LEPTOSPIROSIS.pptx
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Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease transmitted through contact with infected animal urine. It is common in tropical areas with seasonal outbreaks associated with flooding. Symptoms range from mild flu-like illness to severe jaundice or meningitis. At-risk groups include farmers, abattoir workers and those living in poor sanitation. Diagnosis is confirmed through serological tests detecting antibodies. Prevention focuses on personal protection from exposure, health education, chemoprophylaxis, and rodent control to limit transmission.
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FEVER_AND_FEBRILE_SYNDROMESTROPICAL.pptx
This document summarizes fever and febrile syndromes. It discusses the physiology of temperature regulation in the body and the pathogenesis of fever. It describes the different causes of fever including exogenous and endogenous pyrogens. It then discusses specific infectious causes of fever like malaria, enteric fever, dengue, leptospirosis, and scrub typhus. For each condition, it summarizes the causative organism, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. It also discusses complications, investigations, and management principles for febrile illnesses.
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This document provides an overview of leptospirosis, a zoonotic bacterial disease. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Leptospirosis is caused by spirochete bacteria that are typically transmitted to humans from infected animals via contact with urine or contaminated water or soil. It can range from a mild flu-like illness to a more severe form involving multiple organ system failure and death. The document reviews the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leptospirosis.
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Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Leptospira interrogans bacteria transmitted from infected animals to humans through contact with water or soil contaminated by animal urine. It has a wide range of clinical manifestations from a mild flu-like illness to potentially fatal Weil's disease affecting the liver and kidneys. High risk groups include agricultural, sewer and military workers exposed to contaminated environments. Diagnosis involves serological tests or culture of the bacteria from blood or urine, with treatment consisting of antibiotics like doxycycline or penicillin. Prevention focuses on minimizing exposure through protective equipment and chemoprophylaxis of high risk groups.
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Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Leptospira interrogans bacteria transmitted from infected animals to humans through contact with water or soil contaminated by animal urine. It has a wide range of clinical manifestations from a mild flu-like illness to potentially fatal Weil's disease affecting the liver and kidneys. High risk groups include agricultural, sewer and military workers exposed to contaminated environments. Diagnosis involves serological tests or culture of the bacteria from blood or urine, with antibiotics like doxycycline used for treatment. Prevention focuses on minimizing exposure through protective equipment or chemoprophylaxis for high risk groups.
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Leptospirosis is a globally important zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira bacteria. It has a wide range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic infection to severe disease affecting multiple organs. People at highest risk include veterinarians, farmers, and those exposed to contaminated water through recreation or occupation. Diagnosis involves identifying the bacteria through culture, PCR or serology showing antibodies. Treatment consists of antibiotics like penicillin or doxycycline. Prevention focuses on controlling rodent populations and protecting at-risk groups through vaccines, protective equipment, and chemoprophylaxis.
leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by Leptospira interrogans that is distributed worldwide but mostly affects populations in rural and semi-urban areas. It is transmitted through contact with water or soil contaminated by infected animal urine. Clinical presentation varies from mild flu-like symptoms to severe disease affecting multiple organs. Diagnosis involves serological tests, culture or PCR. Treatment is with doxycycline or penicillin with supportive care for organ complications. Prevention focuses on rodent control, vaccination of animals, and avoiding contact with contaminated water sources.
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The document discusses an outbreak of several diseases in Gujarat, India following heavy monsoon rains. It reports suspected cases of chikungunya, cholera, gastroenteritis, unknown fever, and jaundice. Leptospirosis is suspected as the cause of the jaundice cases but has not been confirmed. Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease spread by contact with infected animal urine that can cause a range of symptoms from mild flu-like illness to severe complications involving the liver, kidneys, lungs and nervous system.
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This document summarizes fever and febrile syndromes. It discusses the physiology of temperature regulation in the body and the pathogenesis of fever. It describes the different causes of fever including exogenous and endogenous pyrogens. It then discusses specific infectious causes of fever like malaria, enteric fever, dengue, leptospirosis, and scrub typhus. For each condition, it summarizes the causative organism, transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. It also discusses complications, investigations, and management principles for febrile illnesses.
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Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Leptospira interrogans bacteria transmitted from infected animals to humans through contact with water or soil contaminated by animal urine. It has a wide range of clinical manifestations from a mild flu-like illness to potentially fatal Weil's disease affecting the liver and kidneys. High risk groups include agricultural, sewer and military workers exposed to contaminated environments. Diagnosis involves serological tests or culture of the bacteria from blood or urine, with treatment consisting of antibiotics like doxycycline or penicillin. Prevention focuses on minimizing exposure through protective equipment and chemoprophylaxis of high risk groups.
Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial disease caused by Leptospira interrogans bacteria transmitted from infected animals to humans through contact with water or soil contaminated by animal urine. It has a wide range of clinical manifestations from a mild flu-like illness to potentially fatal Weil's disease affecting the liver and kidneys. High risk groups include agricultural, sewer and military workers exposed to contaminated environments. Diagnosis involves serological tests or culture of the bacteria from blood or urine, with antibiotics like doxycycline used for treatment. Prevention focuses on minimizing exposure through protective equipment or chemoprophylaxis for high risk groups.
Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is a globally important zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira bacteria. It has a wide range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic infection to severe disease affecting multiple organs. People at highest risk include veterinarians, farmers, and those exposed to contaminated water through recreation or occupation. Diagnosis involves identifying the bacteria through culture, PCR or serology showing antibodies. Treatment consists of antibiotics like penicillin or doxycycline. Prevention focuses on controlling rodent populations and protecting at-risk groups through vaccines, protective equipment, and chemoprophylaxis.
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Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by Leptospira interrogans that is distributed worldwide but mostly affects populations in rural and semi-urban areas. It is transmitted through contact with water or soil contaminated by infected animal urine. Clinical presentation varies from mild flu-like symptoms to severe disease affecting multiple organs. Diagnosis involves serological tests, culture or PCR. Treatment is with doxycycline or penicillin with supportive care for organ complications. Prevention focuses on rodent control, vaccination of animals, and avoiding contact with contaminated water sources.
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The document discusses an outbreak of several diseases in Gujarat, India following heavy monsoon rains. It reports suspected cases of chikungunya, cholera, gastroenteritis, unknown fever, and jaundice. Leptospirosis is suspected as the cause of the jaundice cases but has not been confirmed. Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease spread by contact with infected animal urine that can cause a range of symptoms from mild flu-like illness to severe complications involving the liver, kidneys, lungs and nervous system.
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Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria that can infect humans and animals. It is commonly spread through contact with urine of infected animals like rats. The document discusses the causative agents, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Leptospirosis symptoms include high fever, headache, muscle pain and can potentially lead to liver or kidney damage. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests or culture. Antibiotics like doxycycline or penicillin are used for treatment. Prevention involves reducing contact with infected animals and their urine.
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2. There are four distinct serotypes of the dengue virus that cause disease in humans. Infection progresses through febrile, critical, and recovery phases.
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- He had a history of flood exposure 3 months prior and fever 2 months prior.
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- 1. LEPTOSPIROSIS Dr.DIVIJA VIJITH (MD PSM, DNB)
- 2. Introduction • Leptospirosis was probably known much earlier in China and Japan by names such as “rich harvest jaundice” and “autumn fever”. Adolf Weil German Internist
- 3. Introduction continued ….. • Zoonotic disease of public health importance. • Caused by leptospires • Transmitted directly or indirectly from animals to humans (zoonosis). • Without treatment - kidney damage, meningitis, liver failure, respiratory distress, and even death.
- 4. Introduction continued …. • Reasons for lack of recognition of leptospirosis are- – • Mild “flu”-like illness to a serious and sometimes fatal disease • Icterus (jaundice) found in many other diseases involving the liver • The diagnosis is confirmed by laboratory tests, but these are not always available, especially in developing countries.
- 5. SLUM POPULATION OPEN DEFECATION IMPROPER SEWAGE DISPOSAL POOR WATER TREATMENT RAT BREEDING
- 6. Epidemiology • Leptospirosis common in tropical and subtropical areas with high rainfall. • In India- Gujarat , Maharashtra, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa
- 7. AGENT FACTORS Leptospira Interrogans Spirochaete Excreted in urine of infected animals
- 8. HOST FACTORS • Predominantly a disease that affects individuals with lower socioeconomic and poor living conditions. • It is also an occupational disease. • Males suffer more frequently – occupational exposure • Found more often in 20 to 45 years
- 9. Reservoir
- 11. Environment factors • Soil Salinization – alkaline pH conducive for survival of Leptospira for months • Soil temperature – mean annual soil temperature ( at 50 m depth) is 22° C or more • Seasonal disease- beginning of the rainy season and drops as the rains reduce. • Epidemic potential during floods
- 13. Development activities like canal network, roads and railway lines disrupt and hinder natural rain water drainage leading to it’s accumulation for long periods. This forces rodents to abandon their burrows and ultimately leads to contamination of stagnant water by their urine.
- 15. CLINICAL PRESENTATION • Incubation period : 5 to 14 days • Case Fatality Rate : 0 to 15% Leptospirosis Hepatic Severe Anicteric Icteric
- 16. Anicteric Leptospirosis • Fever • Myalgia ( raised CPK , Muscle pain ) • Conjunctival suffusion – RED CONJUNCTIVA *** • Headache ( Throbbing headache) • Renal manifestations ( asymptomatic – mild proteinuria- ARF) • Pulmonary manifestations - cough and chest pain • Hemorrhage
- 17. Icteric Leptospirosis ( more severe than non icteric) • Fever - prolonged • Myalgia – calf muscles more tender • Headache • Conjunctival suffusion – reddish yellow • Oliguria/anuria or proteinuria • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or abdominal pain • Hypotension and circulatory collapse • JAUNDICE
- 18. Severe leptospirosis • Weils disease – severe kidney and liver involvement
- 19. Hepatic leptospirosis • Jaundice starting after 4 to 7 days • Renal ( ATN, Hematuria-cola coloured urine, signs of uremia, edema of face and feet) • Pulmonary (cough, chest pain and blood stained sputum- pulm hemorrhage and resp distress occur- most common cause of death in leptospirosis) • Cardiovascular system involvement ( Shock, arrythmias) • CNS – meningitis, headache, irritability, restlessness, seizures/coma • Leptospirosis in pregnancy- fetal loss
- 20. Differential diagnosis • Falciparum malaria • Dengue/DHF • Scrub typhus • Typhoid • Viral hepatitis
- 21. Laboratory diagnosis • IgM Immune Assays /PCR test +ve • Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) – fourfold rise between acute and convalescent phase serum specimens run in parallel • Demonstration of leptospires from clinical specimen
- 22. Prevention and control • Personal protection • Health education • Chemoprophylaxis • Rodent control
- 23. Personal protection • Avoid direct and indirect human contact with animal urine • Wearing rubber gloves and shoes • Betadine applied prior to exit and after exit
- 24. Health education • Awareness generation
- 25. Chemoprophylaxis • Doxycycline 200mg once a week to agriculture workers • During peak transmission • For 6 weeks
- 26. Rodent control • Rattus rattus, Bandicota bengalensis, Rattus norvegicus, Bandicota indica • Identify reservoir species • Antirodent activities • Premonsoon months • Community participation
- 27. In addition • Mapping of waterbodies • Education of farmers • Vaccination of animals – limited protection, booster every 2 years.
- 28. Thank You!!
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