The document describes the climate and weather of India, focusing on the monsoon type climate that varies significantly across regions and seasons. Factors affecting India's climate include latitude, altitude, pressure systems, and geographical features. The monsoon season plays a crucial role in agriculture and cultural practices, highlighting its importance as a unifying element in the country.

3. CLIMATE AND WEATHER
CLIMATE WEATHER
Refers to the sum
total of the
weather conditions
and variations over
a large area for a
long period of time
Refers to the state
of the atmosphere
over an area at
any point of time
Some common
patterns over a
few weeks or
months
Weather
conditions
fluctuate very
often even within
a day

5. INDIAN CLIMATE
The climate of India is described
as the monsoon type.
This monsoon type of climate is
found in south and southeast
Asia.
Temperature and precipitation
changes from place to place and
season to season.
Seasonal contrasts are more in
the interior of the country.

7. CLIMATIC CONTROLS
Six major controls of the
climate of any place are-
Latitude
Altitude
Pressure and wind system
Distance from the sea
Ocean currents
Relief features

8. FACTORS AFFECTING INDIA’S
CLIMATE
Latitude-
The Indian landmass is
equally divided by the
Tropic of Cancer. Hence,
half of India has tropical
climate but another half
has subtropical climate.

9. Altitude-
While the average elevation in
the costal areas is about 30 m,
the average elevation in the
north is about 6,000 m. the
Himalayas prevent the cold wind
from Central Asia from entering
the Indian subcontinent. Due to
this, the subcontinents get
comparatively milder winters as
compared to Central Asia.

10. Pressure and winds-
The pressure and wind conditions
over India is unique. There is a high-
pressure towards the north of the
Himalayas. Cold winds from this
region blow to the low-pressure
areas over the oceans in the south.
During summer, low-pressure area
develops over interior Asia and also
over north-western India. This
results in the complete reversal of
the direction of winds during
summer.

12. INDIAN MONSOON The Sun causes differential heating and cooling and it
creates low pressure on the landmass of India and high
pressure over the ocean surface.
 The Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is normally
positioned about 5⁰N of the equator. It is also known as
the monsoon trough during the monsoon season.
 The high pressure area, east of Madagascar is
approximately 20⁰S over the Indian Monsoons.
 The westerly jet stream move to the north of the
Himalayas, the tropical easterly jet stream moves over
the Indian Peninsula during summer.
 But in certain years, there is a reversal in the pressure
conditions. In this case, the eastern Pacific Ocean has
lower pressure compared to the eastern Indian Ocean.
 The periodic change in pressure conditions is known as
the Southern Oscillations or SO.

14. ONSET OF MONSOON
Onset: arrival, beginning
 Arabian Sea monsoon winds reaches
Mumbai and Bay of Bengal winds
reaches Assam in the first week of
July.
 Then they are deflected by high
mountains and move to the Ganga
Plains.
 The Arabian Sea and the Bay of
Bengal branches of the monsoon
merge over the north-western part of
the Ganga Plains.

15. WITHDRAWAL OF MONSOON
Withdrawal: departure, ending
The monsoon starts
withdrawing in September
and withdraws completely till
the December.
But islands receive the very
first monsoon rains in April or
May and ends till December
or January.

19. SEASONS
Four seasons-
The cold weather
season (winter)
The hot weather
season (summer)
The advancing
monsoon
The retreating
monsoon

20. Winter: mid-November
to February
Summer: March to May
Advancing monsoon
(rainy): June to
September
Retreating monsoon
(autumn): October-
November

23. DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL
 The western coast and the north-
eastern India receive over 400 cm of
rainfall annually.
 The annual rainfall is less than 60 cm in
western Rajasthan and adjoining parts
of Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab.
Rainfall is also low in the interior of the
Deccan Plateau and earth of the
Sahyadris. The area around Leh also
gets low rainfall.
 The rest of the country gets moderate
rainfall. Snowfall is restricted to the
Himalayan regions.

26. MONSOON- UNIFYING BOND
The Indian landscape, its flora
and fauna, etc. are highly
influenced by the monsoon.
The entire agricultural calendar
in India is governed by the
monsoon. Most of the festivals
are related to the agricultural
cycle.
Thus, monsoon is a great unifying
factor in India.

27. BUT…