Indian Ocean monsoon
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The document summarizes the Indian monsoon system. It describes that monsoons are seasonal reversals of winds and rainfall caused by differential heating of land and ocean. The most prominent monsoon occurs over the Indian subcontinent between June and September, as the ITCZ moves northward. Southwesterly winds pick up moisture over the ocean and produce heavy rainfall when they hit the Himalayas. In winter, the ITCZ moves south and the monsoon winds reverse direction, bringing dry conditions to India.
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This document discusses 10 key factors that affect India's climate:
1) India's location and latitudinal extent result in higher temperatures in the south and lower temperatures in the north.
2) Proximity to seas leads to more moderate coastal climates compared to inland areas.
3) The Himalayas block cold winds from Central Asia and influence monsoon patterns.
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India has a monsoon type climate characterized by distinct seasonal patterns. The climate is influenced by factors like latitude, altitude, pressure systems, distance from the sea, and ocean currents. The monsoon winds bring heavy rainfall during summer but their arrival and retreat is often irregular, causing uncertainties in agricultural activities. The monsoon binds the country together by providing water for farming across most regions, though some areas receive heavy rainfall while others experience drought.
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During the winter in central Asia, the sun's rays fall vertically far south of the region, causing the central part of Asia to become extremely cold and form a high pressure area. Cold, dry winds blow outward from this region, resulting in little rainfall over much of Asia. However, some coastal areas like Japan, southeast Asia, southeast India and Sri Lanka receive winter rainfall from moist winds blowing from the sea. Western parts of Asia also get some rain from cyclones coming from the Mediterranean.
Climate
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Indian Ocean monsoon
- 1. Indian Monsoon Word monsoon derived from Arabic word Mausam. Monsoons refers to tropical and sub-tropical seasonal reversal in both the surface winds and associated precipitation, caused by differential heating between a continental-scale land mass and the adjacent ocean. Monsoons mainly occur in the regions of south Asia. The other regions include parts of equatorial Africa, East and South-East Asia, northern Australia and, to a lesser extent, in the southwestern Unites states. However, the most well-known monsoon occurs over Indian subcontinent. South West monsoon, In the Summer of Northern Hemisphere, The ITCZ (low pressure zone) moves to the north of equator and established over the Indian sub-continent during month of July. The South-East Trade winds after crossing the equator are deflected to the right by the Coriolis force. forming the southwest monsoon. This pick up the moisture while travelling from sea to land and cause precipitation once they hit the highlands of the Indian peninsula (Himalayan region). Tibetan plateau is a flat land with high altitude and it will create a low pressure zone and ascended air will affect on the Tropical easterly Jet Stream and High Pressure zone is Generated in Madagaskar region and also by the Coriolis force this Tropical easterly Jet Stream will deflect toward madagaskar region and again reverse back to Indian peninsular Boosting South-East Trade winds. The Monsoonal winds after reaching the Indian peninsula split into two branches as Arabian branch and Bay of Bengal branch. Arabian branch cause rain all along the Western coast and Bay of Bengal branch cause West coast rains and then merged with Bay of Bengal branch in Himalaya region. Season will be characterized by high heat, high humidity, extensive clouding and up to heavy rain with strong surface winds. If Southern Oscillation related with La Nina effect it will strong South West monsoon.
- 2. North-East monsoon, Then ITCZ move to south of equator and then trade winds will reversal by the direction. The continent cool rapidly forming a large area of high pressure over north central Asia. Dry, Colder air will blows offshore creating the dry monsoon season. During the winters, a subtropical jet stream blows in an eastward direction south of Himalayas. this bring moisture from Mediterranean coast which causes winter rains over northern India. Tropical Easterly jet stream sets over central India in the monsoonal months. If El Nino related with South west Monsoon it will strong South West monsoon. Cyclonic Rainfall will produce rainfall to Japan, South eastern china and Tamil Nadu region of India.