This document discusses infancy and childhood disorders, including congenital anomalies, prematurity, infections, fetal hydrops, inborn errors of metabolism, sudden infant death syndrome, and tumors. It provides details on SIDS, including definitions, incidence, pathogenesis, risk factors, and causes. It also summarizes common benign tumors like hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, and teratomas. For malignant tumors, it focuses on neuroblastoma, describing locations, morphology, clinical presentation, and genetics. It also summarizes Wilms tumor, discussing epidemiology, genetics, morphology, and clinical features.
IT INCLUDES ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF LIVER .
THE SOURCES ARE:-
THE MEDICAL TEXT BOOK OF ROBBIN'S PATHOLOGY
AND OTHERS
IMAGES SOURCE :- ATLAS BOOKS AND INTERNET
IT INCLUDES ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF LIVER .
THE SOURCES ARE:-
THE MEDICAL TEXT BOOK OF ROBBIN'S PATHOLOGY
AND OTHERS
IMAGES SOURCE :- ATLAS BOOKS AND INTERNET
The study of the blood flow is called hemodynamics.
Thus hemodynamics deals with the dynamics of blood flow. The circulatory system is controlled by homeostatic mechanisms, much as hydraulic circuits and are controlled by control systems.
Hemodynamic response continuously monitors and adjusts to conditions in the body and its environment. Thus hemodynamics explains the physical laws that govern the flow of blood in the blood vessels.
A basic summary on the different types and causes of jaundice which served as a supplementary report for our Physiology (HSC 83) lecture on the liver.
AUTHORS:
Chiu, Jo
Ribaya, Vincent
Urtula, Migs
DATE PRESENTED:
October 1, 2011
The study of the blood flow is called hemodynamics.
Thus hemodynamics deals with the dynamics of blood flow. The circulatory system is controlled by homeostatic mechanisms, much as hydraulic circuits and are controlled by control systems.
Hemodynamic response continuously monitors and adjusts to conditions in the body and its environment. Thus hemodynamics explains the physical laws that govern the flow of blood in the blood vessels.
A basic summary on the different types and causes of jaundice which served as a supplementary report for our Physiology (HSC 83) lecture on the liver.
AUTHORS:
Chiu, Jo
Ribaya, Vincent
Urtula, Migs
DATE PRESENTED:
October 1, 2011
I LOVE NEUROSURGERY INITIATIVE: INTRACRANIAL TUMORS.pptwalid maani
A complete presentation to help medical students and junior neurosurgical residents to understand the topic of intracranial tumors. Complete with Illustrations and imaging.
Brain tumours are responsible for approximately
2% of all cancer deaths. Central nervous system
tumours comprise the most common group of
solid tumours in young patients, accounting for
20% of all paediatric neoplasms. The overall incidence
of brain tumours is 8–10 per 100 000 population
per year. A study by the United States
Department of Health in 1966 showed the incidence
to be 21 per 100 000 per year at 2 years old
and 1 per 100 000 during the teenage years. The
incidence increases after the 4th decade of life to
reach a maximum of 16 per 100 000 per year in the
7th decade. There has been an intense debate concerning
the increased incidence of brain tumours,
especially in the elderly, but this possible increase
could be explained due to the advent of CT and
MRI leading to better detection of tumours.
Classification
The general brain tumour classification is related
to the cell of origin, and is shown in Table 6.1.
Table 6.2 shows the approximate distribution
of the more common brain tumours.
This chapter will discuss the tumours derived
from the neuroectoderm and metastatic tumours.
The following chapters will describe the benign
brain tumours and pituitary tumours.
Aetiology
Epidemiology studies have not indicated any
particular factor (viral, chemical or traumatic)
that causes brain tumours in humans, although a
range of cerebral tumours can be induced in animals
experimentally. There is no genetic predis
Nephroblastoma also known as Wilms tumor, is the most common renal malignancy affecting one in 10,000 children <15 years old
Children with bilateral disease are diagnosed at an earlier age (median age, girls at 31 months and boys at 24 months): Patients with associated congenital anomalies are also diagnosed at an earlier age
Accounts for 6-7% of cases of childhood cancer in the developed world and 12% in South Africa
In Tanzania the prevalence is 6.7% ( Mgaya E et al., 2000), “third from leukemia and lymphoma” (Shakilu J, 2017)
The overall survival rate of nephroblastoma approaches 90% in the developed world but in developing countries the survival rates are much less and in some sub-Saharan countries it is only 40% at 8 months after diagnosis
These may occur in 1% of infantile kidneys but typically regress during childhood
Nephrogenic rests normally occur in 1% of newborn kidneys and regress early in childhood: in contrast, they are present in 35% of kidneys with unilateral Wilms tumor and almost 100% of kidneys with bilateral disease
Nephrogenic rests normally occur in 1% of newborn kidneys and regress early in childhood: in contrast, they are present in 35% of kidneys with unilateral Wilms tumor and almost 100% of kidneys with bilateral disease
Nephrogenic rests normally occur in 1% of newborn kidneys and regress early in childhood: in contrast, they are present in 35% of kidneys with unilateral Wilms tumor and almost 100% of kidneys with bilateral disease
Nephrogenic rests normally occur in 1% of newborn kidneys and regress early in childhood: in contrast, they are present in 35% of kidneys with unilateral Wilms tumor and almost 100% of kidneys with bilateral disease
Has been associated with loss of function mutations of a number of tumor suppressor and transcription genes
These include mutations of the WT1, p53, FWT1, and FWT2 genes and at the 11p15.5 locus
Histologically, the classic favorable histology Wilms tumor is comprised of three cell types:
Blastemal cells – Undifferentiated cells
Stromal cells – Immature spindle cells and heterologous skeletal muscle, cartilage, osteoid or fat
Epithelial cells – Glomeruli and tubules
Grossly, Wilms tumors are usually well-circumscribed and have a pseudo-capsule
Histologically, Wilms is divided into "Favorable" and "Unfavorable" histologies
"Favorable" Histology: 90% of Wilms tumors will demonstrate "favorable" histology which generally has a better prognosis
Most children with Wilms tumor present with an abdominal mass or swelling without other signs or symptoms
The definitive diagnosis of Wilms tumor is made by histologic confirmation at the time of either surgical excision or biopsy
Stage I indicates the tumor was completely contained within the kidney without any breaks or spillage outside the renal capsule and no vascular invasion
Stage II would be a tumor that has grown outside the kidney
Stage IIIunresectable tumor
Stage IV-Metastasis
Stage V-bilateral kidney
Surgery is the main treatment
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
4. Definition
o SIDS is the sudden, unexplained death of an
infant younger than one year old.
o Some people call SIDS "crib death" because many
babies who die of SIDS are found in their cribs.
5. INCIDENCE OF
o SIDS is the leading cause of death in children
between one month and one year old.
o Most SIDS deaths occur when babies are between
2 months & 4 months old
o 6000-7000 babies die of SIDS every year in US
male predominance
the presence of intrathoracic petechiae
linked the death to a sleep period (i.e., the time
when the majority of deaths occurred)
6. PATHOGENESIS
A leading hypothesis - SIDS may reflect a delay or
abnormality in the development of nerve cells within
the brain that are critical to normal heart and lung
function.
brainstems of infants who died with a diagnosis of
SIDS have revealed a developmental delay in the
formation and function of several serotonin-binding
nerve cell pathways within the brain.
The most compelling hypothesis is that SIDS reflects
a delayed development of “arousal” and
cardiorespiratory control
7. The serotonergic (5-HT) system of the
medulla is implicated in these “arousal”
responses, as well as regulation of other critical
homeostatic functions such as respiratory drive,
blood pressure & upper airway reflexes
8. Causes of SIDS ?!
A combination of physical and sleep environmental
factors can make an infant more vulnerable to SIDS.
These factors may vary from child to child.
o Brain abnormalities
o Low birth weight
o Respiratory infection
9. RISK FACTORS
A “triple-risk” model of SIDS has been
proposed, which postulates the
intersection of three overlapping factors:
(1) a vulnerable infant,
(2) a critical developmental period(first 6 months
of life)
(3) an exogenous stressor.
14. o Sleeping on a soft surface. Lying face down
on a fluffy comforter or a waterbed can block an
infant's airway. Draping a blanket over a baby's
head also is risky.
19. In infants and children under 4 years of age:
MC malignant tumours are various types of
blastomas.
Children between 5 to 9 years of age:
haematopoietic malignancies.
In the age range of 10-14 years:
soft tissue & bony sarcomas.
21. Hemangioma
Hemangioma. Hemangiomas are the most
common tumors of infancy
In children, most are located in the skin, particularly
on the face and scalp, where they produce flat to
elevated, irregular, red-blue masses; some of the
flat, larger lesions are referred to as port-wine
stains
Hemangiomas may enlarge along with the growth
of the child, but in many instances they
spontaneously regress
22. Lymphatic Tumors
lymphatic origin
lymphangiomas—are hamartomatous or
neoplastic, whereas others k/s lymphangiectasis.
The lymphangiomas are usually characterized by
cystic and cavernous spaces.
23. Teratomas
Teratomas may occur as benign, well-differentiated cystic
lesions (mature teratomas), immature teratomas, or as
malignant teratomas
two peaks in incidence: the first at - 2 years of age & the
second in late adolescence or early adulthood
Sacrococcygeal teratomas are the most common
teratomas of childhood (40%)
Approximately 75% - mature teratomas
about 12% - unequivocally malignant and lethal.
The remainder is immature teratomas;
27. NEUROBLASTOMA
Neuroblastic tumors include tumors of:
Sympathetic ganglia
Adrenal medulla
These sites have cells derived from
primordial Neural Crest
28. NEUROBLASTOMA
Among Neuroblastic tumors, Neuroblastoma is
the most common extracranial solid tumor of
childhood
It is the most frequently diagnosed tumor of
infancy
Median age of diagnosis is 18 months & 40% are
diagnosed during infancy
29. NEUROBLASTOMA
Germline mutations in Anaplastic Lymphoma
Kinase (ALK) gene is the major cause of familial
predisposition to Neuroblastoma
40% of cases arise in Adrenal medulla
Other sites of involvement are:
Paravertebral region of Abdomen (25%)
Posterior Mediastinum (15%)
Rest of the common sites are Pelvis, Neck & within
the Brain (Cerebral Neuroblastoma)
30. NEUROBLASTOMA
Morphology (Grossly):
Size ranges from small nodules (k/s in-situ lesions) to
large masses weighing more than 1 kg.
In-situ lesions occur more frequently
majority of which regress leaving only a focus of
fibrosis or calcification in the adult
31. NEUROBLASTOMA
Morphology (Grossly):
Some have fibrous pseudocapsules but others are
infiltrative invading surrounding structures
On cut section:
Soft
Composed of Gray-tan tissue
May show areas of Hemorrhage and Necrosis
32.
33. NEUROBLASTOMA
Morphology (Microscopically):
Composed of:
Sheets of small cells with dark nuclei
Scanty cytoplasm
Poorly defined cell borders
Pleomorphism
Mitotic activity
Homer-Wright rosettes may be seen
34.
35. NEUROBLASTOMA
Clinical progress:
In children under 2 years of age, Neuroblastoma
presents with large abdominal mass, fever and
weight loss
In older children, they may not come into attention
until metastasis causing manifestations related to
affected organs such as:
Bone Pain
Respiratory Symptoms
Gastrointestinal Symptoms
36.
37. WILMS TUMOR
Also known as Nephroblastoma
In U.S.A., it is most common primary Renal tumor of
childhood
Peak incidence is seen in the age group of 2-5 years
95% cases occur before the age of 10 years
5-10% cases involve both the kidneys
Synchronous: If both kidneys affected at same time
Metachronous: If affected one after another
38. WILMS TUMOR
The exact cause of Wilms tumor is not clear but in rare cases,
heredity plays a role
Risk factors:
African-American race
Family history of Wilms tumor
Some cases can occur as a part of three syndromes:
WAGR Syndrome
Denys-Drash Syndrome
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
39. WILMS TUMOR
WAGR Syndrome:
It includes Wilms tumor, Aniridia, Genitourinary system
abnormalities and Mental Retardation
These cases carry germline deletion of chromosome 11p13
This chromosome carry the first Wilms Tumor associated
gene WT1
The lifetime chances of occurrence of Wilms tumor is 33%
40. WILMS TUMOR
Denys-Drash Syndrome:
It includes gonadal dysgenesis and early onset nephropathy
These cases also carry germline abnormalities in WT1 which
affects DNA binding properties
These cases have higher risk of Wilms tumor (~90%)
41. WILMS TUMOR
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome:
This is clinically different from both WAGR & Denys-Drash
syndromes but this also has high risk of developing Wilms
Tumor
This syndrome is characterized by enlargement of body
organs, macroglossia, ear abnormalities & abnormal large
cells in Adrenal Cortex
The chromosome region implicated has been localized to
band 11p15.5 and termed as WT2
42. WILMS TUMOR
Morphology:
Grossly:
Tumor is large, solitary and well circumscribed
10% cases are bilateral or multicentric
On cut section,
• Soft
• Homogenous
• Tan to gray in color
• Occasionally foci of hemorrhage and necrosis
seen
43. Wilms tumor in the lower pole of the
kidney with the characteristic tan-to-gray
color & well-circumscribed margins
44. WILMS TUMOR
Morphology:
microscopically:
Tumor is composed of sheets of small blue cells
5% cases show features of anaplasia i.e. Presence of
cells with nuclei features:
• Large
• Hyperchromatic
• Pleomorphic
• With mitotic figures
45. Focal anaplasia was present in this Wilms tumor
in other areas, characterized by cells with
hyperchromatic, pleomorphic nuclei, and
abnormal mitoses.
46. WILMS TUMOR
Clinical features:
Large abdominal mass which may extend to pelvis
Hematuria
Abdominal pain
Intestinal obstruction
In some cases, pulmonary metastasis is present at
the time of primary diagnosis
48. Alarming environmental degradation
1. Population explosion
2. Urbanisation of rural & forest land to
accommodate the increasing numbers
3. Accumulation of wastes
4. Unsatisfactory disposal of radioactive and
electronic waste
5. Industrial effluents and automobile exhausts
49. Environmental &
nutritional diseases
1. Environmental pollution:
i. Air pollution
ii. Environmental chemicals
iii. Tobacco smoking
2. Chemical and drug injury:
i. Therapeutic (iatrogenic) drug injury
ii. Non-therapeutic toxic agents (e.g. alcohol, lead,
carbon monoxide, drug abuse)
iii. Environmental chemicals
50. 3. Injury by physical agents:
i. Thermal and electrical injury
ii. Injury by ionising radiation
4. Nutritional diseases:
i. Overnutrition (obesity)
ii. Undernutrition (starvation, PEM, vitamin
deficiencies).
51. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Any agent— chemical, physical or microbial, that
alters the composition of environment is called
pollutant
air pollution,
environmental chemicals
tobacco smoking.
52. AIR POLLUTION
The adverse effects of air pollutants on lung depend
upon a few variables that include:
i) longer duration of exposure;
ii) total dose of exposure;
iii) impaired ability of the host to clear inhaled particles;
iv) particle size of 1-5 µm capable of getting impacted in
the distal airways to produce tissue injury.
53. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS
1. Agriculture chemicals
2. Volatile organic solvents
3. Metals Pollution by occupational exposure to
toxic metals such as mercury, arsenic, cadmium,
iron, nickel & aluminium are important hazardous
environmental chemicals.
4. Aromatic hydrocarbons - are contaminant in
several preservatives, herbicides and antibacterial
agents are a chronic health hazard.
5. Cyanide- released by combustion of plastic, silk
6. Environmental dusts
54. TOBACCO SMOKING
The relative risk of major diseases in tobacco
smokers compared from non-smokers
i) Cancer of the lung: 12 to 23 times
ii) COPD: 10-13 times
iii) Cancers of upper aerodigestive tract (larynx,
pharynx, lip, oral cavity, oesophagus): 6 to 14 times
iv) Aortic aneurysm: 6-7 times
v) Other cancers by systemic effects (kidneys,
pancreas, urinary bladder, stomach, cervix): 2-3
times
55. vi) Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA): 2-4 times
vii) Coronary heart disease: 2 to 3 times relative risk
viii) Sudden infant death syndrome: 2 times
ix) Buerger’s disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)
x) Peptic ulcer disease AC 70%higher risk in smokers.
xi) Early menopause in smoker women.
xii) In smoking pregnant women, higher risk of LBW
of foetus, higher perinatal mortality and intellectual
deterioration of newborn.
59. CHEMICAL AND DRUG INJURY
1. Therapeutic (iatrogenic) agents e.g.
drugs, which when administered indiscriminately
are associated with adverse effects.
2. Non-therapeutic agents e.g. alcohol, lead,
carbon monoxide, drug abuse.
60. CHEMICAL AND DRUG INJURY
THERAPEUTIC (IATROGENIC) DRUG INJURY
Adverse effects of drugs may appear due to:
i) overdose;
ii) genetic predisposition;
iii) exaggerated pharmacologic response
iv) interaction with other drugs
v) unknown factors.
66. Adverse drug reaction.
Skin pigmentation caused by minocycline
(a long-acting tetracycline derivative)
Diffuse blue-gray pigmentation of the forearm
67. NON-THERAPEUTIC TOXIC AGENTS
1. ALCOHOLISM
most of the alcohol-related injury to different
organs is due to toxic effects of alcohol and
accumulation of its main toxic metabolite,
acetaldehyde, in the blood.
Other proposed mechanisms of tissue injury in
chronic alcoholism are free-radical mediated
injury and genetic susceptibility to alcohol-
dependence & tissue damage.
70. NON-THERAPEUTIC TOXIC AGENTS
2. LEAD POISONING
Lead poisoning may occur in children or adults
due to accidental or occupational ingestion.
absorbed lead is distributed in two types of
tissues
a) Bones, teeth, nails and hair b) Brain, liver,
kidneys and bone marrow
72. NON-THERAPEUTIC TOXIC AGENTS
3. CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
CO poisoning may present in 2 ways:
Acute CO poisoning in which there is sudden
development of brain hypoxia characterised by
oedema and petechial haemorrhages.
Chronic CO poisoning presents with nonspecific
changes of slowly developing hypoxia of the brain.
73. INJURY BY RADIATION
most important form of radiation injury is ionising
radiation which has three types of effects on cells:
i) Somatic effects which cause acute cell killing.
ii) Genetic damage by mutations and therefore,
passes genetic defects in the next progeny of cells.
iii) Malignant transformation of cells
74. 1. Skin: radiation dermatitis, cancer.
2. Lungs: interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Heart: myocardial fibrosis, constrictive pericarditis.
4. Kidney: radiation nephritis.
5. GI tract: strictures of small bowel and oesophagus.
6 Gonads: testicular atrophy & destruction of ovaries.
7. Haematopoietic tissue: pancytopenia due to bone
marrow depression.
8. Eyes: cataract.
75. 4. DRUG ABUSE
use of certain drugs for the purpose of ‘mood alteration’ or
‘euphoria’ or ‘kick’ but subsequently leading to habit-
forming, dependence & eventually addiction
1. Marijuana or ‘pot’ is psychoactive substance – (leaves
of the plant Cannabis sativa) (contains
tetrahydrocannabinol ) (smoked or ingested.
2. Derivatives of opium (heroin and morphine). Opioids
are derived from the poppy plant.
3. CNS depressants - barbiturates, tranquilisers, alcohol.
4. CNS stimulants e.g. cocaine and amphetamines.
5. Psychedelic drugs e.g. LSD.
6. lnhalants e.g. glue, paint thinner, nail polish remover,
aerosols, amyl nitrite.