Infectious agents
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This document discusses infectious agents such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by a coronavirus. SARS first appeared in China in 2002 and spread worldwide through travelers before international health experts were able to contain it by 2004. SARS' symptoms include fever, chills, muscle aches, headache, and sometimes diarrhea or a dry cough and shortness of breath. It can spread through air droplets or contaminated surfaces. Prevention methods include frequent handwashing, wearing masks, and disinfecting surfaces. Those over 60 or with underlying conditions have the highest risk of complications from SARS. The document also briefly mentions Staphylococcus bacteria and acne.
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Covid 19 A pandemic Information
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a new virus. It causes respiratory illness with symptoms such as cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. The disease spreads primarily through droplets from coughing or sneezing and from surfaces with the virus. Prevention includes washing hands regularly, social distancing, covering coughs and sneezes, and seeking early medical care for fever, cough and breathing difficulties. As of May 2020, there were over 1,44,950 reported cases in India and the global mortality rate for the disease is around 13%.
Corona Virus Disease Covid-19 presentation
The document discusses COVID-19 and provides information about what it is, where it originated, common symptoms, how it spreads, prevention methods, risks, treatment, current case numbers, and a global chart showing the rise in cases and deaths over time. It defines COVID-19 as a new strain of coronavirus that emerged from Wuhan, China in late 2019 and was declared a global emergency by the WHO. Key symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue and difficulty breathing. Prevention focuses on frequent hand washing, social distancing, wearing masks and disinfecting surfaces. There is no specific treatment and vaccines are still being developed and tested.
Common skin diseases during adolescence
This document discusses several common skin conditions - acne, warts, and tinea (ringworm). It describes the causes, symptoms, and treatments for each condition. Acne is caused by clogged pores and bacteria, and results in blackheads and whiteheads. Warts are caused by viruses and appear as rough growths on the skin. Tinea is a fungal infection that causes ring-shaped rashes in different areas of the body like athlete's foot and jock itch. Prevention focuses on cleanliness and avoiding sharing personal items.
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), also known as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), are infections that are transmitted from one person to another through sexual contact. STIs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Common STIs include gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, genital herpes, human papillomavirus (HPV), chancroid, and pubic lice. STIs are treated with antibiotics, antiviral drugs, or other medications depending on the specific infection. It is important to complete all treatment and abstain from sex until fully healed to avoid spreading the infection.
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Ringworm
Ringworm is a fungal infection that causes itchy, red patches on the skin, nails, scalp or feet. The patches have distinct borders and a clearer area in the center. It is caused by a fungus and spread through direct contact with infected skin or contaminated items. Diagnosis involves examining skin scrapings under a microscope to check for fungi. Treatment involves antifungal medication for 2-4 weeks and keeping the area dry.
Homeopathic Management of Ring Worm
Ring worm is one type of fungal infection occurring on the skin. There are circular, scaly and contagious eruptions on skin. There are various types of ring worm. Homoeopathy is the system of medicine which effect on immune system as well as whole human being. It treats gently and permanently in case of Ring worm. Dr. Viren D. Nimbark | Dr. Mrugank N. Meghani | Dr. Vaidehi K. Bhatt "Homeopathic Management of Ring Worm" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45228.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/dermatology/45228/homeopathic-management-of-ring-worm/dr-viren-d-nimbark
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Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a new virus. It causes respiratory illness with symptoms such as cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. The disease spreads primarily through droplets from coughing or sneezing and from surfaces with the virus. Prevention includes washing hands regularly, social distancing, covering coughs and sneezes, and seeking early medical care for fever, cough and breathing difficulties. As of May 2020, there were over 1,44,950 reported cases in India and the global mortality rate for the disease is around 13%.
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This document discusses several common skin conditions - acne, warts, and tinea (ringworm). It describes the causes, symptoms, and treatments for each condition. Acne is caused by clogged pores and bacteria, and results in blackheads and whiteheads. Warts are caused by viruses and appear as rough growths on the skin. Tinea is a fungal infection that causes ring-shaped rashes in different areas of the body like athlete's foot and jock itch. Prevention focuses on cleanliness and avoiding sharing personal items.
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), also known as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), are infections that are transmitted from one person to another through sexual contact. STIs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Common STIs include gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, genital herpes, human papillomavirus (HPV), chancroid, and pubic lice. STIs are treated with antibiotics, antiviral drugs, or other medications depending on the specific infection. It is important to complete all treatment and abstain from sex until fully healed to avoid spreading the infection.
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This document provides guidance for schools and colleges on preparing for and responding to an outbreak of swine flu. It defines swine flu as a respiratory illness caused by influenza A that is transmitted from person to person. Symptoms are similar to seasonal flu and include fever, cough, sore throat and other possible symptoms like fatigue and vomiting. The virus spreads through coughing, sneezing or touching contaminated surfaces. To avoid getting sick, people should practice good hygiene, stay home when ill, and clean surfaces. If sick with flu-like symptoms, individuals should stay home in isolation for at least 7 days after symptoms resolve. Schools should monitor absenteeism, clean surfaces, provide information to students and staff, and contact health
COVID 19 Overview
The document provides information about COVID-19 including its symptoms, transmission, worldwide cases, and prevention methods. COVID-19 is caused by a new coronavirus that emerged in China in late 2019 and its symptoms include cough, fever and shortness of breath. It can be spread from person to person through respiratory droplets. As of April 20, 2020 there have been over 2 million confirmed cases worldwide with the US having the most cases. Prevention methods include frequent hand washing, social distancing and wearing a face covering.
Ringworm
Ringworm is a fungal infection that causes itchy, red patches on the skin, nails, scalp or feet. The patches have distinct borders and a clearer area in the center. It is caused by a fungus and spread through direct contact with infected skin or contaminated items. Diagnosis involves examining skin scrapings under a microscope to check for fungi. Treatment involves antifungal medication for 2-4 weeks and keeping the area dry.
Homeopathic Management of Ring Worm
Ring worm is one type of fungal infection occurring on the skin. There are circular, scaly and contagious eruptions on skin. There are various types of ring worm. Homoeopathy is the system of medicine which effect on immune system as well as whole human being. It treats gently and permanently in case of Ring worm. Dr. Viren D. Nimbark | Dr. Mrugank N. Meghani | Dr. Vaidehi K. Bhatt "Homeopathic Management of Ring Worm" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45228.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/dermatology/45228/homeopathic-management-of-ring-worm/dr-viren-d-nimbark
Fungal skin infection (ringworm)
Ringworm is a fungal infection of the skin or scalp that causes red, itchy patches. It is common in children and spreads through direct contact with infected skin or sharing personal items. The infection is caused by fungi and presents as patches that may develop scales, blisters or hair loss if the scalp is affected. Ringworm can be diagnosed through examination of skin samples under a microscope and is usually treated with antifungal creams or tablets.
Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by erythematous scaly plaques. It has genetic and environmental causes, and can be triggered by certain drugs, infections, and trauma. The most common type is psoriasis vulgaris, which presents as erythematous scaly plaques on the elbows and knees, and can affect the nails. Other types include guttate psoriasis, inverse psoriasis, erythrodermic psoriasis, and pustular psoriasis. A diagnostic test called the Auspitz sign involves scraping a lesion to observe increased scaling, a glistening membrane, and punctate bleeding spots.
Ringworm
Ringworm is a fungal infection of the skin that is common among children. It is caused by fungi that feed on keratin in the skin, hair, and nails. The fungi spread through direct contact with infected people or contaminated surfaces and items. Symptoms include itchy, red patches on the skin with sharp borders that may blister or ooze. Treatment involves over-the-counter antifungal creams or pills prescribed by a doctor if the scalp is infected. Ringworm can spread without treatment and cause additional skin infections. People can prevent it by keeping skin clean and dry and not sharing personal items.
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Impetigo
Impetigo is a contagious skin infection most common in children ages 2-5 caused by Staphylococcus and Streptococcus bacteria. It causes red sores that rupture and develop a honey-colored crust. It spreads through direct contact with infected skin or surfaces. There are two main types: non-bullous impetigo features small blisters that scab over, usually on the face; and bullous impetigo features fragile fluid-filled blisters due to a bacterial toxin, often on the trunk. Diagnosis is usually clinical but cultures can identify the bacteria. Treatment involves antibiotics either topically or orally depending on severity.
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CORONA VIRUS
Coronaviruses can cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases like MERS and SARS. The new coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Common signs include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough and shortness of breath. In more severe cases it can cause pneumonia and death. Standard recommendations to prevent spread include frequent hand washing, covering coughs and sneezes, thoroughly cooking meat and eggs, and avoiding contact with sick people. Health workers have rights to proper training, protective equipment, safety measures and a blame-free environment for reporting incidents. They should treat patients with respect and follow public health procedures.
Otomycosis
Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the ear that causes symptoms like itching, pain, and hearing problems. It is more common in warm, tropical areas and among people who swim frequently or have diabetes. The infection is caused by fungi like Aspergillus and Candida growing in the moist, warm environment of the ear. Treatment involves cleaning the infected ear and using antifungal ear drops or oral medication. Prevention includes avoiding getting water in the ears while swimming and drying ears after showers or baths.
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A carbuncle is a cluster of boils caused by a Staphylococcus aureus infection entering hair follicles. It presents as a swollen, painful lump with pus-filled openings on the back of the neck, shoulders, or thighs. Carbuncles are deeper infections than single boils (furuncles) and can cause fever and general illness. Treatment involves antibiotics, incision and drainage of large lesions, and preventing further contamination. Complications may include sepsis if bacteria spread through the bloodstream. Noma (cancrum oris) is a rapidly progressing gangrenous infection of the mouth affecting malnourished children in developing countries. It is caused by a combination of malnutrition, poor
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Ringworm is a fungal infection of the skin, scalp, or nails caused by dermatophyte fungi. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected humans, animals, or contaminated surfaces. There are several types of ringworm depending on the affected area, including tinea corporis (skin), tinea capitis (scalp), and tinea pedis (feet). Symptoms vary by type but include ring-shaped patches that are scaly and sometimes itchy or blistering. Ringworm is typically diagnosed through microscopic examination of skin samples or clippings. It can be treated with topical antifungal creams or oral antifungal medications. Prevention involves avoiding sharing personal items and proper hygiene.
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AIDS
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Fungal skin infection (ringworm)
Ringworm is a fungal infection of the skin or scalp that causes red, itchy patches. It is common in children and spreads through direct contact with infected skin or sharing personal items. The infection is caused by fungi and presents as patches that may develop scales, blisters or hair loss if the scalp is affected. Ringworm can be diagnosed through examination of skin samples under a microscope and is usually treated with antifungal creams or tablets.
Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by erythematous scaly plaques. It has genetic and environmental causes, and can be triggered by certain drugs, infections, and trauma. The most common type is psoriasis vulgaris, which presents as erythematous scaly plaques on the elbows and knees, and can affect the nails. Other types include guttate psoriasis, inverse psoriasis, erythrodermic psoriasis, and pustular psoriasis. A diagnostic test called the Auspitz sign involves scraping a lesion to observe increased scaling, a glistening membrane, and punctate bleeding spots.
Ringworm
Ringworm is a fungal infection of the skin that is common among children. It is caused by fungi that feed on keratin in the skin, hair, and nails. The fungi spread through direct contact with infected people or contaminated surfaces and items. Symptoms include itchy, red patches on the skin with sharp borders that may blister or ooze. Treatment involves over-the-counter antifungal creams or pills prescribed by a doctor if the scalp is infected. Ringworm can spread without treatment and cause additional skin infections. People can prevent it by keeping skin clean and dry and not sharing personal items.
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fever with rash in pediatric age groups
Measles is caused by a virus that spreads through the air via coughing or sneezing. It has an incubation period of 8-12 days and early symptoms include fever, runny nose, eye inflammation, and cough. A rash then develops on the face and spreads downward over 3 days. Complications can include ear infections, pneumonia, and neurological issues. Rubella is caused by a virus spread through respiratory secretions. While usually mild, it can cause fetal death or defects if a pregnant woman is infected. Both measles and rubella can be prevented through vaccination with the MR vaccine at 9 months and 15 months of age.
Impetigo
Impetigo is a contagious skin infection most common in children ages 2-5 caused by Staphylococcus and Streptococcus bacteria. It causes red sores that rupture and develop a honey-colored crust. It spreads through direct contact with infected skin or surfaces. There are two main types: non-bullous impetigo features small blisters that scab over, usually on the face; and bullous impetigo features fragile fluid-filled blisters due to a bacterial toxin, often on the trunk. Diagnosis is usually clinical but cultures can identify the bacteria. Treatment involves antibiotics either topically or orally depending on severity.
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This document discusses various opportunistic fungi that can cause infections including Aspergillus, Penicillium, Zygomycetes, Fusarium, Torulopsis, Acremonium, and Scopulariopsis. Aspergillus fumigatus is a common pathogen that can cause respiratory diseases like aspergillosis or disseminated infections. Penicillium can cause penicillosis, otomycosis, and keratitis. Zygomycetes like Rhizopus and Mucor can cause zygomycosis, mucormycosis, and gastrointestinal or pulmonary infections. These fungi are diagnosed using microscopy and culture techniques and treated with antifung
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Coronaviruses can cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases like MERS and SARS. The new coronavirus emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Common signs include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough and shortness of breath. In more severe cases it can cause pneumonia and death. Standard recommendations to prevent spread include frequent hand washing, covering coughs and sneezes, thoroughly cooking meat and eggs, and avoiding contact with sick people. Health workers have rights to proper training, protective equipment, safety measures and a blame-free environment for reporting incidents. They should treat patients with respect and follow public health procedures.
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Otomycosis is a fungal infection of the ear that causes symptoms like itching, pain, and hearing problems. It is more common in warm, tropical areas and among people who swim frequently or have diabetes. The infection is caused by fungi like Aspergillus and Candida growing in the moist, warm environment of the ear. Treatment involves cleaning the infected ear and using antifungal ear drops or oral medication. Prevention includes avoiding getting water in the ears while swimming and drying ears after showers or baths.
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This document discusses Ebola virus disease, including that it is a severe and often fatal disease first identified in 1976 in Congo and Sudan, it may be transmitted through contact with infected animals like fruit bats, and its symptoms include fever, muscle aches, headaches, and unexplained bruising. Prevention relies on protective equipment for health professionals and proper hand hygiene, as there are currently no approved drugs or vaccines to treat the disease.
Pustular lesions
A carbuncle is a cluster of boils caused by a Staphylococcus aureus infection entering hair follicles. It presents as a swollen, painful lump with pus-filled openings on the back of the neck, shoulders, or thighs. Carbuncles are deeper infections than single boils (furuncles) and can cause fever and general illness. Treatment involves antibiotics, incision and drainage of large lesions, and preventing further contamination. Complications may include sepsis if bacteria spread through the bloodstream. Noma (cancrum oris) is a rapidly progressing gangrenous infection of the mouth affecting malnourished children in developing countries. It is caused by a combination of malnutrition, poor
Ringworm
Ringworm is a fungal infection of the skin, scalp, or nails caused by dermatophyte fungi. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected humans, animals, or contaminated surfaces. There are several types of ringworm depending on the affected area, including tinea corporis (skin), tinea capitis (scalp), and tinea pedis (feet). Symptoms vary by type but include ring-shaped patches that are scaly and sometimes itchy or blistering. Ringworm is typically diagnosed through microscopic examination of skin samples or clippings. It can be treated with topical antifungal creams or oral antifungal medications. Prevention involves avoiding sharing personal items and proper hygiene.
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AIDS
AIDS is a fatal illness caused by the HIV virus which weakens the immune system. It is most common in sexually active adults aged 20-49 and can be transmitted through unprotected sex, blood exposure, or from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding. While there is no cure for AIDS, prevention methods like condom use and sterile needle practices can reduce transmission rates. People infected with HIV may not show symptoms for years but can still transmit the virus, so testing and early treatment are important for controlling the spread of the disease.
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Chickenpox
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This document discusses two contact diseases: trachoma and scabies. Trachoma is an eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis that is spread through contact with infected eye and nasal secretions. Repeated infections can lead to eyelid scarring and vision loss. Scabies is a skin infestation caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite that burrows under the skin. It spreads through prolonged skin-to-skin contact and causes intense itching. Both diseases are diagnosed based on symptoms and microscopic examination. Treatment involves antibiotics for trachoma and scabicides that kill the mites for scabies. Prevention focuses on good hygiene, fly control,
Dengue virus
The dengue virus is a mosquito-borne virus that causes dengue fever, a painful disease affecting around 100 million people yearly in tropical areas. The virus is transmitted via the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. Symptoms include high fever, headaches, joint pain and rash. While there is no specific treatment, recovery involves rest, fluids and pain relief. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites with repellents, protective clothing and reducing mosquito habitats.
Dengue virus (1)
The dengue virus is a mosquito-borne virus that causes dengue fever, a painful disease affecting around 100 million people yearly in tropical areas. The virus is transmitted via the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. Symptoms include high fever, headaches, joint pain and rash. While there is no specific treatment, recovery involves rest, fluids and pain relief. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites with repellents, protective clothing and reducing mosquito habitats.
Co vid 19
This document provides information about COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) including its taxonomy, history, structure, symptoms, treatment, and preventive measures. Some key points:
- COVID-19 is caused by a coronavirus from the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae. It is the third coronavirus to cause disease in humans after SARS and MERS.
- Symptoms range from mild (fever, cough) to severe (pneumonia, respiratory distress). The virus spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing/sneezing.
- There is no specific treatment, only supportive care. Preventive measures include hand washing, social distancing, and use of face masks. Proper hy
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Infectious agents 2
1. Leishmania donovani is a parasite that mainly infects the reticuloendothelial system and can be found in abundance in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen.
2. It can cause a skin condition called Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) which sometimes appears after treatment.
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Hepatitis is a viral disease that primarily involves the liver. There are 5 main types of hepatitis viruses - A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis causes jaundice through acute infection and inflammation of the liver. It is transmitted through contaminated food, water, and bodily fluids depending on the viral type. Treatment focuses on rest, diet, and prevention of transmission.
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Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to establish the fundamental laws of inheritance. He performed a monohybrid cross using pea plants with contrasting traits for height - tall and dwarf. In the F1 generation, all offspring were tall, demonstrating that the tall trait was dominant. In the F2 generation, the offspring showed a 3:1 ratio of tall to dwarf plants. From his experiments, Mendel deduced two laws of inheritance: the law of dominance and the law of segregation. The law of dominance states that one trait is dominant over another recessive trait. The law of segregation holds that alleles segregate and are passed to gametes independently. Mendel's work formed the foundation of
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The document discusses heredity and evolution. It explains that traits are passed from parents to offspring through sexual or asexual reproduction. Genes determine physical characteristics and can be dominant or recessive. Variations in DNA among individuals can arise from environmental factors or genetic recombination during reproduction. These variations are inherited and accumulated over generations, allowing traits advantageous for survival in the environment to be naturally selected.
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The document discusses the endocrine system in animals. It describes 10 endocrine glands - the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, and ovaries. Each gland secretes specific hormones that help coordinate and regulate important body functions like growth, metabolism, sexual development, stress response, and reproduction. Working together, the neural and endocrine systems allow for complex multi-cellular organisms to function in a coordinated manner.
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Plants show two types of movements - tropic movements which are directional responses to stimuli and involve growth, and nastic movements which are non-directional and do not involve growth. Tropic movements include phototropism, hydrotropism, chemotropism, geotropism, and thigmotropism in response to light, water, chemicals, gravity, and touch respectively. Plant growth and development is regulated by plant hormones such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid which promote or inhibit growth. Auxins promote cell elongation, rooting, flowering, and fruit development while inhibiting leaf and fruit abscission. Gib
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Infectious agents
- 8. SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME Corona virus Appeared in China in Nov 2002. Within few months, spread worldwide, carried by unsuspecting travellers Collaborative international effort allowed health experts to quickly contain the spread of disease. No known transmission of SARS anywhere in the world wide since 2004.
- 9. Symptoms of SARS Fever Chills Muscle aches Headache Occasionally diarrhea After a weak – Fever 100.5F or higher Dry cough Shortness of breath
- 10. Mode of spread Through air droplets Also spread on contaminated objects such as Doorknobs Telephones Elevator buttons
- 11. Prevention Wash your hands (frequently with soap and hot water or atleast 60% alcohol containing soaps or sanitizers Wear a surgical mask Use soap and hot water to wash the utensils, towels, bedding an clothing Disinfect surfaces
- 13. Who is at risk? People older than 60-especially those with underlying conditions such as diabetes or hepatitis are at the highest risk of serious complications
- 14. Staphylococci Acne developes when pores on the skin become clogged with too much oil, dead skin cells or bacteria Infected when it is popped Antibiotics are suggested Benzoyl peroxide can be used