Industrial life cycle
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Financial services refer to services provided by the finance industry, such as banks, credit card companies, insurance companies, brokerages, and investment funds. There are two main types of financial services - fund or asset-based services, and fee-based services. Fund-based services involve raising funds through deposits, debt, or equity and investing those funds by lending or purchasing securities. These include services like leasing, housing finance, credit cards, venture capital, factoring, forfeiting, and bill discounting. Fee-based services involve earning income through fees, commissions, or brokerage on services like issue management, advisory, credit ratings, mutual funds, securitization, and stock broking.
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1) The syllabus covers topics like investment environment, securities analysis, derivatives, mutual funds and other investment concepts.
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The document discusses the structure of the financial system. It describes how the financial system functions as an intermediary between savers and investors, channeling funds from areas of surplus to deficit. The financial system consists of individuals, institutions, markets, and instruments. It categorizes financial institutions as banking and non-banking, and classifies financial markets based on the type, maturity, and structure of financial claims traded. Financial instruments are used to raise capital and money market funds. Financial services facilitate financial transactions and the transformation of savings into investments.
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The document discusses the structure of the financial system. It describes how the financial system functions as an intermediary between savers and investors, channeling funds from areas of surplus to deficit. The financial system consists of individuals, institutions, markets, and instruments. It categorizes financial institutions as banking and non-banking, and classifies financial markets based on the type, maturity, and structure of financial claims traded. Financial instruments are used to raise capital and money market funds. Financial services facilitate financial transactions and the transformation of savings into investments.
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1. Systematic risk includes market risk, interest rate risk, and purchasing power risk which stem from overall market forces outside a company's control.
2. Unsystematic risk is specific to an individual company and can result from business risks like poor management or technological changes, or financial risks from using debt.
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This paper reports on a small research project conducted in two secondary schools where stakeholder representatives were interviewed to identify their values of D&T. These different stakeholders were interviewed using the active interview method (Holstein & Gubrium, 1995), coded following Aurebach and Silverstein’s method (2003) and their values compared to Hardy’s values framework (Hardy, 2013b). Analysis shows most stakeholders believe a key value of D&T is to provide ‘practical life skills’ (Hardy, p.226), whilst only one recognizes that learning in D&T involves ‘identifying problems to be solved’.
The outcomes from the research are being used to support critically reflective conversations within both D&T departments (Zwozdiak-Myers, 2012) framing their evaluation of their local curriculum and making changes to their curriculum.
This paper is being presented at PATT29 on Friday 19th April 2015
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This document discusses credit ratings and the credit rating agencies in India. It provides information on:
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The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) uses beta to measure the non-diversifiable risk of a security and determine its expected return. CAPM assumes investors want to maximize returns and only consider systematic risk. It models expected return as the risk-free rate plus a risk premium based on the security's beta. The Security Market Line graphs this relationship between beta and expected return. Some researchers like Fama and French have expanded CAPM with additional size and value factors.
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The document discusses corporate risk management. It begins by listing the names of students in Group 8 and providing an introduction to risk management. It then defines risk and classifies risk into systematic and unsystematic types. Next, it defines corporate risk management as identifying, qualifying, and managing risks faced by an organization. It discusses establishing the proper context for risk management and identifies key issues like probability, severity, and strategies to manage risk. Finally, it outlines types of corporate risk like market, credit, and operational, and discusses options for managing risk as well as consequences of failing to manage risks.
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The document discusses portfolio management and asset allocation strategies. It defines a portfolio as a collection of investments that can include stocks, mutual funds, bonds, and cash. It then describes different types of portfolios including a market portfolio and a zero investment portfolio. The main phases of portfolio management are outlined as security analysis, portfolio analysis, portfolio selection, portfolio revision, and portfolio evaluation. Asset allocation strategies focus on establishing an appropriate mix of asset classes in a portfolio to optimize risk and return based on an investor's goals.
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The document defines investment and discusses it from several perspectives. It is generally defined as applying money to earn more money in the future. In finance, investment refers to purchasing a financial product or asset to earn future returns. In business, it means purchasing physical goods like equipment to improve future operations. Economics views investment as utilizing resources today to increase income or output tomorrow. Real investments purchase physical capital while financial investments purchase contracts. The key aspects of investment discussed are risk, return, time horizon, liquidity, and types of financial assets.
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This document provides an overview of securitization of debt. It defines securitization as the conversion of future cash flows from financial assets like loans into tradable securities that can be sold in the market. This process allows lenders to raise funds. A special purpose vehicle (SPV) is used as an intermediary between the originator of assets and investors. The SPV issues different types of securities backed by assets like mortgages (MBS), consumer debt (ABS), and corporate debt (CDO). The document discusses the key features and types of securitizable assets in securitization.
01 Investment meaning, nature and scope
This document discusses investment decision making. It defines investment and outlines the objectives of studying portfolio management and capital markets. It explains that investment decision making involves understanding different decision rules, categories of rules, and ensuring expected returns. The decision process involves characterizing good rules, calculating returns based on constraints, eliminating alternatives, and using rules to accept or reject opportunities. Good rules maintain a balance between analysis and subjectivity while maximizing value and minimizing risk across various investments. Common categories of rules are accounting income-based and cash flow-based.
Investment management
This document discusses investment management. It defines investment as committing funds with an expectation of positive return. The two main forms of investment are real investments in assets like land and machinery, and financial investments in contracts. Investment management aims to meet clients' investment goals through activities like asset allocation, portfolio strategy, and monitoring holdings. It also coordinates investments with other financial planning. Risk and return are important considerations in investment decisions, as there is generally a tradeoff between higher risk and higher potential returns.
Non-banking Finance Company(NBFCs)
Non-banking financial companies (NBFCs) are financial institutions that provide banking services without meeting the legal definition of a bank. This document provides an overview of NBFCs in India, including their history, regulations, types, and roles. It defines various types of NBFCs such as investment companies, equipment leasing companies, loan companies, and housing finance companies. It also discusses the historical committees that shaped NBFC regulations and compares NBFCs to banks.
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The document discusses the structure and features of the foreign exchange market. It begins by defining foreign exchange and describing the major participants in the exchange market, including commercial banks, money changers, and the Foreign Exchange Dealers Association of India (FEDAI). It then outlines the roles and regulations of various authorized entities that can participate in the market, such as authorized dealers and restricted authorized dealers. Finally, it discusses key characteristics of the foreign exchange market, including that it is a 24-hour global market connected by communication channels with a daily turnover of $2.75-3 trillion.
Classification of risk
This document classifies and defines different types of risk:
1. Systematic risk includes market risk, interest rate risk, and purchasing power risk which stem from overall market forces outside a company's control.
2. Unsystematic risk is specific to an individual company and can result from business risks like poor management or technological changes, or financial risks from using debt.
3. Risk is associated with the variability and uncertainty of investment returns. Expected return considers the probability weighted average returns from all possible outcomes, while risk is measured by the variance or standard deviation of returns. Both risk and expected return must be examined for investment decisions.
Industrial Sickness - Meaning and Causes
Industrial sickness refers to a situation where an industrial firm performs poorly and incurs losses for several years, defaulting on debt repayments. A sick unit fails to generate profits continuously and depends on external funds. Signs of sickness include short-term liquidity issues, revenue losses, operating losses, and overuse of credit. Sickness is caused by both internal factors like poor management and technical issues, as well as external factors such as infrastructure problems, government policies, and market constraints. It is a growing socio-economic problem impacting employees, investors, and the economy.
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As a result of a national curriculum review in England (Department for Education [DfE], 2011), a new curriculum for design and technology (D&T) is being taught in secondary schools from September 2014 (Department of Education [DoE], 2013a). This curriculum is compulsory for a decreasing number of schools; two potential consequences are the nature of D&T in secondary schools changing to reflect local perceptions of the subject and maybe D&T being removed from the curriculum completely. The pressure on D&T’s curriculum content is likely to come from different stakeholders such as senior school leaders, D&T teachers, and pupils. D&T school departments could respond to this pressure by adapting the curriculum to popularise the subject or produce high exam results with a consequence that much of the subject’s value is lost.
This paper reports on a small research project conducted in two secondary schools where stakeholder representatives were interviewed to identify their values of D&T. These different stakeholders were interviewed using the active interview method (Holstein & Gubrium, 1995), coded following Aurebach and Silverstein’s method (2003) and their values compared to Hardy’s values framework (Hardy, 2013b). Analysis shows most stakeholders believe a key value of D&T is to provide ‘practical life skills’ (Hardy, p.226), whilst only one recognizes that learning in D&T involves ‘identifying problems to be solved’.
The outcomes from the research are being used to support critically reflective conversations within both D&T departments (Zwozdiak-Myers, 2012) framing their evaluation of their local curriculum and making changes to their curriculum.
This paper is being presented at PATT29 on Friday 19th April 2015
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Product Life Cycle (Stages and Extension Strategies)
Business Studies - Product Life Cycle
The product life cycle stages are explained in depth along with advantages and disadvantages of the product life cycle, extension strategies and the uses. Each stage (development, introduction, growth, maturity and saturation, decline, rejuvenation and decline) are all explained in depth along with a chart and adv. and disadv.
Blow molding
Here are some key industries and products that rely on blow molding for packaging:
- Beverage industry: Water bottles, soda bottles, juice bottles
- Food industry: Milk jugs, yogurt and butter tubs, condiment bottles
- Personal care industry: Shampoo, lotion and cosmetic bottles
- Household products industry: Cleaning product bottles, trash bins
- Automotive industry: Automotive fluid containers like oil and antifreeze bottles
- Medical industry: Saline solution bags, IV bags and tubing, medicine bottles
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Industrial Marketing Advertising
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Product Life Cycle
The document summarizes the product life cycle stages that commercial products typically go through: development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. It provides details on each stage, including typical characteristics like sales volumes, costs, profits, and marketing objectives. As an example, it then summarizes the product life cycle of the Maruti 800 automobile in India from its launch in 1983 through its declining sales as competition increased.
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Introduction to Smart Materials
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The document discusses different plastic processing methods used by group members Muazz Ali and Irfan Ali. Muazz Ali focuses on injection molding, blow molding, and injection blow molding. Irfan Ali discusses extrusion blow molding, stretch blow molding, and thermoforming. Both members provide details on the basic principles, processes, parameters, advantages, disadvantages and applications of each plastic processing technique.
Additive Manufacturing / 3D Printing and CAD
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Smart materials
This document discusses smart materials and systems. It begins by providing historical context for scientific achievements since 1760. It then defines smart materials as materials that can respond to external stimuli in a useful way. Examples given include piezoelectric materials and shape memory alloys. The document outlines desirable attributes for smart systems and defines them as systems with intrinsic sensors, actuators and control mechanisms. It provides examples of smart material effects and advantages over traditional components. Overall, the document provides an overview of smart materials and systems, including definitions, examples, and applications.
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Product Life Cycle (Stages and Extension Strategies)
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The document discusses the stages of the product life cycle and the key steps in new product development. It describes the five stages of the product life cycle as product development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. For each stage except product development, it provides details on sales, costs, profits, target customers, and competition. It then outlines the major steps in new product development as idea generation, product screening, concept testing, business and financial analysis, product development, test marketing, and commercialization. Finally, it discusses methods for generating new product ideas such as dimensional analysis.
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Most businesses are being pressured to pivot in order to survive the COVID-19 pandemic. For some, this means layoffs so the business can survive and re-hire employees after regulations relax. For others, it means a breakdown in supply chain and the need to rethink their product line. And still others are having to get clever to manage the regulations while creating income for physical stores and spaces.
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Industrial life cycle
- 1. INDUSTRIAL LIFE CYCLE Prepared by: Muhammad Zubair G.C. University Faisalabad Banking & Finance
- 2. Maturity Growth Decline Birth/Infancy Industry/business/product life cycle
- 3. Birth/Infancy • It’s the initial stage • Maximum cash outflows • Cash inflows are minimum/zero • Almost the industry/business/product is in loss at this stage
- 4. Growth • Cash outflows start decreasing • Cash inflows start increasing • Credit repaying ability is minimum/zero because the co. try to invest more and more in business to compete the market and for the expansion of business.
- 5. Maturity • Cash outflows are minimum • Cash inflows are maximum • To keep away from loss or lower profits research and development is much necessary.
- 6. Decline • Cash inflows start decreasing • Cash outflows start increasing rapidly • Low research and development or no innovation • Investment start decreasing