Indirect speech acts
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Group 5 presents information on direct and indirect speech acts. Indirect speech acts use indirect language to perform an illocutionary act, such as requesting or suggesting, rather than stating it directly. They discussed how indirect speech acts are more commonly used as they can be considered more polite. Examples are given of direct commands like "lend me some money" versus indirect requests like "would you lend me some money?". The presentation concludes with examples of different types of indirect speech acts using interrogatives, imperatives, and declarative statements.
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1) It outlines felicity conditions and contexts that determine speech acts, such as promises, threats, requests.
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1. In the first conversation, the Quality maxim is being flouted.
2. In the second conversation, the Quantity maxim is being flouted.
3. In the third conversation, the Relevance maxim is being flouted.
4. In the fourth conversation, the Manner maxim of avoiding ambiguity is being flouted.
2. Yes, the implicatures are successful in each case because the hearer recognizes that a maxim is being flouted and is able to infer the implicated meaning.
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The document discusses presupposition and entailment, defining presupposition as implicit assumptions in an utterance and entailment as logical implications. It identifies different types of presupposition triggers including existential, factive, lexical, and structural presuppositions. Entailment is characterized as a relationship between propositions where the truth of one implies the truth of the other based on word meanings.
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Implicatures are inferred assumptions that cannot be directly derived from linguistic forms. There are two types: conventional implicatures which are conventionally attached to linguistic forms, and conversational implicatures which are assumptions not fully encoded in what is said. Conversational implicatures are context dependent, defeasible, non-detachable, and calculable based on meaning and context. Approaches to explaining implicatures include the coding hypothesis, restricted coding mechanism, maxim-based accounts, and relevance-based accounts.
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This document discusses linguistic politeness and face. It explains that Brown and Levinson theorized that all cultures have a need to be polite in order to maintain face, which refers to one's public self-image and expectations of how one wishes to be treated. The document outlines that people behave as if their face wants, or expectations of self-image, will be respected by others. It also discusses that speakers can perform face-threatening acts and face-saving acts in their language use. Face-threatening acts are those that damage another's face, while face-saving acts are ways of speaking that lessen threats to another's face.
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This document discusses the distinction between constative and performative utterances as described by J.L. Austin. Constatives are statements that can be true or false, such as "the window is open." Performatives are utterances that perform an action, like orders, promises, and bets. Implicit performatives do not specify the speech act, while explicit performatives use performative verbs like "I promise." Performatives can be happy if well-chosen or unhappy if inappropriate. The key difference is that constatives report or describe while performatives perform an action in saying something.
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This document discusses theories of politeness from a socio-pragmatic perspective. It outlines Brown and Levinson's influential theory of politeness from 1978, which proposes that politeness arises from people's desire to protect each other's "face" or public self-image. Brown and Levinson identify two types of face - positive face, which is the desire to be approved of, and negative face, which is the desire to not be imposed on. They suggest politeness strategies like indirect speech acts that mitigate potential threats to another's face. The document also reviews other approaches to politeness including social norm, conversational contact, and maxims approaches.
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This document provides an overview of concepts related to conversation analysis. It discusses terms like interaction, conversation structure, and conversation analysis. Specific concepts covered include pauses and overlaps in conversation, conversational style, adjacency pairs, and preference structure. Adjacency pairs refer to automatic response patterns like greetings. Preference structure divides responses into preferred and dispreferred based on social expectations. Dispreferred responses require more hesitation and account-giving language. Overall, the document analyzes different elements that shape conversations between participants.
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This document discusses linguistic politeness and various models of politeness. It defines politeness as linguistic structures that express a speaker's attitude in a pragmatic rather than semantic way. Interactions involve both conveying meaning and observing social rules shaped by distance and closeness between participants. Watts groups standard behaviors like "thank you" and address terms under the term "politic behavior" which society expects in certain situations. The document outlines politeness models including Lakoff's social norm model, Leech's conversational maxim model, Fraser and Nolen's conversational contract model, and Brown and Levinson's face theory of politeness involving face-threatening acts and strategies to maintain one's own and others' positive and negative face.
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The document discusses flouting and violating maxims, which are ways that speakers can deliberately fail to observe conversational maxims for the purpose of implicature (flouting) or to mislead (violating). It provides examples of characters flouting or violating the maxim of quality by lying or avoiding direct answers. Among the examples are a boy lying about studying all day, a student arriving late to class, friends avoiding directly answering where they are or have been, and characters avoiding answering direct questions about conversations or possessions.
06 speech act and event for students
Speaker A asks Speaker B for the time. Speaker B responds that it is 1 o'clock. Speaker A thanks Speaker B. This summary outlines the key details and events in 3 sentences: Speaker A asks Speaker B for the time, Speaker B responds that it is 1 o'clock, and Speaker A thanks Speaker B.
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Felicity conditions are requirements that must be fulfilled for a speech act to be considered valid or successful. There are three main types of felicity conditions: preparatory conditions regarding the speaker's authority and context, propositional content conditions requiring understanding between participants, and sincerity conditions concerning the speaker's beliefs and intentions. Examples provided illustrate how a speech act like pronouncing a couple married requires the right person, place, and time to have legal validity.
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The document discusses politeness and interaction in linguistic exchanges. It notes that social factors like status, age, and power influence how people interact. Politeness involves being aware of each other's "face" or public self-image. Face-threatening acts risk damaging someone's self-image, while face-saving acts preserve it. Requests can be direct or indirect, and indirect requests are often seen as more polite as they give the other person freedom to decline without losing face. Positive politeness emphasizes closeness between speakers, while negative politeness stresses the listener's independence. Effectively using pre-requests allows the other person to halt a potentially risky request.
Hedges
Hedges are linguistic devices used by speakers to acknowledge they may not fully adhere to the maxims of quality, quantity, relation and manner. Examples of hedges include "I'm not sure if..." or "As far as I know..." which show respect for the quality maxim. Hedges allow speakers to convey uncertainty or lack of information while still communicating effectively. Inference is a conclusion drawn by a listener based on their background knowledge, while a presupposition is an implicit assumption that underlies what is said.
DISCOURSE AND PRAGMATICS
1) Pragmatics is essential for discourse analysis as it is impossible to analyze discourse without understanding pragmatic phenomena and how they interact.
2) Discourse analysis incorporates several sub-disciplines including pragmatics, conversation analysis, speech act theory, and ethnography of speaking.
3) Pragmatics assumes people follow a cooperative principle in communication with shared understanding of cooperation.
Pragmatics implicature 2
Implicature refers to what a speaker implies rather than literally says. There are two main types: conversational implicature which is derived from cooperative conversation principles, and conventional implicature which is associated with specific words. Conversational implicature includes generalized implicature which does not depend on context, and particularized implicature which does. Scalar implicature also falls under conversational implicature and is implied when a weaker term on a scale is used. Particularized implicature provides more contextual information than generalized implicature. Implicatures can intentionally or unintentionally impact understanding in conversations.
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This document discusses speech act theory and politeness in speech acts. It begins with an introduction to speech acts and J.L. Austin's speech act theory. Direct and indirect speech acts are explained, along with how to categorize different types of speech acts such as representatives, directives, commissives, etc. Felicity conditions for speech acts are presented. The concept of politeness and how it relates to maintaining face is discussed. Indirect speech acts are explained as a way to be polite. Sentence types and identifying them is also covered. In the end, references used in the document are listed.
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This document discusses discourse analysis and pragmatics. It begins by defining discourse analysis as the study of language in context, including both spoken and written forms. Spoken discourse examples include phone calls and interviews, while written discourse includes newspapers and poems. The document then discusses speech acts, including locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. It defines pragmatics as the study of language use in context to explain meanings beyond plain definitions of words. The document uses the example of a football player shouting "Man on!" to illustrate pragmatic meaning.
Pragmatics
The document discusses pragmatics and speech act theory. It explains John Austin's theory that some utterances are not just statements but perform actions, like promises, orders, and apologies. The document also covers John Searle's classification of five types of speech acts and the idea of indirect speech acts containing two illocutionary forces.
Pragmatics (Speech Acts)
Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context and how language is used in communication. Speech act theory analyzes utterances as locutionary acts (the words spoken), illocutionary acts (the intention or force behind the words), and perlocutionary acts (the effect on the listener). There are five main speech act sets: representatives that assert facts, directives that command or request, commissives that commit the speaker to actions, expressives that convey attitudes, and declarations that bring about changes through uttering. Apologies typically involve expressing regret, taking responsibility, providing an explanation or offer to repair the situation, and promising non-recurrence. Cultural factors influence apology strategies used.
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Indirect speech acts
- 1. GROUP 5: Vu Phuong Anh-Do Thuy Cam Nguyen Thi Hang-Tran Thi Lai Nguyen Thi Hong Lien- Nguyen Ha Trang INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS
- 2. SPEECH ACTS: Direct Speech Act Indirect Speech Act
- 3. “Indirectness is a widely used conversational strategy. People tend to use indirect speech acts mainly in connection with politeness”
- 4. a. Would you lend me some money ? Indirect Speech Act b. Lend me some money! Direct Speech Act
- 5. Whenever there is a direct relationship between a structure and a function: Direct Speech Act. Whenever there is an indirect relationship between a structure and a function: Indirect Speech Act.
- 6. a. You'll be happy to know that the work will be finished tomorrow. b. Any suggestions you have are welcome. c. Isn't that just the best idea we've heard so far? d. Can't you sit still for a minute?
- 7. e. I'd be honored if you came to my party next week. f. You're welcome to come to my party next week g. It's obvious that Bill is going to be late for his interview. h. Can you tell me how much that costs?
- 8. a. “You wear a seat belt” (declarative) b. “Do you wear a seat belt?” (interrogative) c. “Wear a seat belt!” (imperative)
- 9. a. It’s cold outside. b. I hereby tell you about the weather. c. I hereby request of you that you close the door.
- 10. The speaker wants the addressee not to stand in front of the TV: a. Move out of the way! b. Do you have to stay in front of the TV? c. You’re standing in front of the TV. d. You’d make a better door that a window.
- 11. One of the most common types of indirect speech act in English has the form of an interrogative. a. Could you open the window ? b. Would you open this? ‘Can you?’, ‘Could you?’ ‘Will you?’, ’Would you?’
- 12. Imperatives can function as indirect speech acts performing: Advice, offer, suggestion, invitation, gratitude, warning, threat, resentment, persuasion, prohibition.
- 13. (d1) Did Jenny get an A on the test? (d2) Do you know if Jenny got an A on the test? (d3) I'd like to know if Jenny got an A on the test. (d4) I wonder whether Jenny got an A on the test.
- 14. (e1)( Please) close the window. (e2) Could you close the window? (e3) Would you mind closing the window? (e4) I would like you to close the window. (e5) The window is still open! (e6) I must have asked you a hundred times to keep that window closed!
- 15. Thank you for your attention! Group 5-FOL-USSH-VNU