Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. It arises from embryonic cells in the cerebellum. The standard treatment is surgery, followed by radiation and chemotherapy. Prognosis depends on age, extent of resection, molecular subtype, and presence of metastasis. While medulloblastoma has a better prognosis in children than adults, long-term survival remains a challenge, especially for high-risk or relapsed patients. Ongoing research into the molecular underpinnings may lead to more targeted therapies and improved outcomes.
This document discusses embryonal brain tumors in children, focusing on medulloblastoma. It provides details on the origin, epidemiology, pathology, molecular pathogenesis, clinical presentation, evaluation, treatment and prognosis of medulloblastoma. It also briefly discusses other embryonal brain tumors seen in children, including atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor, embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes, and pineoblastoma. The key information provided includes that medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children, arises from the cerebellum, and has distinct molecular subgroups associated with different clinical behaviors and outcomes.
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children that arises in the cerebellum. It typically presents between ages 4-8 with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure and cerebellar dysfunction. Treatment involves surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy in a multimodal approach. Prognosis is generally better in adults compared to children due to differences in tumor biology and treatment tolerance. Relapse can occur in up to 30% of patients within 3 years after initial treatment.
1) Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. It arises in the cerebellum and has a tendency to metastasize through the CSF pathways.
2) It is classified into molecular subgroups - WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4 - which have different characteristics and predict survival outcomes.
3) Treatment involves maximal safe surgical resection followed by craniospinal radiation and chemotherapy based on risk stratification into standard-risk and high-risk groups. Modified radiation schedules are being studied to reduce long-term side effects.
This document discusses various types of embryonal brain tumors that occur in children. It begins by providing background on the incidence of childhood cancers and CNS tumors specifically. It then lists and describes the main embryonal brain tumor types seen in children, including medulloblastoma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, pineoblastoma, and pituitary blastoma. For each tumor type, it discusses characteristics such as age of onset, location, histopathological features, molecular markers, treatment approaches, and prognosis. It emphasizes the importance of molecular classification in determining treatment strategies and clinical outcomes for these tumors.
This document discusses embryonal brain tumors in children. Some key points:
- Embryonal tumors account for a large fraction of pediatric brain tumors and have a tendency to disseminate through cerebrospinal fluid.
- Major embryonal tumor types include medulloblastoma, CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumor, and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor.
- Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in children. It can be classified based on histology and molecular markers into subgroups like WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4 that have different clinical behaviors and prognoses.
- Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy
This document discusses neuroblastoma and nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor). Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, arising from the sympathetic nervous system. It presents heterogeneously from spontaneous regression to aggressive forms. The causes are largely unknown. Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor) is the most common malignant renal tumor of childhood. Both tumors are diagnosed through imaging and urine/blood tests. Prognosis and treatment varies depending on tumor histology and staging. Aggressive forms of neuroblastoma and anaplastic Wilms tumor remain difficult to treat.
General Basic knowledge of Brain tumour explained in brief of classification, pathogenesis, clinical features, CT, MRI, management, Radiotherapy. Best for MBBS and PG preparation student.
This document discusses embryonal brain tumors in children, focusing on medulloblastoma. It provides details on the origin, epidemiology, pathology, molecular pathogenesis, clinical presentation, evaluation, treatment and prognosis of medulloblastoma. It also briefly discusses other embryonal brain tumors seen in children, including atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor, embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes, and pineoblastoma. The key information provided includes that medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children, arises from the cerebellum, and has distinct molecular subgroups associated with different clinical behaviors and outcomes.
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children that arises in the cerebellum. It typically presents between ages 4-8 with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure and cerebellar dysfunction. Treatment involves surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy in a multimodal approach. Prognosis is generally better in adults compared to children due to differences in tumor biology and treatment tolerance. Relapse can occur in up to 30% of patients within 3 years after initial treatment.
1) Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. It arises in the cerebellum and has a tendency to metastasize through the CSF pathways.
2) It is classified into molecular subgroups - WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4 - which have different characteristics and predict survival outcomes.
3) Treatment involves maximal safe surgical resection followed by craniospinal radiation and chemotherapy based on risk stratification into standard-risk and high-risk groups. Modified radiation schedules are being studied to reduce long-term side effects.
This document discusses various types of embryonal brain tumors that occur in children. It begins by providing background on the incidence of childhood cancers and CNS tumors specifically. It then lists and describes the main embryonal brain tumor types seen in children, including medulloblastoma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, pineoblastoma, and pituitary blastoma. For each tumor type, it discusses characteristics such as age of onset, location, histopathological features, molecular markers, treatment approaches, and prognosis. It emphasizes the importance of molecular classification in determining treatment strategies and clinical outcomes for these tumors.
This document discusses embryonal brain tumors in children. Some key points:
- Embryonal tumors account for a large fraction of pediatric brain tumors and have a tendency to disseminate through cerebrospinal fluid.
- Major embryonal tumor types include medulloblastoma, CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumor, and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor.
- Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in children. It can be classified based on histology and molecular markers into subgroups like WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4 that have different clinical behaviors and prognoses.
- Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy
This document discusses neuroblastoma and nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor). Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, arising from the sympathetic nervous system. It presents heterogeneously from spontaneous regression to aggressive forms. The causes are largely unknown. Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor) is the most common malignant renal tumor of childhood. Both tumors are diagnosed through imaging and urine/blood tests. Prognosis and treatment varies depending on tumor histology and staging. Aggressive forms of neuroblastoma and anaplastic Wilms tumor remain difficult to treat.
General Basic knowledge of Brain tumour explained in brief of classification, pathogenesis, clinical features, CT, MRI, management, Radiotherapy. Best for MBBS and PG preparation student.
Brain and spinal cord tumors are the second most common cancers in children. They often present with non-specific symptoms, so diagnosis can be delayed. The most common tumor types are pilocytic astrocytomas and medulloblastoma in children aged 0-14, and pituitary/craniopharyngeal tumors and pilocytic astrocytomas in adolescents aged 15-19. Tumors are graded on a scale of I to IV based on malignancy. Treatment involves surgery along with radiation and chemotherapy depending on tumor type and grade. Prognosis depends on factors like extent of surgical resection and tumor location.
Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors in children. They arise in the cerebellum and can spread through the CSF pathways. Complete surgical resection followed by craniospinal irradiation is the main treatment approach. CSI provides improved local and systemic tumor control compared to other radiation techniques based on early studies. Medulloblastomas are highly radiosensitive tumors, making radiation an important part of management, though younger patients and those with residual disease or metastasis have poorer outcomes.
I LOVE NEUROSURGERY INITIATIVE: INTRACRANIAL TUMORS.pptwalid maani
This document discusses intracranial tumors, including:
- Their incidence rates, with primary brain tumors occurring in 6 per 100,000 people and metastatic tumors in 30 per 100,000 people.
- Common tumor types like astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, medulloblastomas, meningiomas, and pituitary tumors.
- Risk factors, clinical presentation, investigations including CT, MRI, PET and angiography, pathology classification, and management approaches like surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
This document discusses various papillary tumors of the central nervous system. It begins by outlining the typical age ranges and locations for different tumor types, then describes key histological features. Several specific tumor types are discussed in more detail, including choroid plexus tumors, ependymomas, astroblastoma, meningioma, glioblastoma, craniopharyngioma, germ cell tumors, and metastatic tumors. Immunohistochemistry staining patterns are also provided to aid in diagnosis. The summary emphasizes that the diagnostic approach is to first consider the patient's age and radiology findings, examine histological features, and only use IHC when necessary to determine a tumor's primary origin.
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, arising from neural crest cells. It often presents with metastases at diagnosis. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant, and immunotherapy depending on risk factors like age, stage, genetics. Prognosis depends on stage, MYCN amplification, DNA ploidy, with stage 4 and amplified MYCN indicating poorer outcomes. Multimodal therapy has improved survival rates.
This document provides information on neuroblastoma and kidney tumors in pediatric patients. It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, staging, and prognostic markers of neuroblastoma. Key points include:
- Neuroblastoma is a common extracranial tumor in children and often arises in the adrenal medulla.
- Presentation varies depending on location and extent of disease but may include abdominal mass or pain.
- Diagnostic workup involves tumor biopsy, imaging, and urine or serum catecholamine levels.
- The INRG staging system incorporates image-defined risk factors to classify tumors and predict resectability.
- Prognostic markers like age, MYCN amplification
This document discusses infancy and childhood disorders, including congenital anomalies, prematurity, infections, fetal hydrops, inborn errors of metabolism, sudden infant death syndrome, and tumors. It provides details on SIDS, including definitions, incidence, pathogenesis, risk factors, and causes. It also summarizes common benign tumors like hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, and teratomas. For malignant tumors, it focuses on neuroblastoma, describing locations, morphology, clinical presentation, and genetics. It also summarizes Wilms tumor, discussing epidemiology, genetics, morphology, and clinical features.
This document discusses common malignancies in children and embryonal tumors specifically. It outlines four main embryonal tumors - Wilms tumor, retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, and medulloblastoma. For each tumor, it describes the clinical presentation, cellular origins based on embryonic development, molecular pathology including key genetic drivers, and current treatment approaches. It concludes by noting certain genetic predisposition syndromes can increase the risk of developing cancer in childhood.
Primary brain tumors occur in around 250,000 people globally each year, accounting for less than 2% of all cancers. The most common primary brain tumors are meningiomas (20.8% of cases) and gliomas (50.4% of cases), which originate from glial cells. Gliomas include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. Astrocytomas are the most common glioma and are graded from I to IV based on factors like cellularity and presence of necrosis, with glioblastoma multiforme being grade IV. Meningiomas originate from the meninges and are typically benign, though some can become malignant. Primary brain tumors are
Retinoblastoma is a rapidly developing cancer of the retina that mostly affects young children. It can be hereditary, arising from a genetic mutation, or non-hereditary. Clinical features include a white pupil reflex or leukocoria. Diagnosis involves eye examination and imaging tests. Treatment depends on tumor stage but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, or eye removal. Close monitoring of family members is needed if hereditary to screen for the condition.
Testicular tumors are rare.
1 – 2 % of all malignant tumors.
Most common malignancy in men in the 15 to 35 year age group.
Benign lesions represent a greater percentage of cases in children than in adults.
Most curable solid neoplasm
The document discusses several types of tumors that can occur in the head and neck region of children. Lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and neuroblastoma are some of the tumors mentioned. For lymphoma, the most common presentation is cervical lymphadenopathy, while rhabdomyosarcoma often presents with pain and swelling in locations like the orbit or paranasal sinuses. Diagnosis involves biopsy along with imaging and lab tests. Treatment depends on the specific tumor but may involve chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. All childhood cancer cases should be referred to a specialist center.
1. World Health Organization (WHO) grade 1 and 2 gliomas account for 60% of pediatric supratentorial tumors, with pilocytic astrocytomas being the most common, making up 1/3 of pediatric gliomas. Pilocytic astrocytomas have an excellent prognosis with 95% 10-year survival.
2. Diffuse astrocytomas are less common low-grade tumors in children. High-grade gliomas including anaplastic gliomas and glioblastomas are rare in children but have a poor prognosis, though survival is better than in adults.
3. Subependymal giant cell tumors are slow-growing tumors seen in children with tuberous s
Neuroblastoma is the most common cancer in babies and the third-most common cancer in children after leukemia and brain cancer, proper diagnosis, treatment must be done in appropriate time. As it a fatal condition psychosocial support is most important for patient and family.
This document discusses precocious puberty, which is defined as the development of secondary sex characteristics before age 8 in girls and 9 in boys. There are two types: central precocious puberty caused by early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, and peripheral precocious puberty caused by elevated sex steroid levels independent of gonadotropins. Imaging depends on gender and lab results, and may include MRI of the brain in boys with central precocious puberty or ovarian/testicular ultrasound in peripheral precocious puberty cases. Common causes discussed include hypothalamic hamartomas, ovarian cysts, Leydig cell tumors, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
This document discusses precocious puberty and summarizes key points about central precocious puberty (CPP) and peripheral precocious puberty (PPP). CPP is caused by early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, while PPP is caused by elevated sex steroid levels independent of gonadotropin secretion. Imaging depends on gender and lab results, including MRI of the CNS for boys with CPP and pelvic ultrasound for girls. Common causes of CPP include hypothalamic hamartoma and hypothalamic-chiasmatic astrocytoma. Adrenal cortical neoplasms are a potential cause of PPP in girls presenting as virilization.
Dr. Brijesh Maheshwari presented on neuroblastoma. Key points:
1. Neuroblastoma originates from neural crest cells and most commonly affects children under 5, often presenting with abdominal pain or mass.
2. Staging systems include International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) and International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) system. Over half of cases present with metastatic disease.
3. Prognostic factors include age at diagnosis, tumor biology like MYCN amplification, and response to initial treatment. A multidisciplinary approach is used including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant, and immunotherapy.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Brain and spinal cord tumors are the second most common cancers in children. They often present with non-specific symptoms, so diagnosis can be delayed. The most common tumor types are pilocytic astrocytomas and medulloblastoma in children aged 0-14, and pituitary/craniopharyngeal tumors and pilocytic astrocytomas in adolescents aged 15-19. Tumors are graded on a scale of I to IV based on malignancy. Treatment involves surgery along with radiation and chemotherapy depending on tumor type and grade. Prognosis depends on factors like extent of surgical resection and tumor location.
Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors in children. They arise in the cerebellum and can spread through the CSF pathways. Complete surgical resection followed by craniospinal irradiation is the main treatment approach. CSI provides improved local and systemic tumor control compared to other radiation techniques based on early studies. Medulloblastomas are highly radiosensitive tumors, making radiation an important part of management, though younger patients and those with residual disease or metastasis have poorer outcomes.
I LOVE NEUROSURGERY INITIATIVE: INTRACRANIAL TUMORS.pptwalid maani
This document discusses intracranial tumors, including:
- Their incidence rates, with primary brain tumors occurring in 6 per 100,000 people and metastatic tumors in 30 per 100,000 people.
- Common tumor types like astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, medulloblastomas, meningiomas, and pituitary tumors.
- Risk factors, clinical presentation, investigations including CT, MRI, PET and angiography, pathology classification, and management approaches like surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
This document discusses various papillary tumors of the central nervous system. It begins by outlining the typical age ranges and locations for different tumor types, then describes key histological features. Several specific tumor types are discussed in more detail, including choroid plexus tumors, ependymomas, astroblastoma, meningioma, glioblastoma, craniopharyngioma, germ cell tumors, and metastatic tumors. Immunohistochemistry staining patterns are also provided to aid in diagnosis. The summary emphasizes that the diagnostic approach is to first consider the patient's age and radiology findings, examine histological features, and only use IHC when necessary to determine a tumor's primary origin.
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, arising from neural crest cells. It often presents with metastases at diagnosis. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant, and immunotherapy depending on risk factors like age, stage, genetics. Prognosis depends on stage, MYCN amplification, DNA ploidy, with stage 4 and amplified MYCN indicating poorer outcomes. Multimodal therapy has improved survival rates.
This document provides information on neuroblastoma and kidney tumors in pediatric patients. It discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, staging, and prognostic markers of neuroblastoma. Key points include:
- Neuroblastoma is a common extracranial tumor in children and often arises in the adrenal medulla.
- Presentation varies depending on location and extent of disease but may include abdominal mass or pain.
- Diagnostic workup involves tumor biopsy, imaging, and urine or serum catecholamine levels.
- The INRG staging system incorporates image-defined risk factors to classify tumors and predict resectability.
- Prognostic markers like age, MYCN amplification
This document discusses infancy and childhood disorders, including congenital anomalies, prematurity, infections, fetal hydrops, inborn errors of metabolism, sudden infant death syndrome, and tumors. It provides details on SIDS, including definitions, incidence, pathogenesis, risk factors, and causes. It also summarizes common benign tumors like hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, and teratomas. For malignant tumors, it focuses on neuroblastoma, describing locations, morphology, clinical presentation, and genetics. It also summarizes Wilms tumor, discussing epidemiology, genetics, morphology, and clinical features.
This document discusses common malignancies in children and embryonal tumors specifically. It outlines four main embryonal tumors - Wilms tumor, retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, and medulloblastoma. For each tumor, it describes the clinical presentation, cellular origins based on embryonic development, molecular pathology including key genetic drivers, and current treatment approaches. It concludes by noting certain genetic predisposition syndromes can increase the risk of developing cancer in childhood.
Primary brain tumors occur in around 250,000 people globally each year, accounting for less than 2% of all cancers. The most common primary brain tumors are meningiomas (20.8% of cases) and gliomas (50.4% of cases), which originate from glial cells. Gliomas include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. Astrocytomas are the most common glioma and are graded from I to IV based on factors like cellularity and presence of necrosis, with glioblastoma multiforme being grade IV. Meningiomas originate from the meninges and are typically benign, though some can become malignant. Primary brain tumors are
Retinoblastoma is a rapidly developing cancer of the retina that mostly affects young children. It can be hereditary, arising from a genetic mutation, or non-hereditary. Clinical features include a white pupil reflex or leukocoria. Diagnosis involves eye examination and imaging tests. Treatment depends on tumor stage but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, or eye removal. Close monitoring of family members is needed if hereditary to screen for the condition.
Testicular tumors are rare.
1 – 2 % of all malignant tumors.
Most common malignancy in men in the 15 to 35 year age group.
Benign lesions represent a greater percentage of cases in children than in adults.
Most curable solid neoplasm
The document discusses several types of tumors that can occur in the head and neck region of children. Lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, and neuroblastoma are some of the tumors mentioned. For lymphoma, the most common presentation is cervical lymphadenopathy, while rhabdomyosarcoma often presents with pain and swelling in locations like the orbit or paranasal sinuses. Diagnosis involves biopsy along with imaging and lab tests. Treatment depends on the specific tumor but may involve chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. All childhood cancer cases should be referred to a specialist center.
1. World Health Organization (WHO) grade 1 and 2 gliomas account for 60% of pediatric supratentorial tumors, with pilocytic astrocytomas being the most common, making up 1/3 of pediatric gliomas. Pilocytic astrocytomas have an excellent prognosis with 95% 10-year survival.
2. Diffuse astrocytomas are less common low-grade tumors in children. High-grade gliomas including anaplastic gliomas and glioblastomas are rare in children but have a poor prognosis, though survival is better than in adults.
3. Subependymal giant cell tumors are slow-growing tumors seen in children with tuberous s
Neuroblastoma is the most common cancer in babies and the third-most common cancer in children after leukemia and brain cancer, proper diagnosis, treatment must be done in appropriate time. As it a fatal condition psychosocial support is most important for patient and family.
This document discusses precocious puberty, which is defined as the development of secondary sex characteristics before age 8 in girls and 9 in boys. There are two types: central precocious puberty caused by early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, and peripheral precocious puberty caused by elevated sex steroid levels independent of gonadotropins. Imaging depends on gender and lab results, and may include MRI of the brain in boys with central precocious puberty or ovarian/testicular ultrasound in peripheral precocious puberty cases. Common causes discussed include hypothalamic hamartomas, ovarian cysts, Leydig cell tumors, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
This document discusses precocious puberty and summarizes key points about central precocious puberty (CPP) and peripheral precocious puberty (PPP). CPP is caused by early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, while PPP is caused by elevated sex steroid levels independent of gonadotropin secretion. Imaging depends on gender and lab results, including MRI of the CNS for boys with CPP and pelvic ultrasound for girls. Common causes of CPP include hypothalamic hamartoma and hypothalamic-chiasmatic astrocytoma. Adrenal cortical neoplasms are a potential cause of PPP in girls presenting as virilization.
Dr. Brijesh Maheshwari presented on neuroblastoma. Key points:
1. Neuroblastoma originates from neural crest cells and most commonly affects children under 5, often presenting with abdominal pain or mass.
2. Staging systems include International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) and International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) system. Over half of cases present with metastatic disease.
3. Prognostic factors include age at diagnosis, tumor biology like MYCN amplification, and response to initial treatment. A multidisciplinary approach is used including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant, and immunotherapy.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
1. EMBRYONAL BRAIN TUMORS IN
CHILDREN
Dr. Evith Pereira
Dr. Amruta Padhye
Moderator – Dr. D.B.Borkar
2. • Cancer in childhood is rare with only 1:600 children developing
malignancy by the age of 15 years.
• 20 -25% of childhood tumors are of CNS origin
• This equates to 2.4 cases / 100,000 children per year
5. Introduction
• The origin of Medulloblastoma is from medulla (Latin for marrow), blastos
(Greek word for germ) and oma (Greek for tumor);
means “tumor of primitive undeveloped cells located inside the cerebellum”.
• Most common malignant primary brain tumor of child age group.
• First described by Harvey Cushing and Percival Bailey in 1930.
• Initially described as “spongioblastoma cerebelli” - a soft, suckable tumor
usually arising in the vermis of cerebellum.
• In 1925, changed name to medulloblastoma - from “medulloblast” - a
hypothetical multipotent cell.
6. Origin
• A highly malignant primary brain tumor that originates in the
cerebellum vermis or posterior fossa.
• Arise in cerebellum and projects into 4th ventricle.
• Originate from embryonal cells k/a medulloblast of cerebellar stem
cells. The exact cell of origin, or “medulloblast” has yet to be
identified.
• It is currently thought that it arises from Germinative neuroepithelial
cells in the external granular layer of cerebellum.
7. Epidemiology
•
•
•
•
• Overall account ~ 7% all brain
tumors
10-20% of brain tumors in pediatric
age group
0.4%–1% of all adult central
nervous system tumors
40% of tumors of the posterior
fossa
Peak incidence at the age of 5 –6
yrs In children and 25 yrs in adults
• Approximately 20% of
Medulloblastoma present in
infants younger than 2 years old;.
• male : female (3:2)
Figure: Distribution of pediatric central nervous
system (CNS) tumors by location in the CNS and by
tumor type.
8. Adult vs. Paediatric Medulloblastoma
Child Adult
Usual age ~ 4 - 8 yrs Median age ~ 24 - 30 yrs
Shorter clinical History (~ 3 months) Longer history ( ~ 5 months)
Classical type predominates Desmoplastic type relatively
commoner
Median cerebellar syndrome
predominates
Lateral cerebellar syndrome seen
Biologically more agressive Biologically less aggressive
Poorer resectability - median location Greater resectability - lateral location
Higher surgical morbidity and
mortality
Lower surgical morbidity and mortality -
impact of location and age
Poorer RT tolerance Better RT tolerance
Poorer long term survival Better long term survival
14. •
•
•
•
Classical Medulloblastoma.
M/E-
Highly cellular
sheets of anaplastic cells
with scanty cytoplasm,
• hyperchromatic nuclei,
that are often elongated &
crescent shaped or angulated.
•
•
Mitoses- abundant
Occasional
Homer-Wright rosettes
and perivascular
pseudorosettes
15. • Homer-Wright rosettes (groups of tumor cells arranged in a
circle around a fibrillary center). Similar rosettes are seen in
adrenal neuroblastoma.
16. • Positive stains
• NSE, synaptophysin, Vimentin, Desmin, Nestin
• Focal GFAP.
• Molecular / cytogenetics description
• Isochromosome (17q) or 17p-
• 5-30% overexpress c-myc or N-myc;
• C-myc overexpression is associated with poor prognosis
17. • Differential diagnosis
• Lymphoma: diffusely infiltrates CNS until it mixes with normal and reactive
fibrillar cells
• PNET
• Ependymoma
19. • Round pale nodules of tumor separated by zones of darker tumor cells.
• Paler tumor nodules showing a population of uniform round to oval cells on
a pale pink fibrillary background.
• The cells have a more mature neuronal appearance and are less active
mitotically.
• The surrounding darker tumor cells are more primitive appearing with brisk
mitotic activity.
• Desmoplastic medulloblastoma has a better prognosis than the classic form
20. Medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity
• M/E-
• Low power view numerous pale islands
• The nodules are composed of a uniform population of tumor cells. The background
is reticulin-free & rich in neuropil-like tissue. Mitosis is not significantly increased.
The cells often show streaming in parallel rows
22. Anaplastic Medulloblastoma
•
•
•
•
M/E-
Highly anaplastic nuclei
with high rate of mitosis &
apoptosis.
•Primitive looking cells
with nuclear molding.
•Some are composed
of large cells
with rounded vesicular nuclei
(i.e. no nuclear molding).
• Poor prognosis.
23. Molecular Pathogenesis
G E N E T I C P R E D I S P O S I T I O N
(S Y N D R O M E S )
M O L E C U L A R S U B G R O U P S
24. G E N E T I C P R E D I S P O S I T I O N
(S Y N D R O M E S )
S Y N D R O M E (3- 5 % M B
S Y N D R O M E (<1 % M B
■G O R L I N
C A S E S )
■T U R C O T
C A S E S )
■ L I - F R A U M E N I S Y N D R O M E
25. GORLIN SYNDROME
❖The most common syndrome associated with MB (3-5 %).
❖Autosomal dominant → germline mutation in patched-1(PTCH-
1).
❖PTCH-1 → over activate SHH pathway.
❖characterized by nevoid basal cell carcinoma & skeletal
abnormalities.
26. TURCOT SYNDROME
❖Brain tumour (MB) & familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).
❖FAB caused by autosomal dominant→ inactivation adenomatous
polyposis coli (APC) gene on chromosome 5.
❖APC is part of protein complex in the WNT signaling
pathway→ control cell proliferation and differentiation.
28. M O L E C U L A R S U B G R O U P S
❖MB divided into 4 groups based on:
✓DNA copy number,
✓mRNA expression profiles and
✓Somatic copy number aberrations.
1.SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH) pathway
2.WINGLESS (WNT) pathway
3. TP 53 mutations
4. MYC / MYCN amplification.
29. SONIC HEDEHOG (SHH) pathway
❖Abnormalities in SHH pathway are present
in 30% of MB cases.
❖MB pathology usually desmoplastic.
❖SHH up-regulate MYCN gene.
❖Tp53 mutations are present in 10-20 % of
SHH tumours.
30. WINGLESS (WNT) pathway
❖WNT tumours are seen in children and adults.
❖ Rarely in infants.
❖It associated with the most favourable
prognosis
❖WNT protein binds to its receptor→
destabilizes APC protein.
❖Loss chromosome 6.
31. ❖TP 53 MUTATIONS are present in 10-20% of
WNT and SHH MB and very rarely in the other
subtypes.
❖MYC / MYCN - amplification of MYC group
genes is associated with a worse prognosis.
32. Symptoms & signs
MB patients present with symptoms and signs of:
1. Increased intra cranial tension.
2. Cerebellar dysfunction
Weeks→ few months
34. A combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy
Multi modal approach
35. Child Adult
Usual age ~ 4 - 8 yrs
Shorter History (~ 3 months)
Classical type predominates
Median cerebellar syndrome
predominates
Median age ~ 24 - 30 yrs
Longer history ( ~ 5 months)
Desmoplastic type relatively
commoner
Lateral cerebellar syndrome seen
Biologically more aggressive
Poorer resectability
(median location)
Higher surgical morbidity and
mortality
Poorer RT tolerance
Poorer long term survival
Biologically less aggressive
Greater resectability
(lateral location)
Lower surgical morbidity and
mortality
Better RT tolerance
Better long term survival
Difference in treatment between child & adult
36. Treatment at relapse
❖Relapse occurs in 20 - 30 % following initial treatment.
❖Site of relapse:
Local→ 1/3 cases
Disseminated (brain and spine)→ 1/3 cases
Both local and disseminated (brain and spine)→ 1/3
❖Time: within 3 years (children) but late relapse in (adults).
37. Collin’s Law states :
• The period of risk for recurrence of embryonal chilhood
neoplasms = age of patient at diagnosis + 9 months.
38. Atypical teratoid / rhabdoid tumor
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Comprise 1-2% of all CNS tumours in childhood.
M:F – 1.9:1
Biallelic mutations in the SMARCB1 gene(encodes for INI1)
Infants and young children (mean age 17 months)
Tumours of cerebellum or CP angle
Usually supratentorial (cerebral or suprasellar)
Poor prognosis- Metastatic d/s and young age
Very aggressive with mean survival 11 months post-surgery
Metastasizes throughout CSF.
39. •Large and pleomorphic
rhabdoid cells with
abundant eosinophilic
cytoplasm, often
filamentous cytoplasmic
inclusions and vacuoles
•Eccentric round nuclei
and prominent nucleolus
•May have mucinous
background
•May have epithelioid
features with poorly
formed glands or Flexner-
Wintersteiner rosettes
40.
41.
42. CYTOLOGY DESCRIPTION
•Cells are large, round and plasmacytoid or rhabdoid
•Also small, round, primitive, neural type cells with high N/C
ratio
•Apoptotic bodies, mitotic figures, marked necrosis
•Variable dystrophic calcification
44. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
•Choroid plexus carcinoma
•Composite rhabdoid tumors (with other component,
usually INI1+)
•Ependymoma
•Occasional germ cell tumors
•PNET/medulloblastoma
45. SUPRATENTORIAL PRIMITIVE
NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR
•Rare tumor, usually cerebral hemisphere
•Medulloblastoma like histology
•Disseminate along CSF pathway
•Usually infants and children
•Uniformly small and densely hyperchromatic cells
of entirely undiff appearance disposed in
patternless sheets
•Desmoplastic mesenchymal components, high
mitotic rates, necrosis and cystic change.
46. Small blue cell tumor
with round,
hyperchromatic cells,
abundant mitotic
figures and fibrosis
49. EMBRYONAL TUMOURS WITH MULTILAYERED
ROSETTES
•Amplification of a miRNA on chromosome 9(C19MC)
and over expression of the RNA binding protein
LIN28a.
•“Embryonal tumours with abundant neurophil and true
rosettes (ETANTR)”
•Ependymomatous rosettes- Multilayered cells
surrounding a lumen, patches of dense cellularity and
areas of more differentiated tumour with abundant
neurophil.
•Poor prognosis with early progression of disease and
death.
52. PINEOBLASTOMA
•High Grade IV of IV
•Second most common pineal gland tumor
after germ cell tumor
•Germ line mutations in either RB gene or
DICER1
•Presents with signs related to location of the
tumour in the upper midbrain, with
Parinaud’s syndrome (failure of up-gaze,
pupils that react poorly to light but
respond to accomodation, nystagmus
and lid retraction)
53. •Hydrocephalus- main presenting complaint
•Usually < 20 years
•Frequent CNS metastases or spinal seeding - main
cause of death
•5 year survival approx. 58%
•Poor prognostic factors:
7+ mitotic figures/10 HPF
Presence of necrosis
No neurofilament staining
54. Dense small nuclei and scant cytoplasm Homer-Wright
rosettes
Sheets of cells with high grade (anaplastic /
undifferentiated) features including high N/C ratio with
minimal cytoplasm and large hyperchromatic nuclei
•Necrosis, mitotic figures
•Homer-Wright or Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes
57. PITUITARY BLASTOMA
•First 2 years of life with Cushing’s syndrome with
ophthalmoplegia
•Histopathology- Combi. of epithelial structures,
small embryonal cells and secretory cells.
•Express synaptophysin and chromogranin
•High frequency of germ line DICER1 mutations