Socio-Cultural Aspects Of Menstruation HygieneAshish Nain
This PPT tells About Taboos Related to menstruation in india and the stratergy to combat the ill effects of these taboos related to it.very helpful for Research and Awareness about mentruation
Significance of Health Education among Adolescent GirlsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Adolescence is the period of storm and stress due to rapid changes in various aspects of growth. It is the most challenging phase of development especially in the physiological aspect. Awareness on growth and development among adolescent girls is essential to build a healthy personality. It helps to prevent them from unhealthy lifestyles and teenage pregnancy. The present study focuses on analyzing the level of awareness among adolescent girls about the major physical changes like menstruation and reproduction. The sample consists of 100 adolescent girls from government and aided schools of Kerala. The study found that the awareness related to menstruation is satisfactory. But the awareness related to sex is at below average level. Thus the study highlights the need of health education among adolescents with more focus on sex education.
ideal for policies for women in India, basically for health services provided y government. it consist of health policy and there brief information of the same. ideal for bsw students
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Socio-Cultural Aspects Of Menstruation HygieneAshish Nain
This PPT tells About Taboos Related to menstruation in india and the stratergy to combat the ill effects of these taboos related to it.very helpful for Research and Awareness about mentruation
Significance of Health Education among Adolescent GirlsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Adolescence is the period of storm and stress due to rapid changes in various aspects of growth. It is the most challenging phase of development especially in the physiological aspect. Awareness on growth and development among adolescent girls is essential to build a healthy personality. It helps to prevent them from unhealthy lifestyles and teenage pregnancy. The present study focuses on analyzing the level of awareness among adolescent girls about the major physical changes like menstruation and reproduction. The sample consists of 100 adolescent girls from government and aided schools of Kerala. The study found that the awareness related to menstruation is satisfactory. But the awareness related to sex is at below average level. Thus the study highlights the need of health education among adolescents with more focus on sex education.
ideal for policies for women in India, basically for health services provided y government. it consist of health policy and there brief information of the same. ideal for bsw students
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Perinatal health awareness among adolescent pregnant women in El zawya Villag...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
A Study on Assessment of Knowledge of Reproductive Health Education among the...AnuragSingh1049
Adolescence is a life’s essential transition phase starting around 10, 11 or 12 years and concludes between the age of 18-21 years. Deficiency of reproductive health information and sexual experimentations in this stage of storm and stress expose adolescents to grave health pressure. Adolescents must have access to logical Reproductive Health information to increase healthy attitude towards Reproductive Health issues. The aim of writing this paper was to assess the the knowledge of adolescent students studying in Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir state towards Reproductive Health Education and to be familiar with reproductive health issues among adolescents. The present study was carried out on 400 Adolescent Higher Secondary School students of Jammu region using a well designed pre-tested questionnaire. The results of our study showed that students had constructive attitude towards Reproductive Health Education as majority (boys = 86.0%, girls=84.5%) of respondents recommended Reproductive Health Education in school curriculum. Further, 40.0% boys and 35.5% girl respondents were of the opinion that lecture by expert is a preferred method of imparting Reproductive Health Education, 32.0% boys and 28.5% girl students under study favored to communicate with Doctors/Health Workers followed by parents brothers/sisters (23.0%) in case of girls and friends (23.5%) in case of boys concerning Reproductive Health issues. Further, the study revealed that girl students (51.5%) favored to get married under 24 years as they were of the belief that it is the prime of life, and can give birth without much troubles whereas majority of boys understudy (65.5%) told that they prefer to get married above 24 years as they desire to complete education first and find a appropriate job in order to feed family unit. Majority of the respondents (58.5%) believed that youth living in urban areas possesses more knowledge about reproductive health than youth living in rural areas. Further, majority of the students possesses good knowledge about HIV/AIDS and STDs. It is concluded from our study that there is a requirement of providing proper scientific information to teenagers concerning reproductive health by incorporating Reproductive Health Education in school syllabus and lectures by experts in order to advance their awareness and consequently reproductive health condition.
To study the knowledge, beliefs and practices of mothers, in relation to initiation, duration and type of breastfeeding, introduction and type of complementary food and other infant feeding practices.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the students' attitude and consciousness degree regarding the pregnancy health in 2013 in Eastern-Azerbaijan Province. So, 300 students in different semesters have been taken up as accidentally from Tabriz, Marand, Bonab, Maragheh and Ahar have been taken up in this study. The WHO illustrative questionnaire for interview-questionnaire designed by John Cleland surveys with young people has been applied in this study. The statistical data has been completed by the help of SPSS software and descriptive and t-test statistical cases. The results showed the attitude score from the family adjustment is significantly higher than the determined degree positively. The results showed the sexual diseases are significantly higher than the fixed determined degree positively. Also it showed there is no observed any significant difference between the degree of the conscious and the students' attitude based on their marital status The results did not show any significant difference regarding the degree of the attitude among students.
An Assessment of Birth Control Measures Among Women in Reproductive Age of Ka...ijtsrd
The present study was an attempt to assess the impact of age on attitude of married women regarding family planning and birth control measures and to find the level of adoption and impact of birth control measures adopted by married women of different age groups in Kashmir. The sample was selected through random sampling technique. For the sample, 400 married women were selected from different age groups. The sample was collected with the help of readymade scale namely, "Family planning and birth control scale" constructed by Ramachandrapa (1989) and self constructed questionnaire. The study shows medium level of impact of family planning and birth control measures is mostly on women 41-50 years. A considerable section of women in the age group of 35-40 years have also shown high impact and adoption of family planning and birth control measures. Majority of women in the age group of 18-29 years have shown medium level of adoption of family planning and birth control measures. Suriya Gowhar | Dr. Muzamil Jan"An Assessment of Birth Control Measures Among Women in Reproductive Age of Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15726.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/extension-education/15726/an-assessment-of-birth-control-measures-among-women-in-reproductive-age-of-kashmir/suriya-gowhar
The main purpose of this research was to investigate the women pregnancy healthy status and behaviors in Eastern-Azerbaijan province referred to the treatment health centers in 2012. The present study was a cross-section study. So 30
married women between 15-49 years old have been taken up randomly for family adjustment and mother health and pregnancy care. A questionnaire including the demographic features and other questions about the status and behavior of the
pregnancy health affairs were used to collect the results. The obtained data of these questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS software. The results that showed 63.8% had itching or the vaginal stimuli and 34.9% (52 ones) had bad-smelling secretions and
36.9% (55 ones) had intense pain around the abdominal area. The investigation of these infectious diseases through sexual path showed that about 0.5% (3 ones) are challenging with these mentioned disorders. The results of the barrenness showed that about 8.7% (52 ones) tried to get pregnant but they did not get pregnant.
Utilization of Maternal and Child Health Care Services and Impact on Health o...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
I aim to empower the local indigenous and non Indigenous adolescent girls in my country and their community members through “Campaign for Menstrual Hygiene " program so that the adolescent girls can live healthier lives and have more equal chances to reach their life potential. Women empowerment is an important subject for the Indigenous Minority communities in Chittagong Hill Tracts. Often lack of knowledge in Menstruation is causing or acting as an obstacle in women empowerment such as dropping out from schools because they are ashamed of speaking out about their abdominal pain and lack of access to hygiene products and water during their menstruation period. Through this program I and my team aim to promote awareness on menstruation, hygiene, sanitation ,sexual and reproductive health issues among adolescents girls through different educational sessions so that a positive attitude will come regarding sexual and reproductive health among them. Further, they will be able to express their difficulties to health workers and family, friends during the adolescent period without any hesitation because these issues are often culturally sensitive.
A STUDY ON THE PRACTICE OF LACTATING MOTHERS IN THANJAVUR DISTRICTIAEME Publication
Childhood mortality is one of the important indicators of a country’s general medical and public health conditions, and consequently, the country’s level of socio-economic development. Its decline is therefore not only desirable but also indicative of an improvement in general living standards. In India, 2.1 million children die before their fifth birthday. Half of these children die even before they are 28 days old, accounting for one-fourth global infant deaths. Of the 9.7 million child deaths worldwide annually, one-third occur in India. The statistics are equally shocking among neonate’s children new born to a maximum age of 28 days old.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Perinatal health awareness among adolescent pregnant women in El zawya Villag...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
A Study on Assessment of Knowledge of Reproductive Health Education among the...AnuragSingh1049
Adolescence is a life’s essential transition phase starting around 10, 11 or 12 years and concludes between the age of 18-21 years. Deficiency of reproductive health information and sexual experimentations in this stage of storm and stress expose adolescents to grave health pressure. Adolescents must have access to logical Reproductive Health information to increase healthy attitude towards Reproductive Health issues. The aim of writing this paper was to assess the the knowledge of adolescent students studying in Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir state towards Reproductive Health Education and to be familiar with reproductive health issues among adolescents. The present study was carried out on 400 Adolescent Higher Secondary School students of Jammu region using a well designed pre-tested questionnaire. The results of our study showed that students had constructive attitude towards Reproductive Health Education as majority (boys = 86.0%, girls=84.5%) of respondents recommended Reproductive Health Education in school curriculum. Further, 40.0% boys and 35.5% girl respondents were of the opinion that lecture by expert is a preferred method of imparting Reproductive Health Education, 32.0% boys and 28.5% girl students under study favored to communicate with Doctors/Health Workers followed by parents brothers/sisters (23.0%) in case of girls and friends (23.5%) in case of boys concerning Reproductive Health issues. Further, the study revealed that girl students (51.5%) favored to get married under 24 years as they were of the belief that it is the prime of life, and can give birth without much troubles whereas majority of boys understudy (65.5%) told that they prefer to get married above 24 years as they desire to complete education first and find a appropriate job in order to feed family unit. Majority of the respondents (58.5%) believed that youth living in urban areas possesses more knowledge about reproductive health than youth living in rural areas. Further, majority of the students possesses good knowledge about HIV/AIDS and STDs. It is concluded from our study that there is a requirement of providing proper scientific information to teenagers concerning reproductive health by incorporating Reproductive Health Education in school syllabus and lectures by experts in order to advance their awareness and consequently reproductive health condition.
To study the knowledge, beliefs and practices of mothers, in relation to initiation, duration and type of breastfeeding, introduction and type of complementary food and other infant feeding practices.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the students' attitude and consciousness degree regarding the pregnancy health in 2013 in Eastern-Azerbaijan Province. So, 300 students in different semesters have been taken up as accidentally from Tabriz, Marand, Bonab, Maragheh and Ahar have been taken up in this study. The WHO illustrative questionnaire for interview-questionnaire designed by John Cleland surveys with young people has been applied in this study. The statistical data has been completed by the help of SPSS software and descriptive and t-test statistical cases. The results showed the attitude score from the family adjustment is significantly higher than the determined degree positively. The results showed the sexual diseases are significantly higher than the fixed determined degree positively. Also it showed there is no observed any significant difference between the degree of the conscious and the students' attitude based on their marital status The results did not show any significant difference regarding the degree of the attitude among students.
An Assessment of Birth Control Measures Among Women in Reproductive Age of Ka...ijtsrd
The present study was an attempt to assess the impact of age on attitude of married women regarding family planning and birth control measures and to find the level of adoption and impact of birth control measures adopted by married women of different age groups in Kashmir. The sample was selected through random sampling technique. For the sample, 400 married women were selected from different age groups. The sample was collected with the help of readymade scale namely, "Family planning and birth control scale" constructed by Ramachandrapa (1989) and self constructed questionnaire. The study shows medium level of impact of family planning and birth control measures is mostly on women 41-50 years. A considerable section of women in the age group of 35-40 years have also shown high impact and adoption of family planning and birth control measures. Majority of women in the age group of 18-29 years have shown medium level of adoption of family planning and birth control measures. Suriya Gowhar | Dr. Muzamil Jan"An Assessment of Birth Control Measures Among Women in Reproductive Age of Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15726.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/extension-education/15726/an-assessment-of-birth-control-measures-among-women-in-reproductive-age-of-kashmir/suriya-gowhar
The main purpose of this research was to investigate the women pregnancy healthy status and behaviors in Eastern-Azerbaijan province referred to the treatment health centers in 2012. The present study was a cross-section study. So 30
married women between 15-49 years old have been taken up randomly for family adjustment and mother health and pregnancy care. A questionnaire including the demographic features and other questions about the status and behavior of the
pregnancy health affairs were used to collect the results. The obtained data of these questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS software. The results that showed 63.8% had itching or the vaginal stimuli and 34.9% (52 ones) had bad-smelling secretions and
36.9% (55 ones) had intense pain around the abdominal area. The investigation of these infectious diseases through sexual path showed that about 0.5% (3 ones) are challenging with these mentioned disorders. The results of the barrenness showed that about 8.7% (52 ones) tried to get pregnant but they did not get pregnant.
Utilization of Maternal and Child Health Care Services and Impact on Health o...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
I aim to empower the local indigenous and non Indigenous adolescent girls in my country and their community members through “Campaign for Menstrual Hygiene " program so that the adolescent girls can live healthier lives and have more equal chances to reach their life potential. Women empowerment is an important subject for the Indigenous Minority communities in Chittagong Hill Tracts. Often lack of knowledge in Menstruation is causing or acting as an obstacle in women empowerment such as dropping out from schools because they are ashamed of speaking out about their abdominal pain and lack of access to hygiene products and water during their menstruation period. Through this program I and my team aim to promote awareness on menstruation, hygiene, sanitation ,sexual and reproductive health issues among adolescents girls through different educational sessions so that a positive attitude will come regarding sexual and reproductive health among them. Further, they will be able to express their difficulties to health workers and family, friends during the adolescent period without any hesitation because these issues are often culturally sensitive.
A STUDY ON THE PRACTICE OF LACTATING MOTHERS IN THANJAVUR DISTRICTIAEME Publication
Childhood mortality is one of the important indicators of a country’s general medical and public health conditions, and consequently, the country’s level of socio-economic development. Its decline is therefore not only desirable but also indicative of an improvement in general living standards. In India, 2.1 million children die before their fifth birthday. Half of these children die even before they are 28 days old, accounting for one-fourth global infant deaths. Of the 9.7 million child deaths worldwide annually, one-third occur in India. The statistics are equally shocking among neonate’s children new born to a maximum age of 28 days old.
Apart from limited attempts to understand the sexual and reproductive health situations of street children in general, little is known about the overall psycho-social and health related circumstances surrounding pregnancy and child bearing practices of homeless women. The present research was at assessing the overall psycho-social circumstances surrounding Incidences of pregnancy and child bearing among homeless women in Shashemene town. A cross-sectional study design was used in which data were collected between December, 2018 and January, 2019. 163 homeless women, selected on the basis of purposive sampling procedure have participated in the study. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected using survey and depth interview methods (methodical triangulation). While quantifi able data were entered in to SPSS version. 20 for further analysis, qualitative data were transcribed, organized, and narratively presented after fi nding themes in the data. Marriage between homeless women and their men counterparts is a common feature of social interaction in the study area. This social context may justify the fact that most (93.7%) women conceived their last babies intentionally. While respondents were relatively. better off in terms of receiving prenatal care (50.3%), the experience of attending postnatal health care services has been moderately low
(40.6%). Above all, street sides and religious compounds (2.8% & 2.8%, respectively) were also among the places where babies were delivered. Attendance of prenatal care was signifi cantly associated to education (-.284, P < 0.01) and postnatal care (.590, P < 0.01) while post-natal health care seeking behavior was signifi cantly associated to the number of children a woman have (.228, P < 0.01), age of respondents (.278, P < 0.01), experiences of attending prenatal care (.590, P < 0.01) and education (-.389, P < 0.01). Patterns of psycho-social relationships prevalent among the homeless women in Shashemene town hold similarity with the pattern existing in the mainstream society. The concerned governmental and non-governmental organizations should work to enhance the
awareness of the homeless women about contraceptive methods, its advantage, and how it is relevant to their living situations.
Effectiveness of Hand Washing Education on Knowledge among Adolescence Regard...ijtsrd
Introduction Medical evidence suggests that contaminated hands are the main transmitters of disease. Hand washing is reflected as effective hygiene promotion activities for public health in the whole world. Aim This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of hand washing education on knowledge regarding hand washing and its importance among adolescence in selected schools. Materials and methods A quantitative research approach with Pre experimental one group pretest and posttest design was used to conduct the study in selected schools of Uttar Pradesh. Non probability purposive sampling technique was employed to select 40 adolescence. A self structured knowledge questionnaire containing 30 items were used for assessing the level of knowledge among the subjects. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results The mean score of the adolescence in pretest 10.2±4.1 is lesser than the mean score in posttest 20.2±4.3, t value 18.8 which is significant P = 0.001. There was an association found between the levels of knowledge among the adolescence with their mother’s education. Conclusion The study is concluded that hand washing education is effective to enhance knowledge among adolescence regarding hand washing and its importance. Attitude and practice of adolescence regarding hand washing also can be assessed in future studies. Bince Varghese | Shamil CB | Muskan Singh | Sumati Singh | Alka Pandey | Kamini Yadav | Rakhi Yadav | Rashmi Mishra "Effectiveness of Hand Washing Education on Knowledge among Adolescence Regarding Hand Washing and its Importance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30601.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/30601/effectiveness-of-hand-washing-education-on-knowledge-among-adolescence-regarding-hand-washing-and-its-importance/bince-varghese
A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice of Mensural Hygiene among Adoles...ijtsrd
AIM the present study aims to assess the knowledge and practice of mensural hygiene among adolescent’s girls at school. METHODS AND MATERIALS A quantitative research design was used for the present study. A total 100 samples were collected using non probability purposive sampling technique. The demographic variable and level of knowledge mensural hygiene was assessed using structured questioner followed by that data was gathered and analyzed. RESULTS the results the study revealed that there is a significant association between level of knowledge with selected demographic among adolescents at the level of p 0.01 CONCLUSION Thus, the present despites that factors associated with level of among adolescents. Mrs. M. Kavitha | Ms. Roshna P Sabu | Ms. Sherly Anand "A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice of Mensural Hygiene among Adolescents Girls at School" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52559.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/52559/a-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-and-practice-of-mensural-hygiene-among-adolescents-girls-at-school/mrs-m-kavitha
Factors Hindering Adolescents from Utilizing Reproductive Health Services in ...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Factors Hindering Adolescents from Utilizing Reproductive Health Services in Kampala International University Teaching Hospital
Emannuel Gutaka 1, Martin Odoki 2, Francis Okedi 3 and *Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu4
1Kampala International University Teaching Hospital and Research (KIU-THR), P.O Box 71, Bushenyi, Uganda.
2Department of Microbiology, Kampala International University Western Campus (KIU-WC), P.O Box 71, Bushenyi, Uganda.
3Department of Surgery, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital and research (KIU-THR) , P.O Box 71, Bushenyi, Uganda.
4Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
In Uganda, only 19% of adolescents utilize adolescents’ reproductive health services yet complications of pregnancy, abortions, and childbirth are the leading cause of disability and death among the same age group. The purpose of this study was to assess factors that were contributing to the low utilization of adolescents’ reproductive health services. A quantitative cross-sectional study employed simple random sampling among 85 adolescents that were attending Kampala international university outpatient clinic. Results found out that majority 46(53.4) of adolescents were aged from 15-16 years, 46(53.4%) were male, 28(32.5%) were Catholics most 81(94.1%) were single. 18(36%) had got the information from their friends, 28(56%) of adolescents said that the information about adolescents' reproductive health services was not freely shared in their communities and 33(66%) said that their communities did not accept adolescents sexual reproductive health services where 7(50%) gave a reason they expected to be young to have sexual intercourse. 43(86%) of adolescents were from within 1-5km, 28(73.8%) mentioned lack of privacy at the facility, and 30(79%) said that health workers segregated adolescents that needed similar reproductive health services. In conclusion, factors that were contributing to the low hindering utilization of adolescents’ reproductive health services were both demographic, socio-economic, and facility related.
Keywords: Adolescents, Reproductive, Health Services, Uganda.
A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching...ijtsrd
Background Diarrhoea as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day or more frequent passage than is normal for the individual . Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old, and is responsible for killing around 525 000 children every year. Diarrhoea can last several days, and can leave the body without the water and salts that are necessary for survival. Objective The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding diarrhoea among the mothers at selected urban community in Thatipur GwaliorM.P. Methods In this study quasi experimental with one group pre test post test design was adopted.30 Mothers of under five children was taken by Purposive sampling technique. Structured interview developed to measure the knowledge of mother regarding the diarrhoea. Data was collected by administering structured interview before and after the administration of STP. Result It revealed that post test score24.5 82.22 which is higher than pretest score 16.86 56.20 , the actual gain of knowledge score is 26.02 and computed ‘t’ value t29 =15.41 is more than tabled value t29 =2.05 at the level of 0.05.Therefore it indicated highly significant difference and effectivness of structured teaching programme through lesson plan and booklet, in increasing the knowledge of mothers of under five children regarding diarrhoea. Conclusion The study can be concluded that the Structure teaching programme was effective in improving the knowledge of the mothers under five children. Raj Amit Singh Gurjar | Harish Nagar | Bhoori Singh "A Quasi-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Diarrhea among the Mothers at Selected Urban Community in Thatipur Gwalior" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42399.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/42399/a-quasiexperimental-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-regarding-diarrhea-among-the-mothers-at-selected-urban-community-in-thatipur-gwalior/raj-amit-singh-gurjar
Open Defecation and Poor Sanitation Condition a Serious Menace to Human Healt...ijtsrd
Open defection is the practice of people defecting outside and not into a designated toilet. In rural India the open defection practices is the way of life. According to 2011 Census of India, 53.12 Per cent of the rural household did not use any kind of toilet. Human excreta are the principal source of over 50 types of infections and causes almost 80 per cent of human diseases. The main objectives of this research paper is to know the health related problems of open defecators people and what are the major causes to such practices. Malda district of West Bengal has been selected as a study area, which is the gateway of North Bengal. The study is based on primary and secondary sources of data. The study reveals that the practice of open defection poses serious health risk to the rural peoples of Malda district of West Bengal. It is evident from the study that Diarrhea Dysentary is the highest prone disease 36.67 per cent and Cholera is the lowest diseases 1.00 per cent among the peoples caused by open defection especially 0 5 years children . The study also provoked that, the major causes of open defection in the study area are unwillingness to discontinue the personal habits of open defection that is 41.67 per cent and attitude of the people like construct a toilet in home brings impurity and unhygienic etc. The Central and state government has enforced many schemes like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Nirmal Bangla Abhiyan, Clean India Mission for Open Defection Free ODF but these schemes are fruitful in the study area. Dr. Mohammad Taufique | Naved Ansari | Md Areful Hoque "Open Defecation and Poor Sanitation Condition a Serious Menace to Human Health and Dignity: A Micro Level Analysis of Indian Villages" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30702.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/30702/open-defecation-and-poor-sanitation-condition-a-serious-menace-to-human-health-and-dignity-a-micro-level-analysis-of-indian-villages/dr-mohammad-taufique
Knowledge, Aptitude, Behaviour and Practices among school children in India NitishKapoorRb
In the Knowledge, Attitude, Behaviour and Practices (KABP) study on hygiene among children in schools, school heads, teachers and students were interviewed in six states across majority public schools and few private schools.
This paper is based on the findings from the baseline study.
There was a state wise variation in socio-demographic profile of children and their families across the six states i.e. Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. In Rajasthan, 45% of the schools visited were private schools; the differences in practices were apparent.
Parents in Maharashtra were reported to be most educated. Higher education level among parents of Maharashtra seems to translate into better perception among children about portable drinking water. Television was widely available in homes and its use was widespread across all the states. Mobile phone use
was also trickling down to the younger population, but the access to internet was sparse and limited. At the same time it was found that presence of television at home has little to do with the knowledge and practice of hygiene.
Evaluation of Menstrual Hygiene Management among Girls at Karamurani Catholic...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Menstrual Hygiene Management is an issue interested in Gender Equality and Development sector. Globally, particularly in developing countries, girls reach menarche, rules are applied on how they should conduct themselves. Lack of appropriate products and facilities have been previously cited as potentially contributing to school girls’ absenteeism. The project was carried out in three upper classes of KCPS among girls aged 10-15 years. A cross-sectional descriptive method with quantitative questionnaire was employed. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 software package. In total 90 respondents participated aged 10-15 years, (60%) were Catholics. Majority 93.3% of girls said that menstruation is a physiological process. However, 3.3% said that menstruation is a pathological process. The highest percentage of girls (70%) reported normally use pieces of cloth during menstruation. Seventy percent (70%) of the girls missed some days of school because of menstruation, (86.6%) of girls missed due to lack of money. Furthermore, this study showed that some girls need knowledge on menstruation as a normal physiological process not a pathological process or curse from God. Schooling should be comfortable and positive experience, in an environment favorable to learning. Such things are made difficult for girls with old cloths, causing discomfort, worry and risks associated with poor hygiene. This affects their attendance, concentration, self-esteem and ability to carry usually. Menstruation is a natural part of a woman’s life and girls should not have to suffer in any way because of it.
Keywords: Menstruation, School, Girls, Hygiene, menarche
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge, and Practice Regarding Menstrual...ijtsrd
Menstrual hygiene refers to access to menstrual hygiene products to absorb or collect the flow of blood during menstruation, privacy to change the materials, and access to facilities to dispose of used menstrual management materials. It can also include the broader systemic factors that link menstruation with health, well being, gender equality, education, equity, empowerment can be particularly challenging for girls and women in developing countries, where clean water and toilet facilities are often inadequate. Menstrual can be a barrier to education for many girls, as a lack of effective sanitary products restricts girl's involvement in education and social activities.In this research a descriptive study was done to assess the knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene among 1st year nursing students. The research design selected for the study was non experimental test design. Data were collected from 40 students of nursing. Sample was selected by convenience sampling method.Result shows majority of the first year nursing students in this study belongs to the age group of 17 20years that is 31 77.5 . The study shows the majority of the students 21 52.5 were belongs to urban were belong to rural area. the majority of the students 24 60 were from joint family, 16 40 were from nuclear family and 0 from broken family. 1st year nursing student's father 35 87.5 having formal education, 5 12.5 . In mother education majority of students' mother have no formal educations 57.5 . 1st year the students was having previous knowledge 29 72.5 was through family and friends.Conclusion Majority of the nursing students had Average knowledge 67.5 on menstrual hygiene. Hence, there is a need for improving knowledge on menstrual hygiene among 1st year nursing student and inadequate Practice on menstrual hygiene 15 Good, 70 Average, 15 Bad. In this study there is no association found between knowledge and practice score with their demographic variables. Rajesh Singh | Naveen Chandra Pandey | Anamika Gautam | Anju Singh | Chandan Singh | Prashant Kumar | Vandana Kumari "A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge, and Practice Regarding Menstrual Hygiene among 1st Year Nursing Students of Selected Collage of Nursing Lucknow with a View to Develop an Information Booklet" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47492.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/47492/a-descriptive-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-and-practice-regarding-menstrual-hygiene-among-1st-year-nursing-students-of-selected-collage-of-nursing-lucknow-with-a-view-to-develop-an-information-booklet/rajesh-singh
The school age period is nutritionally
significant because this is the prime time to build up body
stores of nutrients in preparation for rapid growth of
adolescence.1 Malnutrition remains the world’s most
serious health problem and the single biggest contributor to
child mortality, nearly one third of the children in the
developing world are either underweight or stunted and
more than 30% of the developing world’s population suffer
from micronutrient deficiencies. However the data available
from urban slums of Hyderabad in this age group is very
sparse and hence an attempt has been made to study the
same.
Impact of Health Education on Preventive Practices of A.R.I among Mothers Liv...iosrjce
Acute respiratory tract infections in young children take a heavy toll on life among urban slum
dwellers and where medical care is not available or sought. The effective way to reduce deaths from ARI is
early and prompts treatment as well as health education. The urban slum population is more vulnerable to
health risk as they face many risk factors like living condition, sanitation, health care facilities. In this pre
experimental study, the variables were assessed through pre and post test followed by educational intervention
for 476 mothers of under five children residing in urban slums of Bangalore District. The data regarding socio
demographic variables of mothers and knowledge of mothers on preventive practices of acute respiratory tract
infections was collected through structured interview schedule. The major study findings indicate that there is
significant difference between the knowledge of practice scores of mothers between pre and post test. The
results also indicates that there is significant relationship between knowledge scores of mothers with their socio
demographic variables and community based health education could enhance the knowledge of mothers
regarding preventive practices of acute respiratory tract infections in their young children.
Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices among the Lactating Mothers: A Cross...RHIMRJ Journal
Introduction: Early and exclusive breastfeeding is now recognized as one of the most effective interventions for child
survival particularly to address morbidity and mortality related to three major conditions i.e. neonatal infections, diarrhea
and pneumonia.
2. Aim: To study the infant and young child feeding practices among the lactating mothers of village Khuda Lahora of
Chandigarh.
3. Objectives:
a. To assess the prevailing breast feeding practices adopted by the lactating mothers of village Khuda Lahora.
b. To identify the barriers which lead to inappropriate breast feeding practices.
c. To examine the complementary feeding given to the infants and young children of the village.
4. Methodology: The study was conducted in the one of the randomly selected village Khuda Lahora of the “city beautiful”-
Chandigarh. The total population of the village is 3,476. There are 2,011 males and 1,456 females. There were 191
mothers who were registered in the sub centre of the village but only 167 participated in the study.
5. Results: The rate of exclusive breast feeding among the lactating mothers is found to be 22.7% and 46% of the mothers
have some prior knowledge of breastfeeding. It was found that 71% of the respondents started complementary feeding at
the age of 4-5 months. It is seen that 29% of the respondents gave diluted milk.
A Study on the Attitude of Tribal Woman towards Re Productive Healthijtsrd
Reproductive health covers all matters relating to the reproductive system, at all stages of life. Good reproductive health for women begins in childhood and the teen years. Things such as nutrition, environment, education, income level, and cultural practices influence your reproductive health. Good reproductive health benefits the health and well being of our family. It can improve the social and economic situation of you and our family. And most importantly, it can help make sure that every infant is wanted, loved and has a chance to grow up healthy. The present study concludes that 1 4th 59 of the respondents attitude are neutral, 21percent of the respondent’s attitude are positive, and 19percent of the respondent attitude is negative towards sexual and reproductive health. Dr. Agnes Febiola. X | Saranya. S "A Study on the Attitude of Tribal Woman towards Re-Productive Health" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56237.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/other/56237/a-study-on-the-attitude-of-tribal-woman-towards-reproductive-health/dr-agnes-febiola-x
Adolescence is the most vulnerable period to reproductive health problems.
These problems include early pregnancy, unsafe abortion, sexually
infections transmitted (STIs) including the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), sexual abuse. Access for sexuality education and reproductive health
services to comprehensive and youth-friendly was limited. This study aims
to determine the effectiveness of peer educators and guidance and
counselling teachers in adolescent reproductive health level of knowledge.
This is a quantitative study with a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control
group design with treatment groups using peer educators and teacher as
control groups. The sample size was 70 respondents. Data was collected by
questionnaire that already had validity and reliability test. Data analysis used
univariate, t-test and logistic regression. The results of this study showed
that the provision of information was more effective through guidance
conselling teachers (p=0.000, exp B=14.5). This study recommends that
improve adolescents’ reproductive knowledge need to optimize the role of
guidance and counseling teachers in providing information.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. Conclusion
Ensuring that adolescent girls have access to hygienic means to manage their menses is
critical from a public health perspective and in enabling them to realize their full potential.
Programs to enhance menstrual hygiene are warranted. These programs should involve
mothers, who are an important source of knowledge about menstrual hygiene. Facilitating
girls’ access to education may also produce tangible menstrual hygiene benefits.
Introduction
Menstruation is a normal cycle and a healthy part of girls’ and women’s lives, but there are
some cultural and religious misconceptions regarding the menstrual period [1]. Hygienic
menstrual management consists of using a clean menstrual management material to absorb or
collect blood that can be changed in privacy as frequently as necessary for the duration of the
menstruation period, use of soap and water to wash the body as required, and availability of
facilities to dispose of used menstrual management materials [2]. The benefits of maintaining
good hygiene during periods include a reduced risk of urinary tract infections, genitals rashes,
and cervical cancer [3–5]. Inadequate menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls
(15–19 years) is a public health concern, particularly in low and middle-income countries [6].
India has 355 million menstruating girls and women. Millions of these women and girls face a
significant barrier to a comfortable and dignified experience with menstrual hygiene manage-
ment [7].
To promote menstrual hygiene practices among rural adolescent girls, the Indian govern-
ment in 2011 implemented an initiative to increase awareness on menstrual hygiene, access to
and use of high-quality sanitary napkins, and safe disposal of sanitary napkins in an environ-
mentally friendly manner [8]. However, a study in 2005 showed that 90% of India’s women
used an unhygienic cloth to manage their menstrual period, whereas only 11.2% used hygienic
sanitary pads and 3.9% used locally prepared napkins [3]. A qualitative study in rural Haryana
in 2006 revealed that only 30% of adolescent girls used sanitary napkins, even though 80% of
them were aware of them and 79% were motivated to use sanitary napkins [9].
Poor menstrual hygiene practices due to limited accessibility to water and sanitation, lack
of privacy, and unaffordability of sanitary pads can result in adverse health outcomes like
reproductive tract infections (RTIs) [1,10] and increased absenteeism among adolescent
school girls [11]. Untreated RTIs contribute to 10–15% of fetal wastage and 30–50% of prenatal
infection [1]. Reproductive tract infections are also associated with the incidence of cervical
cancer, HIV/AIDS, infertility, ectopic, pregnancy, and a myriad of other symptoms [1]. Quali-
tative studies report that the fear and humiliation from leakage of blood and body odour result
in menstruating girls being absent from school [12].
Gopalan (2019) points out three barriers to adopting menstrual hygiene practices in India:
the lack of awareness about menstruation, a lack of acceptance about the menstrual period,
and lack of access to quality hygiene products [13]. Reports from a meta-analysis of 138 studies
showed that about half of adolescent girls in India were not aware of menarche’s causes when
it started, with only a quarter understanding the source of bleeding [12]. A large study in India
revealed that 70% of women cited cost as the main barrier for not using sanitary pads [11].
Other reasons for not using sanitary napkins were problems with disposal of used sanitary
napkins [9]. Apart from individual-level factors, menstrual hygiene practices such as disposal
PLOS ONE Predictors of sanitary napkins among adolescent girls
PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250788 April 30, 2021 2 / 14
Funding: This paper was written using data
collected as part of Population Council’s UDAYA
study, which is funded by the Bill and Melinda
Gates Foundation and the David and Lucile Packard
Foundation. No additional funds were received for
the preparation of the paper.
Competing interests: The authors have declared
that no competing interests exist.
3. of used menstrual products and discussing menstrual hygiene are also influenced by some
community characteristics such as cultural taboos [14].
This paper aimed to explore the factors associated with the use of sanitary napkins among
adolescent girls in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Existing studies on menstrual hygiene practices
among adolescent girls in India are based on micro-level data from different pockets of the
country and failed to consider the impact of community characteristics on the use of sanitary
napkins [9,11]. Community-level characteristics do not merely indicate the distribution of
resources and opportunities in a population; they drive interesting and important social
dynamics, which cannot be captured using individual characteristics alone [14]. Hence, this
study’s contribution is to establish a relationship between the individual and community level
characteristics and the use of sanitary napkins among adolescent girls.
Methods
Data
The study utilized data from the Understanding the Lives of Adolescents and Young Adults
(UDAYA) project survey conducted in two Indian states, “Uttar Pradesh and Bihar”, in 2016
by Population Council under the guidance of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Gov-
ernment of India. The survey collected detailed information on family, media, community
environment, assets acquired in adolescence, and quality of transitions to young adulthood
indicators. Uttar Pradesh and Bihar’s sample size was 10,350 and 10,350 adolescents aged 10–
19 years, respectively. UDAYA was designed to provide estimates for the state as a whole as
well as for the urban and rural areas of the state for each of the five categories of respondents,
namely younger boys of 10–14 years, older boys of 15–19 years, younger girls of 10–14 years,
unmarried older girls of 15–19 years, and married older girls in ages 15–19. The required sam-
ple for each sub-group of adolescents was determined at 920 younger boys, 2,350 older boys,
630 younger girls, 3,750 older girls, and 2,700 married girls in both states.
The study treated the state’s rural and urban areas as independent sampling domains and,
therefore, drew sample areas independently for each of these two domains. The 150 primary
sampling units (PSUs) were further divided equally into rural and urban areas, 75 for rural
respondents and 75 for urban respondents. Within each sampling domain, the study adopted
a multi-stage systematic sampling design. The 2011 census list of villages and wards (each con-
sisting of several census enumeration blocks [CEBs] of 100–200 households) served as the
sampling frame for selecting villages and wards in rural and urban areas, respectively. This list
was stratified using four variables: region, village/ward size, the proportion of the population
belonging to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, and female literacy.
The household sample in rural areas was selected in three stages, while in urban areas, it
was selected in four stages. In rural areas, villages were first selected systematically from the
stratified list described above, with selection probability proportional to size (PPS). In urban
areas, 75 wards were first selected systematically with probability proportional to size. CEBs
were then arranged by their administrative number within each selected ward, and one CEB
was randomly selected. Several CEBs adjacent to the selected CEB were merged to ensure at
least 500 households for listing. The details about sampling design and survey methodology
are published elsewhere [15,16]. Permission was granted to access the dataset for the analysis
purpose.
The effective sample size for this study was 14,016 menstruating adolescents girls aged 10–
19 years. About 609 girls (4.2%) were excluded from the sample because they had not started
menstruating.
PLOS ONE Predictors of sanitary napkins among adolescent girls
PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250788 April 30, 2021 3 / 14
4. Variable description
Outcome variable. The outcome variable was binary in nature, defining the use of sani-
tary napkins coded as 1 “yes” if the girl was using sanitary napkins or 0 “no.” The variable was
generated using the question “Girls use different things during the menstrual period to prevent
blood stains from becoming evident. What do you use for this?” The responses were a. locally
prepared napkins b. use sanitary napkins c. use cloth d. used nothing, e. use other (specify).
Responses were recoded as 1 (locally prepared napkins/sanitary napkins) and 0 (use cloth/
used nothing/use other (specify). Additionally, in some cases, girls were using both napkins
and cloths; those cases were included as use of sanitary napkins only (less than 1% cases).
Locally prepared napkins are the napkins prepared indigenously and are much cheaper than
the regular sanitary napkins widely available in the market [17].
Explanatory variables. This study’s explanatory variables were taken after considering
previously available literature [3,18,19]. Age was coded as 10–12, 13–14,15–17, 18–19 years.
Education was coded as “no education,” “1–7 years”, “8–9 years,” and “10 or more years”. The
educational status was defined for the respondent’s education. Working status was coded as
“no” and “yes.” Working status was defined as the respondents who did paid work in the last
one year. Media exposure assessed the extent to which the respondent was exposed to televi-
sion, radio, or newspapers. The media exposure variable was coded as “no,” “rare,” and “fre-
quent”. Mother’s education was coded as “no education,” “1–7 years”, “8–9 years,” and “10 or
more years”.
Wealth index was coded as “poorest,” “poorer,” "middle," "richer,” and "richest.” House-
holds are given scores based on the number and kinds of consumer goods they own, ranging
from a television to a bicycle or car, and housing characteristics such as source of drinking
water, toilet facilities, and flooring materials. These scores are derived using principal compo-
nent analysis. National wealth quintiles are compiled by assigning the household score to each
usual (de jure) household member, ranking each person in the household population by their
score, and then dividing the distribution into five equal categories, each with 20 percent of the
population.
Caste was coded as “Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe (SC/ST)” and “non-SC/ST.” The
Scheduled Caste includes “untouchables” that is socially and financially/economically segre-
gated by their low status. The Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are among
the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups in India [20]. Religion was coded as “Hindu”
and “non-Hindu.” Residence was available in the data as “urban” and “rural.” Survey was con-
ducted in two states, “Uttar Pradesh” and “Bihar.”
Community-level variables were constructed by aggregating individual/household-level
characteristics of the respondents at the primary sampling unit (PSU) level. The UDAYA data
provided a household wealth index (WI) based on information collected on household ameni-
ties and assets. The community economic index was divided into two categories, low and high,
with low being for PSUs whose average household WI was less than the national average of WI
and high being that for the remaining PSUs [21]. Similarly, the individual’s educational index
was created based on the average years of schooling of women at the PSU level [21]. A similar
index for mother’s education was also created. A community media exposure index was also
created based on average media exposure at the PSU level and then dividing it into low and
high as per average media exposure. India’s government has stressed the importance of mass-
media exposure in creating awareness regarding sanitary napkins usage [22].
Statistical analysis. We used bivariate analysis (chi-square tests) to examine the associa-
tion between the outcome variable and other socio-demographic predictors. We employed
multilevel logistic regression to assess the effect of the individual-, household (family)-, and
PLOS ONE Predictors of sanitary napkins among adolescent girls
PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250788 April 30, 2021 4 / 14
5. community-level variables on the use of sanitary napkin among adolescent girls. The random
effects of household and community were estimated using melogit command in STATA (ver-
sion 15).
The multilevel modeling application is justified by the hierarchal structure of the survey,
where adolescents were nested within households, and the households were nested within
PSUs. We first ran a null model, that is, without keeping any predictors. The null model repre-
sented the total variance in the use of sanitary napkins at household and community levels.
We then fitted three models; in the first model, we included individual-level predictors. The
second model included individual and household level variables. In the final model (Model 3),
we added community-level variables in addition to individual and household level predictors.
The significance of random effects was evaluated for all the estimated models by using p-values
at a 95% confidence interval.
The mathematical description of the final model (three levels) is given below:
logit pijk
� �
¼ log
pijk
1 pijk
!
¼ b0jk þ b1x1ijk þ b2x2ijk þ b3x3ijk þ � � � þ bnxnijk
Here, πijk = p(yijk = 1) is the probability that adolescents (i) in the household j, from the
PSU k, use a sanitary napkin. Where yijk is equal to “1” if an adolescent girl uses a sanitary nap-
kin and “0” if she did not. The study defined this probability as a function of an intercept and
the exploratory variables as follows: β0jk = β0+μ0jk.
In this equation, β0jk indicates that the paper modeled the intercept in this relationship as
random at jth
(household) and kth
(PSU) levels. The variables x1ijk to xnijk were the exploratory
variables, and their coefficients were fixed effects. The technical advantage of this methodology
relies on the error term structure. Linear or logistic regression models exhibit one error term
for the whole equation, whereas multilevel analysis generates one error term for each level, iso-
lating the individual-level and group-level residual variance. The split error term in the multi-
level analysis allows assessing unobserved effects at every level [21].
Results
The socio-demographic profile of adolescent girls is presented in Table 1. The majority of girls
were aged 15–19 years (92.2 per cent), about one-third of adolescents had 10 or more years of
schooling, and only 17.1 per cent were working. Around half of the adolescents reported fre-
quent exposure to mass media, and three-fourths of girls’ mothers had no schooling. One-
fourth of girls belonged to the scheduled caste/scheduled tribe group, 78.5 per cent were
Hindu, and about 84 per cent lived in rural areas.
The use of sanitary napkins among adolescent girls by background characteristics are pre-
sented in Table 2. The use of sanitary napkins was significantly higher among late adolescents
(54.5 per cent), and it was low among early adolescent girls (26.1 per cent). A higher propor-
tion of girls with 8–9 (53.2 per cent) and 10 or more (75.4 per cent) years of schooling used
sanitary napkins than those who were uneducated (26.4 per cent). The use of sanitary napkins
was higher among adolescents who were not working (54.7 per cent) than those working (40.8
per cent). Moreover, sanitary napkins were more prevalent among adolescents who reported
frequent exposure to mass media (65.8 percent), and it was lowest among those who had no
exposure to media (25.6 percent). Mother’s education and wealth index were significantly pos-
itively associated with the use of sanitary napkins. A higher proportion of girls whose mothers
had 10 or more years of education (84.3 percent) used sanitary napkins than those whose
mothers had no education (46 per cent). The proportion of girls who used sanitary napkins
was higher among girls from the richest households than those from poorer households.
PLOS ONE Predictors of sanitary napkins among adolescent girls
PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250788 April 30, 2021 5 / 14
6. Moreover, the use of sanitary napkins was lower among SC/ST (45.6 per cent) and non-Hindu
(48.8 per cent) adolescents compared to non-SC/ST (54.7 per cent) and Hindu adolescents
(53.3 per cent). The use of sanitary napkins was significantly higher among girls who lived in
urban areas than those who lived in rural.
Table 1. Socio-demographic profile of adolescent girls.
Variables Sample Percentage
Age (years)
Early adolescents (10–14) 1,096 7.8
Late adolescents (15–19) 12,920 92.2
Education (years)
No education 1,869 13.3
1–7 3,437 24.5
8–9 4,000 28.5
10 or more 4,710 33.6
Working status
No 11,613 82.9
Yes 2,403 17.1
Media exposure
No exposure 2,605 18.6
Rarely 4,031 28.8
Frequently 7,380 52.7
Mother’s education (years)
No education 10,501 74.9
1–7 1,382 9.9
8–9 958 6.8
10 or more 1,176 8.4
Wealth index
Poorest 1,868 13.3
Poorer 2,616 18.7
Middle 3,033 21.6
Richer 3,430 24.5
Richest 3,068 21.9
Caste
SC/ST 3,629 25.9
Non-SC/ST 10,387 74.1
Religion
Hindu 11,003 78.5
Non-Hindu 3,013 21.5
Residence
Urban 2,273 16.2
Rural 11,743 83.8
State
Uttar Pradesh 9,435 67.3
Bihar 4,581 32.7
Total 14,016 100.0
SC/ST: Scheduled caste/Scheduled tribe.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250788.t001
PLOS ONE Predictors of sanitary napkins among adolescent girls
PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250788 April 30, 2021 6 / 14
7. The estimates from multilevel logistic regression analysis, showing the odds ratios with 95%
confidence interval of factors associated with the use of the sanitary napkin among girls, are
presented in Table 3. Model 1 included individual-level predictor variables. Model 2 included
household-level variables in addition to the explanatory variables used in Model 1, and Model
Table 2. Percentage distribution of adolescent girls who use sanitary napkins by background characteristics.
Variables Percentage P<0.05
Age (years) �
Early adolescents (10–14) 26.1
Late adolescents (15–19) 54.5
Education (years) �
No education 26.4
1–7 33.9
8–9 53.2
10 and above 75.4
Working status �
No 54.7
Yes 40.8
Media exposure �
No exposure 25.6
Rarely 44.9
Frequently 65.8
Mother’s education (years) �
No education 46.0
1–7 61.9
8–9 69.1
10 and above 84.3
Wealth index �
Poorest 29.1
Poorer 34.4
Middle 47.6
Richer 58.8
Richest 79.3
Caste �
SC/ST 45.6
Non-SC/ST 54.7
Religion
Hindu 53.3
Non-Hindu 48.8
Residence �
Urban 71.1
Rural 48.7
State
Uttar Pradesh 54.0
Bihar 48.8
Total 52.3
SC/ST: Scheduled caste/Scheduled tribe
�
if p<0.05.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250788.t002
PLOS ONE Predictors of sanitary napkins among adolescent girls
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8. Table 3. Multilevel logistic regression analysis assessing the effect of background characteristics on the likelihood of use of sanitary napkins among girls.
Variables Model-1 Model-2 Model-3
OR (95%CI) OR (95%CI) OR (95%CI)
Age (years)
Early adolescents (10–14) Ref. Ref. Ref.
Late adolescents (15–19) 3.57�
(2.85,4.46) 3.85�
(3.06,4.86) 3.85�
(3.06,4.86)
Education (years)
No education Ref. Ref. Ref.
1–7 1.51�
(1.27,1.79) 1.46�
(1.23,1.73) 1.48�
(1.25,1.76)
8–9 3.42�
(2.81,4.17) 3.05�
(2.52,3.71) 3.12�
(2.57,3.78)
10 and above 8.17�
(6.33,10.55) 6.45�
(5.05,8.25) 6.65�
(5.19,8.51)
Working status
No Ref. Ref. Ref.
Yes 0.66�
(0.57,0.77) 0.76�
(0.66,0.88) 0.78�
(0.67,0.90)
Media exposure
No exposure Ref. Ref. Ref.
Rarely 1.57�
(1.34,1.85) 1.49�
(1.27,1.76) 1.47�
(1.25,1.73)
Frequently 3.33�
(2.75,4.02) 2.45�
(2.05,2.94) 2.10�
(1.74,2.53)
Mother’s education (years)
No education Ref. Ref. Ref.
1–7 1.62�
(1.35,1.93) 1.43�
(1.20,1.71) 1.41�
(1.18,1.68)
8–9 2.01�
(1.61,2.50) 1.69�
(1.36,2.10) 1.66�
(1.34,2.06)
10 and above 3.35�
(2.65,4.24) 2.43�
(1.93,3.06) 2.29�
(1.82,2.87)
Wealth index
Poorest Ref. Ref.
Poorer 1.09(0.90,1.31) 1.08(0.89,1.30)
Middle 1.64�
(1.35,1.98) 1.56�
(1.29,1.88)
Richer 2.01�
(1.64,2.47) 1.82�
(1.49,2.23)
Richest 4.33�
(3.34,5.62) 3.76�
(2.92,4.85)
Caste
SC/ST Ref. Ref.
Non-SC/ST 1.25�
(1.10,1.43) 1.23�
(1.08,1.41)
Religion
Hindu Ref. Ref.
Non-Hindu 0.93(0.79,1.09) 0.90(0.77,1.05)
Community wealth index
Low Ref.
High 1.45�
(1.15,1.84)
Community education index
Low Ref.
High 1.14�
(1.02,1.39)
Community media index
Low Ref.
High 1.23�
(1.02,1.48)
Community education (mother)
Low Ref.
High 1.03(0.73,1.45)
Residence
Urban Ref.
(Continued)
PLOS ONE Predictors of sanitary napkins among adolescent girls
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9. 3 added community-level variables. In Model 1, age, adolescents’ educational level, working
status, mass media exposure, and mother’s education status were significantly associated with
the use of sanitary napkins. Model 3 revealed that the use of sanitary napkins was 3.85 times
significantly higher among late adolescent girls (OR: 3.85; CI: 3.06–4.86) than early adoles-
cents. The likelihood of sanitary napkin use was 1.48, 3.12, and 6.65 times higher among girls
with 1–7 (OR: 1.48; CI: 1.25–1.76), 8–9 (OR: 3.12; CI: 2.57–3.78), and 10 or more (OR: 6.65;
CI: 5.19–8.51) years of schooling compared to adolescents with no education. The odds of san-
itary napkin use were 22 percent lower among working girls (OR: 0.78; CI: 0.67–0.90) than
those who were not working. Moreover, girls who reported rare (OR: 1.47; CI: 1.25–1.73) or
frequent (OR: 2.10; CI: 1.74–2.53) exposure to mass media was significantly more likely to use
sanitary napkins compared to those who had no exposure to mass media. Mother’s education
has a significant effect on the use of sanitary napkins among girls.
The likelihood of sanitary napkin use was significantly higher among girls from the middle
(OR: 1.56; CI: 1.29–1.88), richer (OR: 1.82; CI: 1.49–2.23), and richest (OR: 3.76; CI: 2.92–
4.85) households compared to poorest ones. Compared to SC/ST girls, non-SC/ST girls had
higher odds of sanitary napkin use (OR: 1.23; CI: 1.08–1.41).
Girls from communities with a higher wealth index (OR: 1.45; CI: 1.15–1.84) had higher
odds of sanitary napkin use than girls from communities with a low wealth index. Similarly,
girls from communities with a higher education index (OR: 1.14; CI: 1.02–1.39) had higher
odds of sanitary napkin use than girls from communities with low education levels. Girls from
communities with high media exposure (OR: 1.23; CI: 1.02–1.48) were 23 per cent more likely
to use sanitary napkins than those from communities with low media exposure. Moreover,
girls from rural areas were 41 per cent less likely (OR: 0.59; CI: 0.47–0.74) to use sanitary nap-
kins than those from urban areas.
A null model (without covariates) for the use of sanitary napkins among adolescent girls
(Table 4) revealed a significant amount of variation across households and communities.
Table 3. (Continued)
Variables Model-1 Model-2 Model-3
OR (95%CI) OR (95%CI) OR (95%CI)
Rural 0.59�
(0.47,0.74)
State
Uttar Pradesh Ref.
Bihar 1.40�
(1.16,1.69)
SC/ST: Scheduled caste/Scheduled tribe
�
if p<0.05
OR: Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250788.t003
Table 4. Variance estimates across families and communities, and intra-class correlation coefficient for the multilevel models for the use of sanitary napkin among
adolescent girls.
Random Effect Parameters Null Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Community (PSU) random variance (SE) 1.38 (0.18) 0.67 (0.09) 0.55 (0.08) 0.36 (0.05)
Household random variance (SE) 1.57 (0.38) 1.27 (0.36) 1.30 (0.37) 1.27 (0.37)
Community (PSU) ICC (%) 0.22 0.13 0.11 0.07
Household ICC (%) 0.47 0.37 0.36 0.33
SE: Standard error; PSU: Primary sampling unit; ICC: Intra-class correlation coefficient.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250788.t004
PLOS ONE Predictors of sanitary napkins among adolescent girls
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10. Based on intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) values, 47 per cent and 22 per cent of the
total variance in the use of sanitary napkins among girls were attributable to differences across
families and communities, respectively. After including individual- (Model 1), household-
(Model 2), and community-level variables (Model 3) in the null model, the ICC values
decreased to 7 per cent (community level) and 33 per cent (household level). The results sug-
gest that the likelihood of sanitary napkin use was influenced by a similar decision of another
girl from the same household and/or community.
Discussion
Even though this study focused on adolescent girls only, the study adds relevant information
to the available literature. In this study, we examined the predictors of sanitary napkin use
among adolescent girls by adopting a multi-level approach. For a comprehensive analysis, we
examined four important community-level variables, namely, community wealth index, com-
munity education index, community media index, and community education index (for
mothers), along with individual and household level variables. We identified several predictors
of the use of sanitary napkins among adolescent girls.
Adolescents aged 15–19 years were more likely to use sanitary napkins than those aged 10–
14 years. Older adolescents tend to have high levels of education, which may explain their
higher use of sanitary napkins. We found that adolescents with higher education were more
likely to use sanitary napkins than those with no education. Other researchers have acknowl-
edged the importance of education in promoting sanitary use among adolescent girls [18].
Education among adolescent girls promotes their mass-media exposure, which further pro-
motes sanitary use [23]. The relationship between sanitary napkins and education is bi-direc-
tion as the use of sanitary napkins may also promote girls’ education [24]. Montgomery et al.,
in their study, noted that the distribution of sanitary napkins improves school attendance
among girls [24]. The results from multi-level analysis further noted that a high level of com-
munity education is associated with higher use of sanitary napkins among adolescent girls.
Media exposure among adolescent girls is one of the important predictors of sanitary use.
We found that adolescents with exposure to media were more likely to use sanitary napkins
than adolescents who had no exposure to media. Similar findings have been reported else-
where [25–27]. Mass media is a major source of information about menstrual hygiene; there-
fore, girls with frequent exposure to mass media may tend to use more sanitary napkins than
their counterparts [28]. The use of mass media communication can be a useful tool for the
development of knowledge on menstruation [19].
Higher levels of mother’s education were associated with higher use of sanitary napkins
among adolescent girls. This finding is in agreement with previously available literature [26].
However, the association between community education (mother) and the use of sanitary nap-
kins was not significant. Mothers play a crucial role in educating their daughters about health
matters [10,26]. Having an educated mother can therefore play a significant role in maintain-
ing menstrual hygiene [28,29]. Furthermore, the importance of mothers’ education was out-
lined by the fact that girls whose mothers were uneducated were more likely to miss school
during their menstruation than girls whose mothers were educated [30]. Since mothers are
girls’ primary source of information on menstruation; mother education plays an important
role in maintaining menstrual hygiene [31].
The wealth index of the household is another predictor of the use of sanitary napkins among
adolescents. The study found that a higher wealth index was associated with higher use of sani-
tary napkins among adolescent girls. A previous study also concluded that the use of sanitary
napkins was higher among adolescents in rich households than among adolescents in poor
PLOS ONE Predictors of sanitary napkins among adolescent girls
PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250788 April 30, 2021 10 / 14
11. households [32]. Adolescents are dependent on their parents to buy them sanitary napkins;
thus, poor parents may find it difficult to purchase sanitary napkins for their daughters [33,34].
We found that the use of sanitary napkins was higher among non-SC/ST adolescents than
their counterparts. In the Indian context, SC/ST tend to have poorer socio-economic status, limit-
ing the use of sanitary napkins among them [35]. Furthermore, we found that the use of sanitary
napkins was higher among adolescent girls in urban areas than in rural areas. Similar findings
have been reported elsewhere [36,37]. Higher use of sanitary napkins among urban girls may be
attributed to their higher education level, better school infrastructure, and easy access to sanitary
napkins. In India, sanitary pads are sold in chemists shop and departmental stores, which are
more common in urban areas [38]. Narayan et al. suggested that urban girls have a higher level of
awareness about hygienic menstrual practices than their rural counterparts [39]. Moreover, girls
may avoid buying sanitary napkins from shops with male shopkeepers in rural areas due to shame
[32]. Furthermore, disposing of sanitary napkins is another issue in the rural area, and therefore
rural women find cloth a comfortable medium to use during menstruation [40].
Limitations of the study
Despite providing in-depth information about the predictors of sanitary napkins among ado-
lescent girls, the study has some limitations. The study was conducted only in two Indian
states, namely, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar; therefore, the findings are not generalizable to the
country population. The data are cross-sectional and therefore limits our understanding of
causal inferences.
Conclusion
Ensuring that adolescent girls have access to hygienic means to manage their menses is critical
from a public health perspective and in enabling them to realize their full potential. Although
India’s Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi in his 74th
Independence Day speech on 15th
August 2020, stressed the importance of sanitary napkins, current national programs do not
emphasize menstrual hygiene. Programs to enhance menstrual hygiene are warranted. The
study could not find a significant community-level education effect on menstrual hygiene but
revealed a strong effect of mother’s as well as, individual’s education and exposure to mass
media on menstrual hygiene practices. Therefore, we recommend individual-level awareness
programs on menstrual hygiene are needed. These programs should also involve mothers,
who are an important source of knowledge about menstrual hygiene. Facilitating girls’ access
to education may also produce tangible menstrual hygiene benefits.
Acknowledgments
This research uses data from the study on "Understanding the Lives of Adolescents and Young
Adults (UDAYA) in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh," collected by the Population Council. Therefore,
the authors are thankful to the Population Council for providing the data. The authors are also
thankful to David Jean Simon for copyediting the manuscript.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization: Pradeep Kumar, Shobhit Srivastava, Ratna Patel.
Data curation: Shobhit Srivastava.
Formal analysis: Pradeep Kumar, Shobhit Srivastava.
Investigation: Pradeep Kumar, Shobhit Srivastava.
PLOS ONE Predictors of sanitary napkins among adolescent girls
PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250788 April 30, 2021 11 / 14
12. Methodology: Pradeep Kumar, Shobhit Srivastava.
Software: Pradeep Kumar, Shobhit Srivastava.
Supervision: Shobhit Srivastava, Ratna Patel, Preeti Dhillon.
Validation: Pradeep Kumar, Shobhit Srivastava, Ratna Patel.
Visualization: Shobhit Srivastava.
Writing – original draft: Shekhar Chauhan, Strong Pillar Marbaniang, Ratna Patel.
Writing – review & editing: Ratna Patel, Preeti Dhillon.
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