal pain and discomfort. The larval stage, called cysticercosis, is more serious and can infect any organ or tissue.
2. Hookworm disease is caused by Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale infecting humans through contaminated soil. It causes iron-deficiency anemia from blood loss in the intestines. Symptoms include fatigue and weakness.
3. Roundworm (ascariasis) infects people through eating food or water contaminated with roundworm eggs from human feces. Symptoms include coughing, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Heavy
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Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by ingesting the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. It has caused several pandemics throughout history and is still prevalent in low-income and developing areas with poor sanitation. The disease causes profuse watery diarrhea which can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. While symptoms are often mild, transmission is through contaminated food or water. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and antibiotics can reduce symptoms. Prevention relies on access to clean water, food safety, and basic hygiene.
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Malaria and its homeopathy treatment in Chembur, Mumbai, India.
"Malaria- it is caused by a virus called Plasmodium Vivax. It is caused by the bites of female anopheles mosquito. In the human body the virus multiplies in the liver and then infects the red blood cells. Malaria can be caused due to mosquito bites, blood transfusion or using shared needles. Mindheal homeopathy offers a treatment of malaria."/>
Malaria and its homeopathy treatment in Chembur, Mumbai, India.
"Malaria- it is caused by a virus called Plasmodium Vivax. It is caused by the bites of female anopheles mosquito. In the human body the virus multiplies in the liver and then infects the red blood cells. Malaria can be caused due to mosquito bites, blood transfusion or using shared needles. Mindheal homeopathy offers a treatment of malaria."/>
Malaria and its homeopathy treatment in Chembur, Mumbai, India.
"Malaria- it is caused by a virus called Plasmodium Vivax. It is caused by the bites of female anopheles mosquito. In the human body the virus multiplies in the liver and then infects the red blood cells. Malaria can be caused due to mosquito bites, blood transfusion or using shared needles. Mindheal homeopathy offers a treatment of malaria."/>
6-cholera .pdf
- Cholera is a life-threatening intestinal infection caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It causes severe watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and death if untreated.
- It is transmitted through contaminated food or water in areas with poor sanitation. Symptoms include vomiting, cramps, and rice water stool.
- Diagnosis involves culturing stool on selective media like TCBS agar to isolate the bacteria. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and antibiotics like azithromycin or ciprofloxacin. Prevention emphasizes proper water treatment, handwashing, and food hygiene.
6-cholera .pdf
- Cholera is a life-threatening intestinal infection caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It causes severe watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and death if untreated.
- It is transmitted through contaminated food or water in areas with poor sanitation. Symptoms include vomiting, cramps, and rice water stool.
- Diagnosis involves culturing stool on selective media like TCBS agar to isolate the bacteria. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration and antibiotics like azithromycin or ciprofloxacin. Prevention emphasizes proper water treatment, handwashing, and food hygiene.
CASE 4 GROUP 1.pptx
A 19-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain and diarrhea for 3 days. She reported nausea, chills, and watery brown stool after returning from a camping trip in New Mexico 5 days prior. On examination, she appeared pale and dry with tachycardia and hypotension. Laboratory results showed a leukocyte count of 16,000 cells/uL. The patient was diagnosed with acute volume depletion and moderate dehydration secondary to acute infectious diarrhea.
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- 1. Leishmania donovani the parasite mainly infects the reticuloendothelial system and can also found in abundance in bone marrow, liver and spleen. Shows dermal lessions known as Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL), in certain cases PKDL may appear after a few years of treatment. Vector borne – Sand flies Leishmaniasis
- 2. Symptoms • Loss of interest and desire of everything, pale appearance, loss of weight with weakness. • Abnormal enlargement of the spleen, usually non- tender and soft • Dry skin and scaly skin of hands, abdomen, feet and face that gives the Indian name Kala-azar which means Black fever. • Anaemia (a condition of deficiency of haemoglobin or red cells in the body progresses rapidly) • Anaemia along with emaciation (weakness) creates a typical appearance of the patients.
- 3. Ascariasis • Infection in the small intestine caused by Ascaris lumbricoides • People get the parasite through water and food • Infection causes no symptoms • High number of roundworms results in the problems in lungs and intestine
- 4. Symptoms when more roundworms in lungs • Coughing or gaggling • Wheezing or shortness of breath • Aspiration Pneumonia rarely • Blood in mucus • Chest discomfort • fever
- 5. • Nausea • Vomitting • Irregular stools or diarrhea • Intestinal blockages which cause severe pain and vomiting • Loss of appetite • Visible worms in the stools • Abdominal discomfort or pain • Weight loss • Growth impairment in child due to Malabsorbtion Symptoms when more roundworms in intestine
- 6. Swallowed eggs first hatch in the intestine The larvae then move to the blood stream to your lungs After maturing, the roundworms leave your lungs and travel to throat Cough up or swallow the round worms - travel back to your intestine The worms will mate and lay more eggs The cycle continues, some eggs are excreated through feces other eggs hatch and return to the lungs
- 9. Common cold • Caused by hundreds of Adeno virus, Rhino virus and Corona virus • No medicine • Antibiotics are given, to overcome the disease caused by other bacteria during common cold caused by viruses.
- 10. Influenza- 1918/ Spanish flu • Caused by H1N1 virus • During world war -1, estimated death was 25% of world population • Fever • Sore throat • fatigue
- 11. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) • Attacks T-helper cells (an important immune cell) • By Human Immuno Virus (HIV) Within few weeks of HIV virus • Fever • Sore throat • Fatigue • No cure exits (2.1 million cases in India (3rd epidemic in the World) • But antiretroviral regimes can dramatically slow down the disease progress as well as prevent secondary infections and complications
- 12. AIDS TRANSMISSION Through body fluids • Blood • Semen • Pre-seminal fluid • Rectal fluids • Vaginal fluids • Breast milk Close contact with infected persons
- 13. AIDS Control To turn off proteins needed by HIV to make copies of itself • Efavirenz • Rilpivirine • Doravirine
- 14. Dengue fever • Not through person to person • Mosquito bites a person with dengue virus in their blood Symptoms • Sudden high fever • Severe head aches • Pain behind the eyes • Severe joint and muscle pains • Fatigue • Nausea • Vomitting • Skin rash • Mild bleeding in gums
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