The document discusses portfolio management and asset allocation strategies. It defines a portfolio as a collection of investments that can include stocks, mutual funds, bonds, and cash. It then describes different types of portfolios including a market portfolio and a zero investment portfolio. The main phases of portfolio management are outlined as security analysis, portfolio analysis, portfolio selection, portfolio revision, and portfolio evaluation. Asset allocation strategies focus on establishing an appropriate mix of asset classes in a portfolio to optimize risk and return based on an investor's goals.
noorulhadi Lecturer at Govt College of Management Sciences, noorulhadi99@yahoo.com
i have prepared these slides and still using in mylectures, Reference: Portfolio management by S kevin and online sources
Many investors mistakenly base the success of their portfolios on returns alone. Few consider the risk that they took to achieve those returns. Since the 1960s, investors have known how to quantify and measure risk with the variability of returns, but no single measure actually looked at both risk and return together. Today, we have three sets of performance measurement tools to assist us with our portfolio evaluations. The Treynor, Sharpe and Jensen ratios combine risk and return performance into a single value, but each is slightly different. Which one is best for you? Why should you care? Let's find out.
Portfolio performance measures should be a key aspect of the investment decision process. These tools provide the necessary information for investors to assess how effectively their money has been invested (or may be invested). Remember, portfolio returns are only part of the story. Without evaluating risk-adjusted returns, an investor cannot possibly see the whole investment picture, which may inadvertently lead to clouded investment decisions.
noorulhadi Lecturer at Govt College of Management Sciences, noorulhadi99@yahoo.com
i have prepared these slides and still using in mylectures, Reference: Portfolio management by S kevin and online sources
Many investors mistakenly base the success of their portfolios on returns alone. Few consider the risk that they took to achieve those returns. Since the 1960s, investors have known how to quantify and measure risk with the variability of returns, but no single measure actually looked at both risk and return together. Today, we have three sets of performance measurement tools to assist us with our portfolio evaluations. The Treynor, Sharpe and Jensen ratios combine risk and return performance into a single value, but each is slightly different. Which one is best for you? Why should you care? Let's find out.
Portfolio performance measures should be a key aspect of the investment decision process. These tools provide the necessary information for investors to assess how effectively their money has been invested (or may be invested). Remember, portfolio returns are only part of the story. Without evaluating risk-adjusted returns, an investor cannot possibly see the whole investment picture, which may inadvertently lead to clouded investment decisions.
International business faces a host of social issues. They include business ethics, social responsibility, environmental factors and labor standards. Business ethics refers to a set of moral principles that needs to be followed while doing business.
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This presentation provides complete study ofcredit risk management,how it was performed in yester years ,how it is taken care nowadays and what is the road ahead in future
Question 1Risk & Return and the CAPM. Based on the following.docxIRESH3
Question 1
Risk & Return and the CAPM.
Based on the following information, calculate the required return based on the CAPM:
Risk Free Rate = 3.5%
Market Return =10%
Beta = 1.08
Question 2
Risk and Return, Coefficient of Variation
Based on the following information, calculate the coefficient of variation and select the best investment based on the risk/reward relationship.
Std Dev.Exp. Return
Company A 7.4 13.2
Company B 11.6 18.9
Question 3
Risk and Return, Coefficient of Variation
Based on the following information, calculate the coefficient of variation and select the best investment based on the risk/reward relationship.
Std Dev.Exp. Return
Company A 10.4 15.2
· Company B 14.6 22.9
Question 4
Measures of Risk.
Address each source of risk that is measured and relate it to two models addressed in this unit.
· Your response should be at least 250 words in length.
BBA 3301, Financial Management 1
UNIT VI STUDY GUIDE
Risk and Return
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Explain the risk-reward relationship.
2. Calculate holding period returns.
3. Calculate required returns using the Capital Asset Pricing Model
(CAPM).
4. Calculate the coefficient of variation for varying investments.
5. Decompose sources of risk.
6. Contrast measures of risk.
7. Describe portfolio theory and diversification.
Written Lecture
Whenever a business or individual makes an investment decision, risk must be
considered. This unit focuses entirely on the risk-return relationship, providing
tools for measurement, analysis and decision making.
To begin, the term risk must be defined. From a practical or applied perspective,
risk is the probability of losing some or all of the money invested. In finance, risk
is often associated with volatility of variance in returns (around some average
return). Generally, it is assumed that investments that offer higher returns
involve greater risk. For purposes of this unit, risk is measured through two
primary measures:
Standard Deviation, and
The Beta Coefficient
The rate of return allows an investment's return to be compared with other
investments. For one-year investments, the return on a debt investment is:
k = interest paid / loan amount
The return on a stock investment is calculated by the following equation
k = [D1 + (P1 – P0)] / P0
Where:
D1 = Dividends for the “next” year (on a share of stock)
P1= Price of a share of stock, one period into the future
P0= Price of a share of stock today
The expected return on stock is the return investors feel is most likely to occur
based on current information. Return is influenced by the combination of stock
price (capita ...
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how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
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Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
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The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
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• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
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Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
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portfolio management PPT
1. TOPIC- PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
MADE BY- SHRUTI (THANE CENTRE).
REGISTERATION NUMBER- S151117400328
GUIDED BY- MR. VENKAT RAO YAMANA
CF&MA ASSIGNMENT
2. • Refers to a collection of investment tools such as stocks,
mutual funds, bonds, cash etc. depending on the
investor’s income, budget & convenient time frame.
MEANING-
TYPES-
MARKET PORTFOLIO-
A theoretical bundle of
investments that includes every
type of asset available in the
world financial market, with
each asset weighted in
proportion to its total presence
in the market.
ZERO INVESTMENT
PORTFOLIO-
A group of investments which
when combined, create zero net
value. Such portfolios can be
achieved by simultaneously
purchasing securities & selling
equivalent securities.
3. PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT-
• The art of selecting the right investment policy for the
individuals in terms of minimum risk & maximum return is
called as portfolio management.
MEANING –
NEEDS- 1) Reduces the risk
without affecting returns.
2) Helps investors in
rational decision making.
3) Helps to select best
investment portfolio by-
a) Identifying the asset class that the investor should
invest in.
b) Deciding the proportion of each asset class in the entire
portfolio.
c) Deciding the proportion of each security in the asset
classes.
4. Objectives of
portfolio
management-
Safety of
principal
amount-
Investment of
the disposable
income
Growth of
capital
Marketability Liquidity
Well-
diversified
portfolio
Minimal tax
burden
Portfolio
management
not only
involves
keeping the
investment
intact but also
contributes
towards the
growth of its
purchasing
power over
the period.
The objective
of some
investors of
portfolio
management is
that only their
current wealth
is invested in
the securities
and also want
a channel
where their
future income
will be
invested.
Portfolio
management
guarantees
growth of
capital by
reinvesting
growth
securities. A
portfolio shall
appreciate in
value in order
to safeguard
the investor
from any
erosion in
purchasing
power.
A portfolio
consists of
such
investment
which can be
marketed &
traded. Its
always
recommended
to invest only
in those
shares which
are listed on
major stock
exchanges.
The portfolio
should always
ensure that
there are
enough funds
available at
short notice
to take care
of the
investor’s
liquidity
requirements.
Portfolio
management
is purposely
designed to
reduce the
risk of loss of
capital or
income by
investing in
different
types of
securities.
There is no
such thing as
zero risk
investment.
Portfolio
management is
planned in
such a way to
increase the
effective yield
an investor
gets from his
surplus
invested funds.
By minimizing
tax burden,
yield can be
effectively
improved.
6. 1. SECURITY ANALYSIS-
This is the first phase of portfolio management
A detailed evaluation and analysis of the various types of securities, such as equity shares,
preference shares, debentures, global depository receipts, and euro currency bonds, is
performed.
The risk-return characteristics of each security chosen by an investor in a portfolio are
examined.
2. PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS-
Each security identified as part of a portfolio is analyzed for risks and returns, separately
and as part of a group.
A number of portfolios are reviewed to determine the best possible option.
The risks and returns of selected securities are assessed in :
Various permutations and combinations.
With varying numbers and proportions of each security.
7. 3. PORTFOLIO SELECTION-
Securities for building each portfolio are selected with the goal of providing greater
returns at the given level of risk.
Portfolio selection helps in selecting one or more optimal portfolios from a set of
efficient portfolios.
4. PORTFOLIO REVISION-
Continuous monitoring of the portfolio is required so that it does not deviate from the
optimal combination.
Portfolio revision may be required because of changes in the global economic and financial
markets, which might cause:
Some securities to become less attractive.
New securities with higher returns and low risk to emerge.
8. 5. PORTFOLIO REVISION-
This is the last phase in portfolio management.
Portfolio evaluation is a process that involves assessing the performance of the
portfolio in terms of :
RISK – The risk borne by the portfolio over a period is assessed.
RETURNS- The actual return earned by the portfolio is measured quantitatively.
9. QUESTION-
Which one of the following options is a phase in portfolio management?
o A. marketability evaluation
o B. security analysis
o C. liquidity assessment
o D. financial analysis
Correct answer-
B. Security analysis
11. SYSTEMATIC
RISK-
Systematic risk
occurs because of
the impact of
economic, social,
and political changes
on the stock market.
Interest rate risk-
Occurs mainly in the debt
security market because
debt securities carry a
fixed interest rate.
Market risk-
Occurs because of a rise
and fall in the prices of
shares in the market.
Purchasing power risk-
Occurs because of inflation
which adversely affects the
purchasing power of
investors.
EXAMPLES-
Changes in the interest rate policy by the government.
Declaration of restrictive credit policy by RBI.
Resorting to massive deficit financing by the government.
Relaxation of foreign exchange controls by the government.
12. UNSYSTEMATIC RISK-
It is a result of
specific
microeconomic factors
that impact returns
from securities. It
occurs in addition to
systematic risk.
Business risk-
Occurs during the day-
to-day activities of a
business because of
changes in the business
environment,
technology, and other
similar aspects.
Financial risk-
Occurs as a result of
changes in the capital
structure of a company.
EXAMPLES-
Declaration of strike by company workers.
Entry of a formidable competitor in the market.
Inability of a company to obtain adequate quantity of raw
material.
Losing a big contract in a bid.
13. QUESTION-
Which of the following options is a type of unsystematic risk?
o A. Interest risk rate
o B. Market risk
o C. Purchasing power risk
o D. Business risk
CORRECT ANSWER-
D. Business risk
14. PORTFOLIO RETURN
MEANING-
It is the monetary return experienced by a holder of a portfolio.
It can be calculated on a daily basis to serve as a method of
assessing a particular investment strategy.
Main components of portfolio return are-
Dividends
Capital appreciation
R =
𝐷𝑡+(𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑡−1)
𝑃𝑡−1
Where,
R = return
𝐷𝑡 = income received
𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑡−1 = change in market price
𝑃𝑡−1 = market price in the beginning/ initial market price
FORMULA-
15. EXAMPLE-
One year ago, the stock price for stock A was ₹10 per share. The
stock is currently trading at ₹9.50 per share and shareholders
just received a ₹1 dividend. What return was earned over the
past year?
SOLUTION-
R =
𝐷𝑡+( 𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑡−1)
𝑃𝑡−1
R =
₹1+(₹9.50 − ₹10)
₹10
R = 0.05 or 5%
16. EXPECTED RATE OF RETURN
MEANING-
The amount one would anticipate receiving on an investment that has
various known or expected rates of return.
It is usually based on historical data and is not guaranteed.
It is a tool to determine whether or not an investment has a positive or
negative average net outcome.
The video below explains how to calculate expected rate of return-
18. QUESTION-
Which of the following is one of the main components of
portfolio return?
o A. capital appreciation
o B. Market analysis
o C. business risk
o D. portfolio evaluation
CORRECT ANSWER
A. Capital appreciation
19. PORTFOLIO RETURN: TWO ASSET CASE
The return of a portfolio is equal to the weighted average of the returns of individual assets(or
securities) in the portfolio with weights being equal to the proportion of investment value in each
asset.
EXAMPLE-
Mr. Mark has an opportunity of investing his wealth in either asset X or asset Y. The possible
outcomes of two assets in different states of economy are given in the following table-
What will be the expected rate of return for Mr. Mark?
State of economy Probability
Return(%)
X Y
A 0.10 -8 14
B 0.20 10 -4
C 0.40 8 6
D 0.20 5 15
E 0.10 -4 20
20. ANSWER-
Formula to calculate the expected rate of return of an individual asset is-
Expected rate of return(E𝑅 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡) = (𝑅1 × 𝑃1) + (𝑅2 × 𝑃2) + (𝑅3× 𝑃3) +…… +(𝑅 𝑛×𝑃𝑛)
Therefore, the expected rate of return for asset X will be-
E(𝑅 𝑋) = (-8×0.10) + (10×0.20) + (8×0.40) + (5×0.20) + (-4×0.10)
= 5%
Similarly, The expected rate of return for asset Y will be-
E(𝑅 𝑌) = (14×0.10) + (-4×0.20) + (6×0.40) + (15×0.20) + (20×0.10)
= 8%
Therefore, Mr. Mark should invest in asset Y as it gives higher returns.
Now, suppose Mr. Mark decides to invest 50% of his wealth in asset X and 50% in asset Y. what
would be the expected rate of return on a portfolio consisting of both X and Y?
21. This can be done
in two steps-
Calculate the
combined
outcome under
each state of
economic
condition.
Multiply each
combined
outcome by its
probability.
In the case of two-asset portfolio, the expected rate of return is given by the following formula-
Expected return on portfolio = (weight of security X × expected return on security X) + (weight of security Y ×
expected return on security Y)
State of economy
(1)
Probability
(2)
Combined returns(%)
X(50%) & Y(50%)
(3)
Expected return(%)
(4) = (2) × (3)
A 0.10 (-8×0.50) + (14×0.50)= 13.0 0.10×3.0 = 0.30
B 0.20 (10×0.50) + (-4×0.50)= 13.0 0.20×3.0 = 0.60
C 0.40 (8×0.50) + (6×0.50)= 17.0 0.40×7.0 = 2.80
D 0.20 (5×0.50) + (15×0.50)= 10.0 0.20×10.0 = 2.0
E 0.10 (-4×0.50) + (20×0.50)= 18.0 0.10×8.0 = 0.80
Expected return on portfolio 6.50
22. ASSET ALLOCATION STRATEGY
Establishing an
appropriate asset mix
is a dynamic process,
and it plays a key
role in determining
your portfolio’s
overall risk and
return. As such, your
portfolio’s asset mix
should reflect your
goals at any point in
time. Following are
the different
strategies of asset
allocation-
Strategic asset allocation- the returns, risk and co-variances associated with a portfolio are assessed
and adjusted periodically.
Integrated asset allocation- capital market conditions and the investor’s objectives and their
limitations are evaluated and analyzed.
Tactical asset allocation- the investor’s risk tolerance factor is taken as a constant, and assets are
allocated with respect to the expectations from the capital market.
Insured asset allocation- The risk exposure is adjusted for changing portfolio values. The higher the
value, the higher the risk-taking capacity.
Constant weighting asset allocation- There are no hard and fast rules for timing portfolio
rebalancing under strategic or constant weighting asset allocation. Common rule of thumb is that
the portfolio should be rebalanced to its original mix when any given asset class moves more than 5%
from its original value.
Dynamic asset allocation- With dynamic asset allocation, one can constantly adjust the mix of
assets as markets rise and fall, and as the economy strengthens and weakens.
23. CONCLUSION
Asset allocation can be an active process to varying degree or strictly
passive in nature.
Whether an investor chooses a precise asset allocation strategy or a
combination of different strategies depends on that investor’s goals,
age, market expectations and risk tolerance.
Allocation approaches that involve anticipating & reacting to market
movements require a great deal of expertise & talent in using particular
tools fro timing these movements.
Some would say that accurately timing the market is next to impossible,
so make sure your strategy isn’t too vulnerable to unforeseeable errors.