CHAPTER 2 INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE - NIOS X BUSINESS STUDIES
Classification of Business activities – Industry and Commerce
• Industry and its types
• Commerce – Trade and its Auxiliaries
• E-commerce-Meaning and Advantages
Chapter 3 Private, Public and Global EntreprisesRitvik Tolumbia
A fantastic PPT on forms of public sector entreprises. The PPT contains a detailed description about the various forms of doing public sector business. It discusses the meaning, features, merits and demerits of each form.
A fantastic PPT on the nature and concept of business. This PPT will enable the learners to understand the concepts and fundamentals of business. The PPT includes types of human activities - economic & non-economic activities, types of economic activities - business, profession, employment, features of business, multiple objectives of business, types of business activities, types of industry, classification of commerce, meaning and types of business risk.
Commerce is a process of exchanging goods and services. It includes all the activities which are directly or indirectly involves the exchanges. Commerce is a branch of business.
Commerce includes the distribution process of the products from manufactures to the consumers.
This presentation makes an attempt to help a lay man understand briefly the various forms of business organisations prevalent in the Indian Business world.
Chapter 3 Private, Public and Global EntreprisesRitvik Tolumbia
A fantastic PPT on forms of public sector entreprises. The PPT contains a detailed description about the various forms of doing public sector business. It discusses the meaning, features, merits and demerits of each form.
A fantastic PPT on the nature and concept of business. This PPT will enable the learners to understand the concepts and fundamentals of business. The PPT includes types of human activities - economic & non-economic activities, types of economic activities - business, profession, employment, features of business, multiple objectives of business, types of business activities, types of industry, classification of commerce, meaning and types of business risk.
Commerce is a process of exchanging goods and services. It includes all the activities which are directly or indirectly involves the exchanges. Commerce is a branch of business.
Commerce includes the distribution process of the products from manufactures to the consumers.
This presentation makes an attempt to help a lay man understand briefly the various forms of business organisations prevalent in the Indian Business world.
Meaning of business, Classification of Business, Industry, types of industry, commerce, trade, aids to trade, forms of business, sole proprietary concerns, cooperative society, meaning, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, partnership firms, meaning, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, types of partners, LLP.
Introduction to Business Organisation Business:
Meaning, Nature, Scope and
Social responsibility of Business,
Objectives,
Essentials of successful business,
Functional areas of business.
Concept of Business Organization.
Purchase and Sale
CHAPTER 12 BUSINESS STUDIES NIOS X
• Concept of Purchasing and Selling
• Modes of Payment: Cash Payment, Deferred Installment Plan, Payment at the end of Credit Period.
CHAPTER 6 Warehousing Services -BUSINESS STUDIES NIOS X
• Meaning and need for warehousing
• Types of warehouses
• Characteristics of an ideal warehouse
• Function of Warehousing
CHAPTER 21 Advertising and Salesmanship
Advertising- meaning, difference between advertising and publicity, objectives, media
Salesmanship - Meaning, role, qualities of a good salesman
Sales promotion- meaning, objectives and tools used
CHAPTER 8 - Postal and courier services NIOS X Business Studies
Meaning and Nature of Postal Services
Services provided by Post Office
Specialized Mail services
Postage for Mail Services
Importance of Postal Services
Private Courier Services
CHAPTER 19 BUSINESS STUDIES NIOS XII
meaning of marketing;
differentiate between ‘marketing’ and ‘selling’;
importance of marketing
objectives of marketing
functions of marketing
CHAPTER 7 : Communication services- NIOS BUSINESS STUDIES Megha Madhusudhanan
CHAPTER 7 : Communication Services(BUSINESS STUDIES)
• Meaning and importance
• Types of Communication: Verbal and Non Verbal
• Means of Communication – Letter, Telephone, Telegraph, Teleprinter, Teleconferencing, Fax, Internet
• Barriers of Communication
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
3. INDUSTRY
Industry is concerned with the making or
manufacturing of goods. It is the production
which is involved in changing the form of
goods at any stage from raw material to the
finished product.
3 Industry and Commerce
4. Types of Industry
Primary Industry Genetic Industry Extractive Industry
Manufacturing
Industry
Construction
Industry
Service Industry
4 Industry and Commerce
5. PRIMARY INDUSTRY
o Primary industry is concerned with production
of goods with the help of nature.
o It is a nature-oriented industry, which requires
very little human effort.
o Examples: Agriculture, farming, forestry, fishing,
horticulture, etc.
5
Industry and Commerce
6. GENETIC INDUSTRY
o Genetic industries are engaged in re-production and
multiplication of certain spices of plants and animals
with the object of sale. The main aim is to earn profit
from such sale.
o Examples: plant nurseries, cattle rearing, poultry,
cattle breeding, etc.
6 Industry and Commerce
7. EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY
o Extractive industry is concerned with extraction
or drawing out goods from the soil, air or water.
o Generally products of extractive industries come
in raw form and they are used by manufacturing
and construction industries for producing
finished products.
o Examples: Mining industry, coal mineral, oil
industry, iron ore, extraction of timber and
rubber from forests, etc.
7
Industry and Commerce
8. MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRY
o Manufacturing industries are engaged in transforming
raw material into finished product with the help of
machines and manpower.
o The finished goods can be either consumer goods or
producer goods.
o Examples: Textiles, chemicals, sugar industry, paper
industry, etc.
8 Industry and Commerce MM.DD.20XX
9. EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY
o Extractive industry is concerned with extraction
or drawing out goods from the soil, air or water.
o Generally products of extractive industries come
in raw form and they are used by manufacturing
and construction industries for producing
finished products.
o Examples: Mining industry, coal mineral, oil
industry, iron ore, extraction of timber and
rubber from forests, etc.
9
Industry and Commerce
10. CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
o Construction industries take up the work of construction
of buildings, bridges, roads, dams, canals, etc.
o Goods produced and sold by constructive industry are
erected at one place.
10 Industry and Commerce MM.DD.20XX
11. SERVICE INDUSTRY
o In modern times service sector plays an
important role in the development of the nation
and therefore it is named as service industry.
o The main industries, which fall under this
category, include hotel industry, tourism
industry, entertainment industry, transportation,
communication, banking, insurance etc.
11
Industry and Commerce
12. COMMERCE
Commerce is mainly concerned with distribution of goods. It embraces all those
functions which are essential for maintaining a free and uninterrupted flow of
goods. Therefore, the term commerce includes ‘trade’ and ‘aids to trade’.
Trade
o The term ‘trade’ is used to denote buying and
selling. Therefore, one who buys and sells is a
trader. A trader is a middleman between the
producer and the consumer.
o Trade may be wholesale trade or retail trade.
Aids to Trade
o All activities that facilitate smooth flow of goods from
manufacturing centres to the consumption centres
are called aids or auxiliaries to trade. Aids to trade
may be classified into five categories:
o (i) transportation, (ii) warehousing, (iii) insurance, (iv)
advertising, and (v) banking.
12 Industry and Commerce
13. AIDS TO TRADE
Goods are to be sent to
different places where they are
demanded. The medium which
moves men and materials from
one place to another is called
transport. Transport can be of
three types: Land transport , Air
transport and Water transport.
.
Transportation
The goods may be destroyed while
in production process or in transit
due to accidents, or in storage due
to fire or theft, etc. The businessmen
would like to cover these risks. For
this purpose, the business has to
take an ‘insurance policy’ and pay a
certain amount regularly, called
‘premium’.
Insurance
Advertising is an effective aid in selling
the goods. The producer through
advertisement, communicates all
information about his goods, to the
prospective consumers and create in
them a strong desire to buy the
product. Examples are newspapers,
radio, television, posters, and hoardings.
Advertising
13 Industry and Commerce
14. AIDS TO TRADE
Now-a days we cannot think of business
without banks. To start the business or to
run it smoothly we require money. Banks
supply money. A bank is an organization
which accepts deposits of money from
the public, withdrawable on demand or
otherwise, and lends the same to those
who need it.
Banking
Storage is indispensable in these
days of mass production. The
goods should be stored carefully
from the time they are produced till
the time they are sold, hence, the
need for warehousing. Warehouses
are also called godown.
Warehousing
14 Industry and Commerce
15. E- COMMERCE
E-COMMERCE OR ELECTRONIC COMMERCE MEANS BUYING
AND SELLING OF GOODS AND SERVICES ON THE INTERNET.
THE E-COMMERCE CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS:
o B2B (Business-to-Business)
o B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
o C2B (Consumer-to-Business)
o C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer)
15 Industry and Commerce
16. TYPES OF E-COMMERCE
Business-
to-Business
Companies doing business with
each other such as
manufacturers selling to
distributors and wholesalers
selling to retailers. Pricing is
based on quantity of order and
is often negotiable.
Consumer-
to-Business
C2B e-commerce is when a consumer
makes their services or products available
for companies to purchase. An example of
this would be a graphic designer
customizing a company logo or a
photographer taking photos for an e-
commerce website.
Business-
to-
Consumer
The term business-to-consumer
(B2C) refers to the process of
selling products and services
directly between a business and
consumers who are the end-
users of its products or
services. An example of a B2C
transaction would be someone
buying a pair of shoes online.
Consumer-
to-Consumer
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) type e-
commerce encompasses all electronic
transactions of goods or services
conducted between consumers. The most
prominent examples of C2C include eBay,
an online auction site, and Amazon, which
acts as both a C2C and a B2C marketplace.
16 Industry and Commerce
17. 17
Basis of Differences Traditional Business E-business
Formation Difficult Easy
Physical Presence Necessary Not Necessary
Cost of Establishment More Less
Operating cost High Low
Dealing Time More Less
Opportunity for interpersonal
touch
More Less
Global Reach Less More
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL BUSINESS AND
E-BUSINESS
18. E-COMMERCE ADVANTAGES
Wider choice With the help of a well-developed computer networking system, business units can operate at the
national as well as global level. The customers thus, have a wider choice of products and services. The
businessmen also get a wider market for their products and services.
Improved
customer
services
Suppliers of goods and services can offer a wide range of services to the customers, before as well as
after sales such as information about products, guidance for use, responding to customers’ querries
about quality and usefulness of the product, etc.
18 Industry and Commerce
Quick response
to customer
needs
In e-commerce business transactions take far less time as compared to the normal process of buying and
selling. This is because the producers cut short the distribution channel and supply products and services
directly to consumers.
19. E-COMMERCE ADVANTAGES
Cost saving and
price reduction
There is substantial cost saving in business transactions conducted through e-commerce. There is
no need to display goods in showrooms or keep large stock in godown. The number of employees
required to carry on the business is less. Thus, the cost of operation naturally comes down. So the
customers may get goods at a lower rate.
Market
information
Access to market information available through the internet enables business concerns to identify
varied customer need and produce new goods and better services accordingly.
19 Industry and Commerce