This study explored the prevalence of anemia and poor menstrual hygiene management (MHM) practices among 393 adolescent girls in an urban slum in Bhopal, India. The study found that 38.7% of participants were anemic, with 65.1% having mild anemia. Poor MHM practices, defined as unsatisfactory in 5 or more of 6 assessed parameters, were found in 87.3% of participants. Logistic regression analysis revealed significant associations between anemia and poor MHM practices, excessive menstrual bleeding, religion, education level, and nutritional status. The study concluded that concerted efforts are needed to improve awareness of MHM and access to sanitary facilities to help reduce the burden of anemia.
The document discusses integrated communicable disease surveillance and efforts towards integration in several countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region. It notes that integrated surveillance allows for more efficient data collection, analysis, and response across disease programs. Several countries are making progress on establishing integrated electronic platforms and national surveillance systems through partnerships with international organizations. Fully implementing integrated surveillance remains an ongoing challenge that requires resources, training, and political commitment over the long term.
A decentralized system of disease surveillance for timely and effective public health action with a focus on functional integration of surveillance components of various vertical programmes.
Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched by Hon’ble Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare in November 2004 for a period upto March 2010. The project was restructured and extended up to March 2012. The project continues in the 12th Plan with domestic budget as Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme under NHM for all States with Budgetary allocation of 640 Cr.
A Central Surveillance Unit (CSU) at Delhi, State Surveillance Units (SSU) at all State/UT head quarters and District Surveillance Units (DSU) at all Districts in the country have been established.
Objectives:
To strengthen/maintain decentralized laboratory based IT enabled disease surveillance system for epidemic prone diseases to monitor disease trends and to detect and respond to outbreaks in early rising phase through trained Rapid Response Team (RRTs)
Programme Components:
Integration and decentralization of surveillance activities through establishment of surveillance units at Centre, State and District level.
Human Resource Development – Training of State Surveillance Officers, District Surveillance Officers, Rapid Response Team and other Medical and Paramedical staff on principles of disease surveillance.
Use of Information Communication Technology for collection, collation, compilation, analysis and dissemination of data.
Strengthening of public health laboratories.
The Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) aims to establish a decentralized disease surveillance system in India to improve disease control. It integrates existing surveillance programs, coordinates surveillance activities, and establishes quality data collection, analysis, and feedback using information technology. The IDSP covers diseases like malaria, acute diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, and measles. It is implemented in phases across states and union territories of India and involves strengthening laboratories, training health professionals, and creating an IT network to link surveillance sites. The goal is to provide data to enable efficient public health decision making and interventions for priority diseases.
Integrated Diseases Surveillance Project - IDSP IndiaRizwan S A
The document provides an overview of the Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) in India. IDSP aims to establish a decentralized district-based system for surveillance of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Key aspects of IDSP include integrating existing disease surveillance, strengthening public health laboratories, using information technology, and developing human resources. IDSP implements syndromic, presumptive, and confirmed surveillance for various diseases. Information flows from the community level up through district, state, and national surveillance committees, which analyze data and coordinate response actions. New IDSP initiatives include an alert call center, e-learning modules, and a media scanning cell.
1. The Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched in 2004 to establish a decentralized disease surveillance system in India to enable timely public health responses.
2. IDSP aims to integrate disease surveillance activities across national health programs, private sector organizations, and state governments.
3. The project works to detect disease outbreaks early through establishing surveillance units at central, state, and district levels that monitor for priority infectious diseases and public health events.
Coauthors: Ms Christa Maria Joel and Ms Meera Ann John
Supervisors: Dr Saurabh Kumar
Department of Community Medicine
Father Muller Medical College
3rd Year MBBS
The document discusses integrated communicable disease surveillance and efforts towards integration in several countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region. It notes that integrated surveillance allows for more efficient data collection, analysis, and response across disease programs. Several countries are making progress on establishing integrated electronic platforms and national surveillance systems through partnerships with international organizations. Fully implementing integrated surveillance remains an ongoing challenge that requires resources, training, and political commitment over the long term.
A decentralized system of disease surveillance for timely and effective public health action with a focus on functional integration of surveillance components of various vertical programmes.
Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched by Hon’ble Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare in November 2004 for a period upto March 2010. The project was restructured and extended up to March 2012. The project continues in the 12th Plan with domestic budget as Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme under NHM for all States with Budgetary allocation of 640 Cr.
A Central Surveillance Unit (CSU) at Delhi, State Surveillance Units (SSU) at all State/UT head quarters and District Surveillance Units (DSU) at all Districts in the country have been established.
Objectives:
To strengthen/maintain decentralized laboratory based IT enabled disease surveillance system for epidemic prone diseases to monitor disease trends and to detect and respond to outbreaks in early rising phase through trained Rapid Response Team (RRTs)
Programme Components:
Integration and decentralization of surveillance activities through establishment of surveillance units at Centre, State and District level.
Human Resource Development – Training of State Surveillance Officers, District Surveillance Officers, Rapid Response Team and other Medical and Paramedical staff on principles of disease surveillance.
Use of Information Communication Technology for collection, collation, compilation, analysis and dissemination of data.
Strengthening of public health laboratories.
The Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) aims to establish a decentralized disease surveillance system in India to improve disease control. It integrates existing surveillance programs, coordinates surveillance activities, and establishes quality data collection, analysis, and feedback using information technology. The IDSP covers diseases like malaria, acute diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, and measles. It is implemented in phases across states and union territories of India and involves strengthening laboratories, training health professionals, and creating an IT network to link surveillance sites. The goal is to provide data to enable efficient public health decision making and interventions for priority diseases.
Integrated Diseases Surveillance Project - IDSP IndiaRizwan S A
The document provides an overview of the Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) in India. IDSP aims to establish a decentralized district-based system for surveillance of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Key aspects of IDSP include integrating existing disease surveillance, strengthening public health laboratories, using information technology, and developing human resources. IDSP implements syndromic, presumptive, and confirmed surveillance for various diseases. Information flows from the community level up through district, state, and national surveillance committees, which analyze data and coordinate response actions. New IDSP initiatives include an alert call center, e-learning modules, and a media scanning cell.
1. The Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched in 2004 to establish a decentralized disease surveillance system in India to enable timely public health responses.
2. IDSP aims to integrate disease surveillance activities across national health programs, private sector organizations, and state governments.
3. The project works to detect disease outbreaks early through establishing surveillance units at central, state, and district levels that monitor for priority infectious diseases and public health events.
Coauthors: Ms Christa Maria Joel and Ms Meera Ann John
Supervisors: Dr Saurabh Kumar
Department of Community Medicine
Father Muller Medical College
3rd Year MBBS
The World Health Organization STEPwise Approach to Noncommunicable Disease Ri...Sumaiya Akter Snigdha
The World Health Organization STEPwise Approach to Noncommunicable Disease Risk-Factor Surveillance provides a standardized method for collecting and analyzing risk factor surveillance data across countries. It uses repeated cross-sectional household surveys with standardized questions and protocols to monitor risk factors like blood pressure, blood glucose, and tobacco use. While it helps build capacity for risk factor surveillance, challenges include lack of priority and resources for ongoing surveillance in many countries.
Integrated Disease Surveillance ProjectSandeep Das
The document describes India's Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP), which aims to establish a decentralized, district-based system for surveillance of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Key elements of IDSP include integrating existing surveillance activities, strengthening public health laboratories, using information technology, and developing human resources for surveillance and response at the district, state, and national levels. IDSP collects surveillance data on various diseases through syndromic, presumptive, and confirmed case reporting. Data flows from the district to state and national levels to allow for analysis and coordinated response.
The document provides information about the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) in India. It discusses that IDSP aims to establish a decentralized disease surveillance system to detect early warning signals of outbreaks. Key elements of IDSP include detection and reporting of health events, investigation and confirmation of cases, collection and analysis of surveillance data, and feedback to initiate public health responses. IDSP implementation is organized at the national, state, and district levels with defined roles and reporting structures. The program coordinates surveillance of both communicable and non-communicable diseases using standardized reporting forms.
The Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched in 2004 with World Bank assistance to improve disease outbreak detection and response in India. It established a decentralized surveillance system from the national to district levels. Key components include syndromic surveillance, reporting of priority diseases, strengthening laboratories, and using information technology. However, integration with other health programs remains a challenge. Issues exist at the national, state, and district levels including staff shortages, lack of coordination, and underreporting that weaken disease surveillance. While IDSP established an important framework, ongoing efforts are needed for it to reach its full potential.
The Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) is a decentralized, state-based project that aims to establish a disease surveillance system for timely public health action. It integrates disease surveillance at state and district levels, improves laboratory support, and provides training. The IDSP oversees surveillance of diseases like malaria, diarrhea, tuberculosis, measles, and more. It has a strong organizational structure from the national to district levels to monitor diseases and respond to outbreaks. The IDSP reporting system utilizes forms to report suspect, probable and confirmed disease cases weekly from health centers to the state and national levels.
Maternal Mortality in Madhya Pradesh Complete.pptxKritika Sarkar
Madhya Pradesh has a high maternal mortality ratio of 173 deaths per 100,000 live births. Key contributing factors include low literacy, poor nutrition status of women, inadequate access to quality antenatal, delivery and postnatal care services, and high rates of anemia. While institutional deliveries have increased, many deliveries still occur at home without a skilled birth attendant. The proposed project aims to address these gaps by improving human resource tracking, standardizing and increasing the quality of antenatal services, ensuring availability of staff at delivery points, and strengthening the referral system.
This review outlines the main organizational, financing, human resources and service delivery features of the health-care system. Although there has been implement in overall health outcomes since the 1990’s the current levels are still below average for the country’s Pacific neighbors. The remoteness of the many rural communities has hampered improvements in health services. This is one of the major challenges that the country faces in order to achieve SDG heath targets by 2030. This Hits highlights steps taken to overcome challenges especially in the face of epidemiological change in disease burden that is slowly taking place in the country.
Sri Lanka has achieved strong health outcomes over and above what is commensurate with its income level. The country has made significant gains in essential health indicators, witnessed a steady increase in life expectancy among its people, and eliminated malaria, filariasis, polio and neonatal tetanus. The Sri Lanka HiT review presents a comprehensive overview of the different aspects of the country’s health system, and the background and context within which the health system is situated. The review also presents information on reforms to address emerging health needs such as the growing challenge of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and serving a rapidly ageing population
National programme for prevention and control of cancer npcdcsanjalatchi
A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a disease that is not transmissible directly from one person to another. NCDs include Parkinson's disease, autoimmune diseases, strokes, most heart diseases, most cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and others.
National Diabetes Registry Report 2013-2019: Update of Key FindingsArunah Chandran
This presentation is the update of key findings from the second National Diabetes Registry (NDR) report since the establishment of the registry in Malaysia. It is intended to share the data contained within the NDR for clinicians, public
health specialists and researchers and all those who are interested in the clinical management of diabetes
Localization of Universal Health Coverage for Equitable Health Outcomes in NepalDeepak Karki
Presentation entitled "Localization of Universal Health Coverage for Equitable Health Outcomes in Nepal" by Dr Shiva Raj Adhikari on the 18th Anniversary of Nepalt Health Economics Association.
Presentation from day 1 of: "Policy setting for improved linkages between agriculture, trade and tourism: Strengthening the local agrifood sector and promoting healthy food in agritourism" Workshop organised by the Government of Vanuatu and CTA in collaboration with IICA and PIPSO, Port-Vila, Vanuatu, 25-27 May 2016
This document summarizes Thailand's response to the COVID-19 pandemic between September 2020 and November 2020. It covers preventing local transmission through measures like health communication, physical distancing, and testing. It also discusses ensuring infrastructure and workforce capacity, providing health services, financing coverage, governance, and multi-sectoral measures. The November 2020 update focuses on gradually lifting restrictions while maintaining preparedness for a potential second wave through ongoing surveillance, prevention, and rapid response systems.
Innovation in Surveillance of Communicable and Non-Communicable DiseasesDr. Nirmal Kandel
Innovation in Surveillance of Communicable and Non-communicable Diseases
http://nirmalkandel.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Innovation-in-Surveillance.pdf
This presentation discusses Bangladesh's health information system for collecting and analyzing data on health issues like coronary heart disease. It describes the 4-step process: 1) data collection from health facilities using DHIS2 and OpenMRS software, 2) ensuring data accuracy through validation rules, 3) converting data into information for health decision-making, and 4) making health information available nationwide. Challenges include inadequate ICT infrastructure, financial problems, resistance to change, and lack of clear eHealth policies. The presentation recommends developing a comprehensive national eHealth policy and providing more training to improve usage and acceptance of the health information system.
The Kingdom of Tonga has had one of the best overall levels of health within the Pacific as a result of a dramatic reduction in communicable diseases and maternal and child mortality since the 1950s. It is also on target to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) around maternal and child mortality. Adapting its strong primary health-care system to deal with the large financial burden associated with chronic and noncommunicable diseases and ensuring quality primary health-care services in remote areas are the main health sector challenges facing Tonga.
The document discusses disease control strategies in Nepal as outlined in the National Health Policy 2071. It identifies the major infectious diseases affecting Nepal, including tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and kala-azar. It also outlines strategies to control these diseases, such as expanding DOTS and ART programs, insecticide-treated bed nets for malaria, and surveillance networks. Some of the key challenges faced in disease control are cross-border disease transmission and strengthening control initiatives for diarrhea, respiratory illnesses and other infectious diseases.
The document discusses notifiable diseases, which are diseases that are legally required to be reported to government authorities. It provides information on the process of disease notification and lists examples of notifiable diseases in various countries and within India. It also describes the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme launched in India in 2004 to help detect and respond rapidly to disease outbreaks. Key agencies involved in disease surveillance and reporting at national and international levels are also outlined.
A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice of Mensural Hygiene among Adoles...ijtsrd
AIM the present study aims to assess the knowledge and practice of mensural hygiene among adolescent’s girls at school. METHODS AND MATERIALS A quantitative research design was used for the present study. A total 100 samples were collected using non probability purposive sampling technique. The demographic variable and level of knowledge mensural hygiene was assessed using structured questioner followed by that data was gathered and analyzed. RESULTS the results the study revealed that there is a significant association between level of knowledge with selected demographic among adolescents at the level of p 0.01 CONCLUSION Thus, the present despites that factors associated with level of among adolescents. Mrs. M. Kavitha | Ms. Roshna P Sabu | Ms. Sherly Anand "A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice of Mensural Hygiene among Adolescents Girls at School" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52559.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/52559/a-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-and-practice-of-mensural-hygiene-among-adolescents-girls-at-school/mrs-m-kavitha
The World Health Organization STEPwise Approach to Noncommunicable Disease Ri...Sumaiya Akter Snigdha
The World Health Organization STEPwise Approach to Noncommunicable Disease Risk-Factor Surveillance provides a standardized method for collecting and analyzing risk factor surveillance data across countries. It uses repeated cross-sectional household surveys with standardized questions and protocols to monitor risk factors like blood pressure, blood glucose, and tobacco use. While it helps build capacity for risk factor surveillance, challenges include lack of priority and resources for ongoing surveillance in many countries.
Integrated Disease Surveillance ProjectSandeep Das
The document describes India's Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP), which aims to establish a decentralized, district-based system for surveillance of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Key elements of IDSP include integrating existing surveillance activities, strengthening public health laboratories, using information technology, and developing human resources for surveillance and response at the district, state, and national levels. IDSP collects surveillance data on various diseases through syndromic, presumptive, and confirmed case reporting. Data flows from the district to state and national levels to allow for analysis and coordinated response.
The document provides information about the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) in India. It discusses that IDSP aims to establish a decentralized disease surveillance system to detect early warning signals of outbreaks. Key elements of IDSP include detection and reporting of health events, investigation and confirmation of cases, collection and analysis of surveillance data, and feedback to initiate public health responses. IDSP implementation is organized at the national, state, and district levels with defined roles and reporting structures. The program coordinates surveillance of both communicable and non-communicable diseases using standardized reporting forms.
The Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched in 2004 with World Bank assistance to improve disease outbreak detection and response in India. It established a decentralized surveillance system from the national to district levels. Key components include syndromic surveillance, reporting of priority diseases, strengthening laboratories, and using information technology. However, integration with other health programs remains a challenge. Issues exist at the national, state, and district levels including staff shortages, lack of coordination, and underreporting that weaken disease surveillance. While IDSP established an important framework, ongoing efforts are needed for it to reach its full potential.
The Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) is a decentralized, state-based project that aims to establish a disease surveillance system for timely public health action. It integrates disease surveillance at state and district levels, improves laboratory support, and provides training. The IDSP oversees surveillance of diseases like malaria, diarrhea, tuberculosis, measles, and more. It has a strong organizational structure from the national to district levels to monitor diseases and respond to outbreaks. The IDSP reporting system utilizes forms to report suspect, probable and confirmed disease cases weekly from health centers to the state and national levels.
Maternal Mortality in Madhya Pradesh Complete.pptxKritika Sarkar
Madhya Pradesh has a high maternal mortality ratio of 173 deaths per 100,000 live births. Key contributing factors include low literacy, poor nutrition status of women, inadequate access to quality antenatal, delivery and postnatal care services, and high rates of anemia. While institutional deliveries have increased, many deliveries still occur at home without a skilled birth attendant. The proposed project aims to address these gaps by improving human resource tracking, standardizing and increasing the quality of antenatal services, ensuring availability of staff at delivery points, and strengthening the referral system.
This review outlines the main organizational, financing, human resources and service delivery features of the health-care system. Although there has been implement in overall health outcomes since the 1990’s the current levels are still below average for the country’s Pacific neighbors. The remoteness of the many rural communities has hampered improvements in health services. This is one of the major challenges that the country faces in order to achieve SDG heath targets by 2030. This Hits highlights steps taken to overcome challenges especially in the face of epidemiological change in disease burden that is slowly taking place in the country.
Sri Lanka has achieved strong health outcomes over and above what is commensurate with its income level. The country has made significant gains in essential health indicators, witnessed a steady increase in life expectancy among its people, and eliminated malaria, filariasis, polio and neonatal tetanus. The Sri Lanka HiT review presents a comprehensive overview of the different aspects of the country’s health system, and the background and context within which the health system is situated. The review also presents information on reforms to address emerging health needs such as the growing challenge of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and serving a rapidly ageing population
National programme for prevention and control of cancer npcdcsanjalatchi
A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a disease that is not transmissible directly from one person to another. NCDs include Parkinson's disease, autoimmune diseases, strokes, most heart diseases, most cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and others.
National Diabetes Registry Report 2013-2019: Update of Key FindingsArunah Chandran
This presentation is the update of key findings from the second National Diabetes Registry (NDR) report since the establishment of the registry in Malaysia. It is intended to share the data contained within the NDR for clinicians, public
health specialists and researchers and all those who are interested in the clinical management of diabetes
Localization of Universal Health Coverage for Equitable Health Outcomes in NepalDeepak Karki
Presentation entitled "Localization of Universal Health Coverage for Equitable Health Outcomes in Nepal" by Dr Shiva Raj Adhikari on the 18th Anniversary of Nepalt Health Economics Association.
Presentation from day 1 of: "Policy setting for improved linkages between agriculture, trade and tourism: Strengthening the local agrifood sector and promoting healthy food in agritourism" Workshop organised by the Government of Vanuatu and CTA in collaboration with IICA and PIPSO, Port-Vila, Vanuatu, 25-27 May 2016
This document summarizes Thailand's response to the COVID-19 pandemic between September 2020 and November 2020. It covers preventing local transmission through measures like health communication, physical distancing, and testing. It also discusses ensuring infrastructure and workforce capacity, providing health services, financing coverage, governance, and multi-sectoral measures. The November 2020 update focuses on gradually lifting restrictions while maintaining preparedness for a potential second wave through ongoing surveillance, prevention, and rapid response systems.
Innovation in Surveillance of Communicable and Non-Communicable DiseasesDr. Nirmal Kandel
Innovation in Surveillance of Communicable and Non-communicable Diseases
http://nirmalkandel.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Innovation-in-Surveillance.pdf
This presentation discusses Bangladesh's health information system for collecting and analyzing data on health issues like coronary heart disease. It describes the 4-step process: 1) data collection from health facilities using DHIS2 and OpenMRS software, 2) ensuring data accuracy through validation rules, 3) converting data into information for health decision-making, and 4) making health information available nationwide. Challenges include inadequate ICT infrastructure, financial problems, resistance to change, and lack of clear eHealth policies. The presentation recommends developing a comprehensive national eHealth policy and providing more training to improve usage and acceptance of the health information system.
The Kingdom of Tonga has had one of the best overall levels of health within the Pacific as a result of a dramatic reduction in communicable diseases and maternal and child mortality since the 1950s. It is also on target to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) around maternal and child mortality. Adapting its strong primary health-care system to deal with the large financial burden associated with chronic and noncommunicable diseases and ensuring quality primary health-care services in remote areas are the main health sector challenges facing Tonga.
The document discusses disease control strategies in Nepal as outlined in the National Health Policy 2071. It identifies the major infectious diseases affecting Nepal, including tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and kala-azar. It also outlines strategies to control these diseases, such as expanding DOTS and ART programs, insecticide-treated bed nets for malaria, and surveillance networks. Some of the key challenges faced in disease control are cross-border disease transmission and strengthening control initiatives for diarrhea, respiratory illnesses and other infectious diseases.
The document discusses notifiable diseases, which are diseases that are legally required to be reported to government authorities. It provides information on the process of disease notification and lists examples of notifiable diseases in various countries and within India. It also describes the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme launched in India in 2004 to help detect and respond rapidly to disease outbreaks. Key agencies involved in disease surveillance and reporting at national and international levels are also outlined.
A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice of Mensural Hygiene among Adoles...ijtsrd
AIM the present study aims to assess the knowledge and practice of mensural hygiene among adolescent’s girls at school. METHODS AND MATERIALS A quantitative research design was used for the present study. A total 100 samples were collected using non probability purposive sampling technique. The demographic variable and level of knowledge mensural hygiene was assessed using structured questioner followed by that data was gathered and analyzed. RESULTS the results the study revealed that there is a significant association between level of knowledge with selected demographic among adolescents at the level of p 0.01 CONCLUSION Thus, the present despites that factors associated with level of among adolescents. Mrs. M. Kavitha | Ms. Roshna P Sabu | Ms. Sherly Anand "A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice of Mensural Hygiene among Adolescents Girls at School" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52559.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/52559/a-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-and-practice-of-mensural-hygiene-among-adolescents-girls-at-school/mrs-m-kavitha
The document describes a qualitative study that explored how a multi-pronged community-based intervention addressed adolescent anaemia in vulnerable urban Indian communities. The intervention included nutrition education for adolescents and parents, health camps for anaemia screening, and treatment and follow-up. Findings showed that the intervention led to reduced junk food consumption but reinforcement was needed to sustain changes. Parental support was important for treatment compliance but was affected by lack of awareness and gender inequities. Engaging adolescents as agents of change contributed to improved awareness, sanitation, and support within families and communities. A holistic approach is needed that addresses socioeconomic factors, gender equity, health priorities, family involvement, and adolescent empowerment to create an enabling environment for
This study examined factors that predict the use of sanitary napkins among adolescent girls in India using a multi-level analysis approach. The study analyzed data from a survey of 14,625 girls aged 10-19 years in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The results found that use of sanitary napkins was higher among girls with more education, from wealthier families, and whose mothers had more education. Community-level factors like average education levels in the community did not significantly impact girls' menstrual hygiene practices. The study concluded that improving access to education, especially for girls and their mothers, could help promote better menstrual hygiene.
Association between Malnutrition and Cognitive Impairment among Morocco Older...asclepiuspdfs
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association between the malnutrition and risk of cognitive impairment among Morocco older adults. Materials and Methods: A sample of 237 older adults aged above 60 years were recruited from three nursing homes belong to three different cities, Rabat, Kenitra, and Sidi Kacem city and from one health center in Sidi Kacem city. From them, 172 subjects (56.4% men) were included in our study for their completion. Cognitive functions were assessed by the Mini–Mental State Examination. Nutritional status, depression, and physical activity (PA) were assessed using, respectively: Mini nutritional assessment, geriatric depression scale-15, and global PA questionnaire. The binary logistic regression was performed where the cognitive function was taking as the dependent variable and all other outcomes as independent variables.
Prevalence of Anamiea and Its Predictors in Pregnant Women Attending Antenata...iosrjce
Background: Anemia impairs cognitive development, reduces physical work capacity and in severe cases
increases risk of mortality particularly during prenatal period. In India, 16% of maternal deaths are attributed
to anemia. However, high prevalence of anemia among pregnant women persists in India despite the
availability of effective, low-cost interventions for prevention and treatment. Aknowledge of them
sociodemographic factors associated with anemia will help to formulate multipronged strategies to attack this
important public health problem in pregnancy.
Objective: To assess the prevalence of anaemia and its predicting factors among pregnant women attending
antenatal clinic at Tertiary care center.
Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study
Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study design was conducted from January 2014 – September 2014
among 5788 pregnant womens who had been attending antenatal clinic. Red blood cell morphology and Hgb
level determination were assessed following the standard procedures. Socio-demographic data was collected by
using a structured questionnaire. The data entered and analyzed by using the SPSS version 16.0 statistical
software. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Result: Overall prevalence of anemia among the pregnant women was found to be 86.37%. Factors such as
diet, level of education of women and their husbands and socioeconomic status were found to be significantly
associated with the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy.
Conclusion: The present study showed high prevalence of anemia and the majority of them were of the
moderate type (hemoglobin: 10-10.9 g/dl). Low socioeconomic class, illiteracy, Multiparous were significantly
associated with high prevalence of anemia during pregnancy in Indian women.
A Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice KAP on Anemia and Socio Economic ...YogeshIJTSRD
This study examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to anemia among 508 rural adolescent girls in Odisha, India before and after a planned nutrition education program. The study found that 55% of participants had mild anemia at baseline. Scores for knowledge, attitudes, and practices all improved significantly after the education program, indicating it was effective at positively changing KAP related to anemia. Certain demographic variables like age, family income, and mother's education were also found to influence KAP levels. The results suggest planned nutrition education can help address anemia issues among adolescent girls.
assess the level of awareness about menstrual hygiene practices among adolesc...Dr. Akanksha Verma
This study aimed to assess awareness of menstrual hygiene and its relationship to UTIs and RTIs among adolescent girls in Dharavi, Mumbai. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 140 girls aged 13-19 using questionnaires. The results showed that while most girls were aware of menstrual hygiene practices, awareness of its importance in preventing infections was low. Many social factors like cost, beliefs, and lack of privacy hindered proper practice of menstrual hygiene. The study concluded that awareness of menstrual hygiene exists but is not effectively translated into practices due to various social barriers.
Running Head HEALTH PROBLEMS IN U.S.A 1 HEALTH PROBLEMS I.docxwlynn1
Running Head: HEALTH PROBLEMS IN U.S.A
1
HEALTH PROBLEMS IN U.S.A
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HEALTH PROBLEM IN U.S.A AND OTHER NATIONS
Student’s Name:
Institution:
Instructor:
Date:
Abstract
This paper addresses the cognitive abilities that enhance hand hygiene acquiescence while backing the inhibition of healthcare associated to the contagions and how they have been widely acknowledged. It is also acknowledged that great hand cleanliness alone cannot impress difficult risk influences, such as elder age, immune-suppression, entrance fee to the serious care part, a lengthier span of stay, and indwelling strategies. The participants used in this study were selected from were randomly selected from public places through observation of their actions and how they took care of their hands especially before eating, after eating and also engaging in hand cleanness in public places. The main methods used for the research are qualitative studies through the use of observation models. In sum, it was found that hand sanitation involvements are concomitantly assumed with other monotonous or superior preventive approaches, there are a probable for these simultaneous policies to confuse the result of the hand sanitation package. Therefore, the direct comment of hand cleanliness likelihoods and movements; microelectronic nursing of hand hygiene actions and valuation of liquor created hand rub ingesting strength also be used as accidental methods and supernumerary indicators. In addition to these studies specifically focused on hand hygiene treatments, hand hygiene was in the center of numerous studies applying broader transmission control treatments and demonstrating the effect on healthcare-associated infection rates. So, hand hygiene is the fundamental part of proper recommendations for the prevention of the most common healthcare-associated infections.
Keywords: hand hygiene, hand sanitation, qualitative studies
Significance and Background of the Study
The study is significant because it will have an impact on improving the healthcare and also the welfare of the poor populations in terms of improving their health. Therefore, those with previous illness situations anxiety that they might lose assurance attention if they modification occupations. Central income person terror that decrease insurance welfares might energy them to recompense extra and more of the prices of health care, accumulative their unwillingness to search for maintenance when they necessity it. Urged in portion by the misconduct assurance crisis, obstetrical amenities are described to be in small source in certain areas. Inhabitants of this nation's rural zones are aggressive a hard fight to save hospitals exposed so that, at a smallest, they consume admission to alternative facilities and vital main care. To evade consuming to admit extra room patients who might not have assurance, mounting numbers of clinics have stopped offering crisis amenities.
This study was informed by a number of factors suc.
A Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Iron Deficiency Anemia among Reprod...ijtsrd
Anemia is a major public health problem in reproductive age women because of their high requirement for iron during pregnancy, lactation, menstrual bleeding, and nutritional deficiency during their reproductive cycle. Even though the world health organization aims for a global reduction of anemia by 50 among women of reproductive age by 2025, with the current situation it is unlikely to achieve this goal. Considering this fact, a descriptive study was conducted to assess the knowledge regarding iron deficiency anemia among women of reproductive age and to associate the level of their knowledge with their selected demographic variables and to prepare and distribute information booklet related to iron deficiency anemia. The sample population were 100 women of reproductive age selected through a purposive sampling technique, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data was collected using knowledge rating scale and demographic profiles. The setting of the study was Nadathara panchayat, Thrissur. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed that 38 of them had inadequate knowledge whereas 62 of them had adequate knowledge regarding iron deficiency anemia. Analysis showed that there was significant association between education and level of knowledge regarding iron deficiency anemia among the subjects. This study concluded that majority were having adequate knowledge regarding iron deficiency Anemia. The study helped the women of reproductive age identify their level of knowledge regarding iron deficiency anemia its signs and symptoms, diagnostic measures, management and ways to practice healthy life style with the help of information booklet that was distributed. Ms. Ashmi Igantious | Ms. Aparna V K | Ms. Aqulin K T | Ms. Fragrance | Ms. Gayathri N V | Ms. Priya Johny | Ms. Shifana S | Mrs. Rehana Rani T P | Dr. Lt. Col. Rosy K O "A Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Iron Deficiency Anemia among Reproductive Age Women in Selected Community Thrissur" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61347.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/61347/a-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-regarding-iron-deficiency-anemia-among-reproductive-age-women-in-selected-community-thrissur/ms-ashmi-igantious
Bikram Synopsis Presentation on knowledge and attitude towards HIV.pptxvirengeeta
This document provides a synopsis for a presentation on an exploratory study to assess knowledge and attitudes regarding HIV/AIDS among secondary school students in Faridkot, Punjab. The presentation includes an introduction outlining the need for the study given HIV prevalence rates. The objectives are to assess knowledge and determine attitudes regarding HIV/AIDS and associate knowledge with demographic variables. The study will use a quantitative descriptive design with 100 student participants from secondary schools in Faridkot. Data will be collected using a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
The document discusses a qualitative study that explored Iranian women's experiences with breast cancer preventive behaviors. Five main themes emerged from analysis: 1) attitude toward breast cancer and preventive behaviors, 2) stress management, 3) healthy lifestyle, 4) perceived social support, and 5) individual and environmental barriers. The findings showed that women were highly motivated to engage in preventive behaviors but faced considerable challenges due to individual barriers and environmental constraints.
HAEMODIALYSIS.PRESENTATION L SUNEETHA MSC IST YEARLankeSuneetha
This research proposal outlines a study to assess the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on knowledge of post-dialysis home care management among clients undergoing hemodialysis. The objectives are to assess knowledge through pre-and post-tests, determine the impact of the teaching program, and examine associations with demographic variables. A literature review presents results of previous studies that found structured teaching and information modules improved knowledge and practices regarding home care. The methodology will use a quasi-experimental design, assessing 100 clients at a hospital dialysis unit through purposive sampling, pre-and post-tests, and descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the data.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the effectiveness of planned teaching on knowledge of hazards related to open defecation among rural people in Maharashtra, India. The study used a pre-test post-test design with 60 participants. Most participants had primary education or less and lived in traditional houses. There was no significant relationship between demographic variables and knowledge. Planned teaching significantly improved participants' knowledge of open defecation hazards, as the post-test knowledge score was much higher than the pre-test score and higher than the statistically significant level. The study concluded that planned teaching on open defecation hazards was effective in improving knowledge among the rural study population.
Factors Associated with Anemia among Pregnant Women of Underprivileged Ethnic...Prabesh Ghimire
Abstract
Background. This study aims at determining the factors associated with anemia among pregnant women of underprivileged ethnic groups attending antenatal care at the provincial level hospital of Province 2. Methods. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Janakpur Provincial Hospital of Province 2, Southern Nepal. 287 pregnant women from underprivileged ethnic groups attending antenatal care were selected and interviewed. Face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire were undertaken. Anemia status was assessed based on hemoglobin levels determined at the hospital’s laboratory. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify the factors associated with anemia. Analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 23 software. Results. The overall anemia prevalence in the study population was 66.9% (95% CI, 61.1–72.3). The women from most underprivileged ethnic groups (Terai Dalit, Terai Janajati, and Muslims) were twice more likely to be anemic than Madhesi women. Similarly, women having education lower than secondary level were about 3 times more likely to be anemic compared to those with secondary level or higher education. Women who had not completed four antenatal visits were twice more likely to be anemic than those completing all four visits. The odds of anemia were three times higher among pregnant women who had not taken deworming medication compared to their counterparts. Furthermore, women with inadequate dietary diversity were four times more likely to be anemic compared to women having adequate dietary diversity. Conclusions. The prevalence of anemia is a severe public health problem among pregnant women of underprivileged ethnic groups in Province 2. Being Dalit, Janajati, and Muslim, having lower education, less frequent antenatal visits, not receiving deworming medication, and having inadequate dietary diversity are found to be the significant factors. The present study highlights the need of improving the frequency of antenatal visits and coverage of deworming program in ethnic populations. Furthermore, promoting a dietary diversity at the household level would help lower the prevalence of anemia. The study findings also imply that the nutrition interventions to control anemia must target and reach pregnant women from the most-marginalized ethnic groups and those with lower education
Practices of Primary Caregivers about Caring Children with Leukemia at Nation...AI Publications
This research was made to assess practices of primary caregivers about caring for children with acute leukemia at the Pediatric Blood Diseases Department, National Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion in 2020. Methods: This was analytical-observational research with the design of cross-sectional. Results: Study on 182 primary caregivers having children with acute leukemia treated at the Pediatric Blood Diseases Department, National Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion. The unsatisfactory practice of primary caregivers having children with acute leukemia accounting for 53.8%. There were 32.4% primary caregivers almost performed the wrong diet when their children had diarrhea. 38.5% primary caregivers sometimes clean their hands before and after preparing food and 33% primary caregivers sometimes clean their children’s teeth and gums properly. 28% primary caregivers sometimes encourage your children to participate in social activities. There were relationships between the educational level, the marital status, receiving health educational information and practices of primary caregivers, with p <0.05. Conclusions: The practices of primary caregivers having children with acute leukemia were low. There were relationships between educational level, marital status, receiving health educational information and practices of primary caregivers, with p <0.05.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowl...ijtsrd
Statement of problem “A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Prevention and Prevalence of Anemia among Adolescent Girls in A Selected areas.â€Material and Methods In the present study one group pre test and post test experimental descriptive research design is used to collect the sample from selected areas of Mohali of 100 adolescent girls. The sample is collected through purposive sampling technique. The data is collected by socio demographic questionnaire and self instructional module.Result Majority 58 58 of the adolescent girls had inadequate knowledge, 40 40 had moderate knowledge and 02 2 had adequate knowledge in pre test before administering structured teaching program. After getting structured teaching program, 15 15 of adolescent girls had moderate knowledge and 85 85 of adolescent girls had reported adequate knowledge. It is significantly shows that there is association between knowledge levels of adolescent girls regarding prevention and prevalence of anemia and demographic variables.Conclusion It was concluded that there is gain in knowledge after teaching program and there is significant association between level of knowledge and demographic variables. Ms. Deepti | Dr. Priyanka Chaudhary | Ms. Ramanpreet Kaur | Ms. P. Chitra "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Prevention and Prevalence of Anemia among Adolescent Girls in Selected Areas" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49097.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/49097/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-regarding-prevention-and-prevalence-of-anemia-among-adolescent-girls-in-selected-areas/ms-deepti
Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on Hepatitis among Mothers of Schoo...ijtsrd
Acute viral hepatitis is the most common parenchymal liver disease seen in community. It is a worldwide problem including India. It occurs mainly due to unhygienic practices, unsafe water and poor environmental sanitation. It is common in children there was a need to educate this group focusing on primary prevention. one group pre test and post test design. and non probability convenient sampling technique was used and sample consisted of 30 mothers of school children Data analysis and interpretation was done using inferentional statistics It was observed that the post test mean scores was 78.36 and standard deviation was 20.723 which was significantly higher than the pretest mean value is 33.83 and standard deviation is 20.01 The t test value was 0.198 at P=0.5 level. Thus the findings of the study signify that structured teaching programme was effective in enhancing the knowledge of hepatitis. The researcher concluded that, the present study concluded that structured teaching programme on prevention of viral hepatitis was an effective method for providing moderate to adequate knowledge among school children to enhance their knowledge regarding prevention of viral hepatitis. Mrs P. Umalakshmi "Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on Hepatitis among Mothers of School Children, Chennai" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63421.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/63421/effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-program-on-hepatitis-among-mothers-of-school-children-chennai/mrs-p-umalakshmi
Evaluation of the Awareness about Hepatitis among Ardabil Medical University ...asclepiuspdfs
Introduction: Hepatitis is one of the five infectious diseases in the world that yearly one million people die and nearly 2 million sufferers from it. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most important cause of liver disease and the major cause of death from hepatitis in Iran. The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge about hepatitis among medical students of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences in 2016. Methodology: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study that has been done on 150 students were selected randomly from Ardabil University of Medical Sciences students in 2016. The data collected by a questionnaire consisted of 25 questions. The collected data were analyzed using statistical methods in SPSS version 16. P < 5% was considered significant. Results: Of all students, 56% were female, and the rest of them were male with an average age of 20 years. The average of student knowledge was 11.06. Nursing and health students had the highest and IT students had the lowest level of knowledge. 61.3% of students referred to the use of a common syringe as an agent for the transmission of hepatitis and 62% believed that the level of knowledge of people in the community could prevent the transmission of HBV infection to individuals. Conclusion: The results present study showed that students’ knowledge about HBV was moderate and because of medical personnel is at high risk of infection due to their occupational status. Hence, promoting their level of knowledge about HBV is essential.
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2. Bali, et al.: Poor menstrual hygiene management and anemia
551
Indian Journal of Community Medicine ¦ Volume 46 ¦ Issue 3 ¦ July-September 2021 551
was conducted to find out the prevalence of anemia and poor
MHM and to find out if any relationship exists between the
two conditions.
Materials and Methods
This is a cross‑sectional study conducted among menstruating
adolescent girls (10‑19 years) enrolled at various anganwadi
centers in Banganga, an urban slum of Bhopal during June
2017‑July 2018. As there were no previous studies on this
topic, the prevalence of anemia due to poor MHM was
assumed to be 50% and the margin of error to be 10% and
95% confidence level. The sample size calculated using
the formula = z2
pq/d2
(z = standard normal deviate at 95%
confidence interval [CI]; q = 100 ‑ p), the minimum sample size
came out to be 384. Line listing of the adolescents was prepared
and simple random sampling was used to select the participants.
A predesigned, pretested, and structured questionnaire was
used to collect the data through a face‑to‑face interview of
the study participants.
Data were collected regarding socio‑demographic
characteristics; Menstruation‑related characteristics and
Self‑reported MHM practice assessed using six parameters.
The internal consistency of the tool was assessed by Cronbach’s
alpha for the Hindi version (0.78).
a. Absorbent material used: categorized as sanitary (market
and homemade sanitary napkins) and unsanitary (a reused
cloth not washed with soap and water; not dried under
sunlight adequately)[5]
b. Storage of absorbent: categorized as satisfactory and
unsatisfactory (non‑availability of absorbent at home)
c. Disposal of used absorbents: categorized as satisfactory
and unsatisfactory (throwing outside at the gutter or
street)[6]
d. Frequency of change of absorbent ‑ categorized as
satisfactory and unsatisfactory (<2 pads/day)[7]
e. Washingofexternalgenitaliawithsoapandwater ‑ categorized
assatisfactoryandunsatisfactory (inadequatewaterandthe
absence of soap)[7]
f. Privacy – the presence of any private place at home
to practice menstrual hygiene. (Satisfactory ‑ Yes/
Unsatisfactory ‑ No).
A scoring system used to segregate the MHM practices into
good and poor. Each of the parameters dichotomized into
satisfactory (1 point) and unsatisfactory (0 point). The score
ranges from 0 ‑ 6; Higher the score better the menstrual
hygiene practice. Good MHM should be satisfactory in all
six parameters and poor MHM was considered when the
score was ≤5.
The outcome variable anemia was assessed using biochemical
assessment of Hemoglobin (Hb) level using HemoCue®
Hb
201+ System. It is aWHO accredited standard Hb point‑of‑care
testing tool. The necessary safety measures were taken during
blood collection.
Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Human
Ethics Committee, AIIMS Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Written
informed consent was secured from each study participant
and for those who were aged <18 years, written informed
assent was obtained from their parents/guardians. The study
was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki
1975 as revised in 2000.
DatawereanalyzedusingtheSPSSsoftwareversion 16.0 (IBM,
SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). Descriptive statistics used to
examine MHM and anemia among adolescent girls; the
relationship between poor MHM and anemia was assessed
using logistic regression. (P < 0.05).
Results
The data collected from 393 participants with the mean
age (standard deviation [SD]) of study participants were
15.57 (1.8). About two‑thirds (62.4%) and one‑third (31.8%)
of the respondents were 15 to 18‑years‑old and 11 to
14‑years‑old. About three‑fourth (74.6%) of the participants
were pursuing intermediate (9–12 classes) schooling; about
17% were in middle school (6–8 classes). Around half (46.3%)
and one‑fourth (22.4%) of the participants belonged to other
backward and scheduled castes, respectively. About 81.4% of
the respondents belonged to the below poverty line category.
About one‑fourth (27%) of the mothers of the participants
were illiterate; about 24.4% of the participant’s mothers were
educated up to primary and middle school. About 60% of the
participants were not aware of menstruation before menarche
and one‑fourth (23.2%) of the participants knew the exact
cause of menstruation. About 61% had excess bleeding during
menstruation. Around three‑fourth (75%) of the participants
claimed that the daily activities were restricted at home.Among
393 study participants, 38.7% were anemic and nearly half of the
participants (45.5%)wereunderweight [Table 1].Around30.7%
were using sanitary absorbents and 9.4% of them did not store
theabsorbent.Aboutthree‑fourthoftherespondentsdidnotclean
their external genitalia more than two times a day [Figure 1].
Only 12.7% had good MHM practice (satisfactory in all the
six parameters of MHM) with a mean score (SD) =3.8 (1.1)
and median = 4.About one‑third (34%) of the participants got
Figure 1: Distribution of study participants according to menstrual hygiene
management (n = 393)
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3. Bali, et al.: Poor menstrual hygiene management and anemia
Indian Journal of Community Medicine ¦ Volume 46 ¦ Issue 3 ¦ July-September 2021
552
menstrual hygiene score 4 and 1% got score 1 (fulfilling just
one parameter as satisfactory) [Table 1]. Univariate logistic
regression found that the MHM, religion, educational status,
bleeding during menstruation, and nutritional status were
significant factors associated with anemia; which remains the
same in multivariable logistic regression. Hosmer‑Lemeshow
statistic was nonsignificant which shows the model is fit to
explain the occurrence of anemia; Nagelkerke R2
was around
12% which means this model explains about only 12%
variation in anemia due to these factors which found to be
significant in regression [Table 2].
Discussion
In the present study, the prevalence of anemia among
adolescent girls (10–19 years) was found to be 38.7%;
National Family Health Survey 4 (2015–2016) found that
53% of women in the childbearing age (15–45 years) and
54% of adolescent girls (15–19 years) have anemia, which is
the highest in the world. About 29% of nonpregnant women
worldwide are affected by anemia. Various studies in India
found the prevalence of anemia among adolescents ranges from
30% to 56% [8.9]
with the lowest prevalence in Kerala‑based
study (21%). It may be due to the high iron content in their
local food and higher consumption of meat among the
communities.[10]
A study done in Uttar Pradesh found that socioeconomic
status and adolescent’s educational status; occupation and
their mother’s occupation were predictors of anemia which
is consistent with the present study for few predictors.[9]
The
present study showed mothers education as not a predictor
of anemia which is similar to a study done in Ethiopia.[11]
A
study in Ethiopia found that adolescents in the early period of
adolescence (odds ratio [OR]: 4.75) found to have a greater
risk of anemia.[11]
Women with low body mass index (BMI)
have increased odds of developing anemia, adjusted ORs
of 1.81 (95% CI: 1.11–3.48) similar to studies done in
Ethiopia.[11]
This study has shown that the prevalence of
anemia was higher among those who were having low BMI
which indirectly reflects the poor nutritional status leading to
the high prevalence of anemia.
In the present study, the MHM was properly defined and equal
weight was given to different parameters including perceived
privacy. The study showed that nearly three‑fourth (70%)
were not using sanitary pads as well as not storing them at
home for timely use even after the provision of subsidized
sanitary pads from the government; these finding points
and stresses on lack of awareness regarding the MHM and
government initiatives. Previous literature failed to adequately
report questions used to capture MHM practices, which limits
comparison.A study done in Uganda found 90.5% of girls fail
to meet available criteria for adequate MHM similar to the
present study (87.3%).[12]
Most of the studies enquired mostly
about the absorbents used.A higher proportion of girls reported
using cloth in rural India (pooled prevalence: 63%) and 56%
in Ethiopia. [13,14]
Women who menstruate tend to lose blood through their
periods, disproportionately affected by anemia. As the blood
is lost every month during menstruation iron depletion occurs;
if it is not replaced, it leads to iron deficiency anemia. People
with heavy menstrual bleeding are more susceptible to iron
deficiency anemia.A study in Kerala found the number of pads
used per day during menstruation (P = 0.004) was associated
with the presence of anemia, as it indirectly indicates the
amount of blood loss during menstruation.[10]
Previous evidence
shows that the RTI leads to PID results in menorrhagia, in turn,
leading to blood loss and anemia.As anemia and infection had
a bidirectional relationship, the RTI will be taken as a proxy
for anemia to elicit association between MHM and anemia.[4]
A study done in Karnataka found that the symptoms of RTI
Table 1: Distribution of study participants according
to menstruation characteristics and its knowledge,
hemoglobin level, and nutritional status (n=393)
n (%)
Age at menarche
11 years and less 21 (5.3)
12 years 92 (23.5)
13 years 193 (49.1)
14 years and more 83 (21.1)
Awareness about menstruation before menarche
Yes 154 (39.2)
No 239 (60.8)
What is the cause of menstruation? (knowledge)
Normal physiological process 91 (23.2)
Because of eating hot food 1 (0.3)
Process of cleaning body 1 (0.3)
Curse of god 13 (3.3)
Don’t know 284 (72.3)
Menstrual bleeding
Normal 150 (38.2)
Excessive 243 (61.8)
Activities restricted during menstruation at home
Yes 296 (75.3)
No 97 (24.7)
MHM category (score)
Poor (≤5) 343 (87.3)
Good (6) 50 (12.7)
Hemoglobin level (g/dl)
≥12 (no anemia) 241 (61.3)
<12 (anemic) 152 (38.7)
11.9-10 (mild)#
99 (65.1)
9.9-7 (moderate)#
48 (31.5)
<7 (severe)#
5 (3.2)
Mean (SD); median 11.6 (1.6); 12.1
Minimum-maximum (range) 6-14.6 (8.6)
Nutritional status (BMI)
Underweight (<18.5) 179 (45.5)
Normal (≥18.5) 214 (54.5)
#
n=152. MHM: Menstrual hygiene management, SD: Standard deviation,
BMI: Body mass index
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4. Bali, et al.: Poor menstrual hygiene management and anemia
553
Indian Journal of Community Medicine ¦ Volume 46 ¦ Issue 3 ¦ July-September 2021 553
found to be high among adolescents using cloth as absorbent
and those not maintaining the hygiene of genitalia. Various
surveys found that the lack of menstrual hygiene results in
anemia, prolonged or short periods, infections of reproductive
tracts, as well as psychological problems such as anxiety,
embarrassment, and shame.A case‑control study done in Orissa
concluded that the interventions that ensure women to have
access to private sanitation facilities with a water supply and
educate women about safer, low‑cost MHM materials could
reduce urogenital disease as well as reduce the occurrence of
anemia in adolescent girls.[15]
Conclusion
The present study found the prevalence of anemia and poor
MHM to be 38.7% and 87.3%, respectively. The study also
concluded that there is a significant association between poor
MHM and anemia. Providing awareness and breaking the
taboos is an imperative strategy to reduce the burden imposed
by poor MHM. Evidence‑based nationwide data are needed
to establish a cause‑effect relationship and its consequences
which will help in exploring and implementing various
preventive measures.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
References
1. World Health Organization. Haemoglobin Concentrations for the
Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity. World Health
Organization; 2011. Available from: http://www.who.int/vmnis/
indicators/haemoglobin.pdf. [Last accessed on 2020 Oct 25].
2. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. Guidelines for control of iron
deficiency anaemia. National Iron Plus Initiative. New Delhi: MoHFW,
Government of India; 2013. Available from https://www.nhm.gov.
in/images/pdf/programmes/child-health/guidelines/Control-of-Iron-
Deficiency-Anaemia.pdf. [Last accessed on 2020 Oct 25].
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Table 2: Univariate and multivariable logistic regression showing factors associated with anemia (n=393)
Variables OR (95% CI); P AOR (95% CI); P
MHM (poor) 3.2 (1.5-6.9); 0.002** 2.6 (1.1-5.7); 0.017*
Age (<15) 1 (0.7-1.6); 0.713
Religion (Hindu) 1.7 (1.1-2.8); 0.015* 1.7 (1.1-2.8); 0.02*
Caste (OBC) 0.7 (0.4-1.3); 0.360
Caste (SC) 1.4 (0.8-2.4); 0.219
Socio economic category (BPL) 1 (0.6-1.8); 0.742
Educational status (below 9th
class) 2 (1.2-3.6); 0.009** 1.9 (1.1-3.5); 0.02*
Mother s education (up to primary) 1.3 (0.8-2); 0.164
Age at menarche (<12 years) 1.4 (0.9-2.2); 0.126
Bleeding (excess) 2.1 (1.3-3.2); 0.001** 1.7 (1.1-2.7); 0.017*
Restrictions at home (yes) 1 (0.6-1.7); 0.716
Nutritional status (underweight) 1.7 (1.1-2.6); 0.008* 1.8 (1.1-2.7); 0.006*
Knowledge regarding menstruation 1 (0.6-1.6); 0.919
Hosmer‑lemeshow statisti 0.712
Nagelkerke R2
0.121
*P<0.05, **P<0.005. OR: Odds ratio, AOR: Adjusted odds ratio, MHM: Menstrual hygiene management, BPL: Below poverty line, CI: Confidence
interval
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