Designed for Junior Certificate Geography Students in the Irish Second Level System. Covers Primary, Secondary and Tertiary economic activities and has some questions culled from past exam papers as well. Deals with Farming, Fishing, Exploitation of Peat bogs, manufacturing, tourism etc.

1. Primary Secondary And Tertiary

2.  Primary economic activity is:
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
 Secondary economic activity is:
 __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
 Tertiary economic activity is:
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

17.  Conservation – using as little water as possible.
◦ Example: Showering instead of having a bath
 Pollution – chemicals/poisons released into water
◦ Example: Dirty water flowing from a house into a stream
 Irrigation – Watering fields to allow crops to grow
◦ Example: Crops watered in hot countries

21. 2015 Ordinary Level Junior Cert
Exam

25.  Advantages
◦ Extra _____ can be grown
◦ Controls F__________
◦ W_____ Sports in lake behind dam
 Disadvantages
◦ Construction ___________ villages & historical sites
◦ Trapped S_________ in Lake N________
◦ Water lost from e_____________
◦ Diseases spread from W_____ S______

27. 2006 Junior
Cert

33. Renewable Dam in Egypt
Finite Purifies water
Primary Extraction of raw materials
Secondary Oil producing country
Tertiary Problem with the Aswan dam
Plastic Can be used again & again
Saudi Arabia Providing a service
Water cycle Heat + water =
Aswan Will run out
Snail Making a product
Precipitation Clouds form this way
Evaporation Made from oil
Condensation Water from the sky

43.  Raised bogs – Found in low lying areas – deep
 Blanket bogs (below) – found on mountains – not
deep

46.  Ditcher – Drains the Bog
 Grader – Levels the surface
 Miller – Scrapes off peat
 Harrow – dries the scraped peat
 Ridger – Sorts peat into ridges

51.  B_________ – used for home heating
 H__________ P_________(compost) – used for gardens
 Milled Peat/Rolled Peat – used in power stations

53. 2011 Junior Cert Ordinary
Level Paper

56.  What is sustainable fishing?
 What is resource depletion?
 What is a continental shelf?

57.  Before 1973: Small boats (___________) that did not
go far from shore. Few fish caught. Only Irish
fishermen could fish around Ireland
 1973: Ireland joined the E_________ U____(EEC then)
 After 1973: Big expansion in Irish Fishing. Other EU
countries could fish in Irish waters.

58.  Pre 1973: Small boats (_________) with small hand
nets
 After 1973: Big t_________ and factory boats with
large H________ W________ and N_____

59.  Pre 1973: No r___________ of caught fish
 After 1973: R__________ on all trawlers – fish can be
p__________ for weeks at sea

60.  Pre 1973: No way to d_______ fish
 After 1973: Use of _______ (listening to underwater
sounds using echo sounders) to detect fish

61.  So many big trawlers fishing the same seas meant that
too many fish were being caught
 Not enough fish remained to spawn new fish

66.  __________ : Limiting the amount of fish that can be caught
 Increase/reduction in the number of trawlers
 Large _________ _____in nets: Allows smaller fish to escape
 Shorter fishing s_______
 Non EU fishing ships b______
 The Irish Conservation Box is an area around Ireland where
conservation takes place

68. Sonar Size of holes in net
Trawler Fish species
Currach Sound waves to catch fish
EEC Keeps caught fish fresh
Quota Motorised fishing boat
Mesh size Fish species
Refrigeration Small fishing boat
Herring Today it’s the EU
Cod Limiting fish catch

71.  Inputs are products/services that are used by the farmer to
run his farm. Examples: Money (capital), Labour, Fertiliser,
Machinery, Seed, Animal Feed, Vet visits etc.

72.  Processes are actions that the farmer does in running his
farm. Examples: Spreading fertiliser, milking cows, cutting
silage etc.

73.  Outputs are the finished products which a farm produces.
Examples are Cattle for sale, harvested crops, milk, slurry etc.

76.  A Mixed Farm is a farm that involves more than one
type of activity, such as Cattle and Crops.

83. Marking Scheme:
2 Statements – 2m each
2 Developments – 2m each

84.  Secondary Activities are where raw materials (e.g. Plastic,
Wiring) is used in a factory to make products (e.g. computers)

87.  Factory inputs are things the factory needs to make products.
Examples – raw materials, machinery, electricity, workers
Workers and machinery are
both inputs

89.  Factory processes are what the factory does to make a
finished product
Sewing is a process at
this factory

90.  Factory outputs are the finished products the factory sells on
for profit and any waste produced by the factory
Cars are an output at
this Audi factory

94.  Many Factors influence where a factory will be built
1. Access to raw materials
2. Access to transport (near an airport, motorway etc)
3. Access to Labour – near towns/cities with many workers
4. Access to services – broadband, electricity etc
5. Availability of land for building
6. Access to markets
7. Government and EU Policy
8. Access to Capital (Money)

95.  Where would it be easier to get raw materials for a wool
factory?

96.  Which site would have better transport links?

97.  Where would it be easier to get workers for a factory?

98.  Which location has more space for a factory?

99.  Where would you find more customers to buy your factory’s
products?

102.  Located in a Greenfield site near Leixlip
 Makes microchips for export
 Employs 5,000 people in well paying jobs (average wage over
€80,000)

103.  Close to Dublin
◦ Good supply of Labour (workers)
◦ Easy transport links (motorway, railway nearby, Dublin city and Port)
 Plenty space to build and expand (Greenfield site)
 Easy access to services (water, electricity)
 Tax incentives and Grants (Government money to build a
factory)
 Easy access to European markets
 No danger of Earthquakes

110.  Uses heavy machinery and huge plants to make bulk
products, eg. Iron and Steel, Cement, Chemicals in
bulk.
 Can often be heavily polluting and are located away
from built up areas

111.  1. Access to Raw Materials
 2. Ease of transport of materials & finished products
 3. Adequate space for a large factory
 4. Away from built up areas
 5. Access to Labour and Services
 6. Government policy – promote development.

114.  “Footloose” – an industry which can locate almost
anywhere.
 Footloose industries are generally non-polluting
 Examples can be found all over Ireland because:
◦ Many sites available
◦ Electricity widely available
◦ Many transport options available – road network good
◦ Workforce is mobile
◦ Many traffic bottlenecks are bypassed.

117.  Industrial inertia – when factories stay in an area even
when the original reasons for locating there no longer
apply
 Example: Steel Works in Sheffield

118.  Raw materials – iron ore + coke for heating furnaces
(coke comes from coal)
 Iron ore is heated in a blast furnace => pig iron
 Pig iron + scrap metal are heated in a steel furnace =>
molten steel
 Molten steel is rolled in a mill =>steel plate

119.  3 phases
◦ 18th century (pre industrial stage)
◦ 19th century (Industrial Revolution stage)
◦ 20th century (Modern stage)

120.  Resource based location
◦ Iron ore mine
◦ Forests – wood for charcoal (for furnaces)
◦ Rivers/streams – water for power (water wheel) + transport
 Example; Forest of Dean
 When no trees left => relocate

121.  Coalfield location
◦ Steam replaced water for power
◦ Coke replaced charcoal
◦ Coal mine provided coke and power
◦ Canals transported raw materials
 Example South Wales
 When no coal left => relocate

122.  Coastal location
◦ Import more and cheaper iron ore, scrap metal and coal
◦ Oil/gas => electricity => power
◦ Flat land
 Example Port Talbot (below left)
 Iron and steel processes came together => Integrated
Steel works

123.  Tradition
 Access to large markets
 Skilled workers
 Good transport links
 Specialised production

129.  The big changes that encouraged women to play a
greater role in the workforce are:
◦ Free Secondary Education
◦ The Women’s Liberation movement
◦ Gender Equality Laws
◦ Increase in house prices (needs both parents to work)
◦ Smaller families
◦ Growth of childcare/creches

130. Poverty in the West of China is a Push factor, encouraging women to leave
for the cities in the East.
Many jobs are low paying and working conditions can be quite poor.

133.  The world is divided into three industrial zones:
◦ The Industrialised regions of Europe, Japan and North America. These
areas are well developed with advanced industries.
◦ The Newly Industrialised regions of South East Asia (e.g. China) and
parts of Latin America (e.g. Mexico). These areas have less advanced
industries but are “catching up” with Europe and the USA
◦ The Industrially emergent regions of Africa, parts of Asia and parts of
South America – these countries are only slowly developing.

138.  Pollution from factories can affect the air and water in our
environment
 One major problem caused by industrialisation is Acid Rain
 Acid Rain is caused by smoke from industry (especially
burning fossil fuels like coal) combining with water vapour in
clouds to make rain more acidic
 This acid rain can damage farmland, forests, rivers and lakes
and buildings.

144. Solutions
to acid rain

145.  Factory owners (industrialists) are interested in making and
selling more products.
 What happens if this causes pollution?
 What happens if a factory has to close because it is causing
too much pollution?
 Who pays to clean up the pollution?

149.  Tertiary economic activities involve services.
 Jobs in the Tertiary Economic Sector do not involve raw
materials and do not involve manufacturing a finished
product.
 Examples of jobs in this sector:
Teacher, Garda, Bus Driver, Tour Guide, Waiter, Barman, Actor,
Bank Clerk, Florist, Accountant, Doctor, Mechanic, Cleaners…..

150. Rich countries have more people working in tertiary
economic activities because people can afford to pay for
doctors, teachers, hairdressers, bar staff….
In a poor country, people often have only enough money for
food and other essential items.

152.  Tourism is an activity which tends to be located in certain
regions:
◦ Areas of Natural beauty
◦ Regions offering recreational and sporting facilities
◦ Beaches & Coastlines
◦ Cities

162. Why do people
travel in large
numbers today?

164. SPAIN has:
• A warm sunny climate
• Lots of coastline
• Year round good
weather
• Cultural attractions
(such as Bull Fighting)

166.  Provides employment – Tourists need accommodation and
food/drink which means jobs for hotel workers, restaurant
staff etc.
 Construction Industry – building of Hotels, Apartments etc
 Demand for food & drink – farmers benefit from many
tourists wanting to buy their goods
 Development of Communication links – roads and airports
built for tourists, now can be used by locals
 New facilities – water parks, hotels etc can be used by locals

169.  Spanish Culture is being hidden by Northern European culture
 Some Spanish towns have lost their identity
 Some tourists behave poorly

170.  Petty Crime is now a problem in Spanish tourist areas
 It is now too expensive for locals to live in resort areas
 Many resorts are now too built up and are unattractive
“concrete jungles”
 Pollution from sewage
 Too much demand for water