The document provides information about the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) in India. It discusses that IDSP aims to establish a decentralized disease surveillance system to detect early warning signals of outbreaks. Key elements of IDSP include detection and reporting of health events, investigation and confirmation of cases, collection and analysis of surveillance data, and feedback to initiate public health responses. IDSP implementation is organized at the national, state, and district levels with defined roles and reporting structures. The program coordinates surveillance of both communicable and non-communicable diseases using standardized reporting forms.
Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched by Hon’ble Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare in November 2004 for a period upto March 2010. The project was restructured and extended up to March 2012. The project continues in the 12th Plan with domestic budget as Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme under NHM for all States with Budgetary allocation of 640 Cr.
A Central Surveillance Unit (CSU) at Delhi, State Surveillance Units (SSU) at all State/UT head quarters and District Surveillance Units (DSU) at all Districts in the country have been established.
Objectives:
To strengthen/maintain decentralized laboratory based IT enabled disease surveillance system for epidemic prone diseases to monitor disease trends and to detect and respond to outbreaks in early rising phase through trained Rapid Response Team (RRTs)
Programme Components:
Integration and decentralization of surveillance activities through establishment of surveillance units at Centre, State and District level.
Human Resource Development – Training of State Surveillance Officers, District Surveillance Officers, Rapid Response Team and other Medical and Paramedical staff on principles of disease surveillance.
Use of Information Communication Technology for collection, collation, compilation, analysis and dissemination of data.
Strengthening of public health laboratories.
A decentralized system of disease surveillance for timely and effective public health action with a focus on functional integration of surveillance components of various vertical programmes.
Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched by Hon’ble Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare in November 2004 for a period upto March 2010. The project was restructured and extended up to March 2012. The project continues in the 12th Plan with domestic budget as Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme under NHM for all States with Budgetary allocation of 640 Cr.
A Central Surveillance Unit (CSU) at Delhi, State Surveillance Units (SSU) at all State/UT head quarters and District Surveillance Units (DSU) at all Districts in the country have been established.
Objectives:
To strengthen/maintain decentralized laboratory based IT enabled disease surveillance system for epidemic prone diseases to monitor disease trends and to detect and respond to outbreaks in early rising phase through trained Rapid Response Team (RRTs)
Programme Components:
Integration and decentralization of surveillance activities through establishment of surveillance units at Centre, State and District level.
Human Resource Development – Training of State Surveillance Officers, District Surveillance Officers, Rapid Response Team and other Medical and Paramedical staff on principles of disease surveillance.
Use of Information Communication Technology for collection, collation, compilation, analysis and dissemination of data.
Strengthening of public health laboratories.
A decentralized system of disease surveillance for timely and effective public health action with a focus on functional integration of surveillance components of various vertical programmes.
This ppt contains all the information about Revised NationalTuberculosis Control programme (RNTCP) It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it.
National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stro...Vivek Varat
Government of India initiated a National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) during 2010-11 after integrating the National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP) with (NPDCS).
On 19 November 1985, GOI renamed EPI program, modifying the schedule as ‘Universal Immunization Program’ dedicated to the memory of Late Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi.
UIP has two vital components: immunization of pregnant women against tetanus, and immunization of children
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is an umbrella programme for prevention and control of malaria and other vector borne diseases. Under the programme, it is ensured that the disadvantaged and marginalised sections benefit from the delivery of services so that the desired National Health Policy and Rural Health Mission goals are achieved. The Directorate of NVBDCP under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, is the nodal agency responsible for planning, coordination, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of NVBDCP programme at all levels.
Organization Structure of Public Health System in Nepal.
Organization Profile (Structure, Functions, Roles, Responsibilities, ToR): http://bit.ly/HealthsystemsNepal
Organization Structure of Public Health System in Nepal | Health System Nepal | Current Health system of Nepal | Organization Structure of Nepalese Health System | Public Health System | Health Governance System in Nepal |Health Organization Profile | https://publichealthupdate.com |
More updates: https://publichealthupdate.com
National programme for prevention and control of cancer npcdcsanjalatchi
A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a disease that is not transmissible directly from one person to another. NCDs include Parkinson's disease, autoimmune diseases, strokes, most heart diseases, most cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and others.
AIDS and its vengeance saw a back seat after we achieved the zero level of growth for it. But worries regarding the people living with AIDS are still on and we need to take care of these segments in an integrated manner
This ppt contains all the information about Revised NationalTuberculosis Control programme (RNTCP) It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it.
National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stro...Vivek Varat
Government of India initiated a National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) during 2010-11 after integrating the National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP) with (NPDCS).
On 19 November 1985, GOI renamed EPI program, modifying the schedule as ‘Universal Immunization Program’ dedicated to the memory of Late Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi.
UIP has two vital components: immunization of pregnant women against tetanus, and immunization of children
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is an umbrella programme for prevention and control of malaria and other vector borne diseases. Under the programme, it is ensured that the disadvantaged and marginalised sections benefit from the delivery of services so that the desired National Health Policy and Rural Health Mission goals are achieved. The Directorate of NVBDCP under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, is the nodal agency responsible for planning, coordination, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of NVBDCP programme at all levels.
Organization Structure of Public Health System in Nepal.
Organization Profile (Structure, Functions, Roles, Responsibilities, ToR): http://bit.ly/HealthsystemsNepal
Organization Structure of Public Health System in Nepal | Health System Nepal | Current Health system of Nepal | Organization Structure of Nepalese Health System | Public Health System | Health Governance System in Nepal |Health Organization Profile | https://publichealthupdate.com |
More updates: https://publichealthupdate.com
National programme for prevention and control of cancer npcdcsanjalatchi
A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a disease that is not transmissible directly from one person to another. NCDs include Parkinson's disease, autoimmune diseases, strokes, most heart diseases, most cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and others.
AIDS and its vengeance saw a back seat after we achieved the zero level of growth for it. But worries regarding the people living with AIDS are still on and we need to take care of these segments in an integrated manner
Simulation of Locomotive Control of Traction Motor Using a New Bidirectional ...paperpublications3
Abstract: This project mainly concentrates on a simulation of locomotive control of traction motors with a new bidirectional DC-DC-AC converter using Renewable Energy Sources. The existing system is developed with four quadrant operation of dc series motor or induction motor fed voltage and frequency control using power electronic controllers. But in this system the efficiency is low and speed control is not synchronized with other motors. Therefore there is jerking of compartments, uniform braking is not possible in the traction system. The DC motors have been utilized for traction for over one hundred years and were originally chosen because of their inherent compatibility with traction power supplies and ease of mounting within locomotive bogies. The proposed system is designed with fuel cell based bidirectional DC-DC-AC dual inverter for traction motor to optimize third harmonic distortion, switching pattern losses, voltage fluctuations, reducing of switches, cost and also increasing efficiency and feasible operation of traction motors. The Fuel cell based system is powered to the traction motor to run forward, reverse and regenerative braking operation with the help of bidirectional control. So that the kinematic operation of traction motor is control the voltage, speed, torque levels using the ZVS DC-DC-AC converters. The proposed multilevel inverter minimizes the THD with the implementation of Z-source inverter. It is useful in boosting the voltage and additionally reducing the voltage fluctuations in the nine switch Z-source inverter. In a fuel cell powered to traction system the bidirectional dc-dc converter and inverter are essential for efficient performance of the traction motor. The simulation of dual converters is developed using MATLAB/SIMULINK and rotor current, stator current, stator voltage, rotor speed, electromagnetic torque and rotor angle is obtained for the traction motor. The multilevel inverters are developed to reduce the total third harmonic distortions (THD) in the converters. The multilevel converters are used to reduce the switching pattern losses. The performance of the traction system is compatible and running of motors is continuous without any disturbances. The most advantageous of the system is the multistep boost ZVS converter is implemented to maintain the constant power output.
Deze presentatie werd gegeven door Ron Vonk op de Kringbijeenkomst NVDO Kring Friesland BASF Nijhehaske op 16 februari 2011 met als titel: De harde en hardnekkige kanten van RCA (Root Cause Analysis)
A Review of Maximum Power Point Tracking: Design and Implementationpaperpublications3
Abstract: Photovoltaic Energy is the most important Energy Resource since it is clean pollution free and inexhaustible. In recent years a large number of techniques have been proposed for tracking the Maximum Power Point. PV array has non-linear I-V characteristic and output power depends on environmental conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature. There is a point on I-V, P-V characteristic curve of PV array called as Maximum Power Point (MPP), where the PV system produces its maximum output power. Location of MPP changes with change in environmental condition. The purpose of MPPT is to adjust the solar operating voltage close to MPP under changing environmental conditions. In order to continuously gather the maximum power from the PV array, they have to operate at their MPPT despite of the inhomogeneous change in environmental conditions. The two most commonly algorithms for PV applications as they are easy to Implement are Beta method Incremental Conductance (Inc. Con.).Beta algorithm is a type of MPPT algorithm. It is having fast tracking ability. The algorithm has been verified on a photovoltaic system, A review of various MPPT algorithms is proposed with more focus on above two algorithms.
Abstract: The growing demand on wireless communication service has created the necessity to support higher data rates for multimedia services. .As next generation wireless communication networks are expected to provide broadband multimedia services such as voice, web browsing, video conferencing etc. For high data rate achievement one must enhance the capacity of the wireless communication system. The capacity of a communication system can be enhanced by using OFDM system. OFDM is commonly used for communication system due to its high transmission rate and robustness against multipath fading So as to enhance the capacity of fading channels the OFDM system are combined to form hybrid system. Capacity is the measure of maximum information that can be transmitted reliably over a channel. This paper review on different channel capacity enhancement techniques used in OFDM system is SVD (Singular Value Decomposition), water Filling algorithm.
Abstract: This paper outlines the difference between the two brands of PLCs on the basis of their features and their applications. Over the years of demand for high quality and greater efficiency and automated machines has increased in the globalized area. The initial phase of this paper focus on the relativity on which the user can be easily justify their needs. This paper shows that the modelling techniques and design practices of software engineering can be combined with the traditional ways to of thinking in the automation system.
General terms - Automation, Role of PLC and SCADA in automation and types of PLC used.
The IDSP integrates communicable and non-communicable diseases. Common to both of them are their purpose in describing the health problem, monitoring trends, estimating the health burden and evaluating programmes for prevention and control.
The key objective of the programme is to strengthen/maintain decentralized laboratory based IT enabled disease surveillance system for epidemic prone diseases to monitor disease trends and to detect and respond to outbreaks in early rising phase through trained Rapid Response Team (RRTs).
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
3. Surveillance
• Surveillance is a French word meaning -
“ Watch with attention, suspicion and authority”
• Surveillance is defined as –
“ongoing systematic collection, collation, analysis and
interpretation of data and dissemination of information to
those who need to know in order that action be taken.”
5. Why do we need to do surveillance?
• To determine incidence of disease
• To know the geographical distribution or spread of disease
• To identify population at risk of that disease
• To monitor trend of disease over a long time period
• To capture the factors and condition responsible for occurrence and spread
of disease
• To predict the occurrence of epidemic and control of epidemic
• To evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention or programme
6. What are the Key Elements of Surveillance System?
• Detection and notification of health event
• Investigation and confirmation
(epidemiological, clinical, laboratory)
• Collection of data
• Analysis and interpretation of data
• Feed back and dissemination of results
9. • The disease burden of the people of India is one of the highest in the world.
• India have dual burden of Infectious Disease and NCD.
• Planning for disease prevention and controls depends upon the disease
frequency, distribution and determinants that can be made available through
proper surveillance.
• Surveillance has been identified as backbone of any health delivery system.
10. History
• NSPCD(National Surveillance Programme for Communicable Diseases) Launched in
• 1997 - 5 districts
• 1998 - 20 more districts
• 1999 - 20 more districts
• 2003 - more 101 districts
Nov. 2004 - IDSP launched
(up to 2010)
• 2010 - Extended for 2 more years
2012- Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme
The IDSP proposes a comprehensive strategy for improving disease surveillance and response through an
integrated approach.
11. Phases of implementation
• Phase I (2004-05)
– Madhya Pradesh, Andhra, Himachal, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra,
Mizoram, Tamil Nadu & Uttaranchal
• Phase II (2005-06)
– Chattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Orissa, Rajasthan, West Bengal,
Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura, Chandigarh, Pondicherry, Nagaland,
Delhi
• Phase III (2006-07)
– UP, Bihar, J&K, Punjab, Jharkhand, Arunachal, Assam, Sikkim, A&N
Island, D&N Haveli, Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep
12. • IDSP was formally launched in Chhattisgarh on
19th of November 2005.
13. Mission
• To strengthen the disease surveillance in the country by
establishing a decentralized State based surveillance system
for epidemic prone diseases to detect the early warning
signals, so that timely and effective public health actions can
be initiated in response to health challenges in the country at
the Districts, State and National level.
14. Objectives
• To establish a decentralized district based system of surveillance for
communicable and non-communicable diseases, so that timely and effective
public health actions can be initiated in response to health changes in the
urban and rural areas.
• To integrate existing surveillance activities to avoid duplication and
facilitate sharing of information across all disease control programmes and
other stake holders, so that valid data is available for health decision
making in the district, state and national levels
15. Components
• Integration and decentralization of surveillance activities
through establishment of surveillance units at Centre, State and District
level.
• Human Resource Development – Training of State Surveillance Officers,
District Surveillance Officers, Rapid Response Team and other Medical
and Paramedical staff on principles of disease surveillance.
• Information Communication Technology - for collection, collation,
compilation, analysis and dissemination of data.
• Strengthening of public health laboratories
16. What is integration?
• Sharing of surveillance information of various disease control programmes.
• Developing effective partnership with heath and non health sectors in
surveillance. (Inter-sectoral Coordination).
• Including communicable and non communicable diseases in the
surveillance system.
• Working with the private sector and non governmental organization .
• Bringing academic institutions and medical colleges into disease
surveillance.
17. Conditions under regular surveillance
Type of disease Disease
Vector borne diseases Malaria
Water borne diseases Diarrhoea, Cholera, Typhoid
Respiratory diseases Tuberculosis
Vaccine preventable diseases Measles
Disease under eradication Polio
Other conditions Road traffic accidents
International commitment Plague
Unusual syndromes
(Causing death/hospitalization)
Meningo-encephalitis
Respiratory distress
Hemorrhagic fever
Other undiagnosed condition
18. Other conditions under surveillance
Type of surveillance Categories Conditions
Sentinel surveillance STDs HIV/HBV/HCV
Other
conditions
Water quality
Outdoor air quality
Regular periodic surveys
Non-
communicable
disease risk
factors
Anthropometry
Physical activity
Blood pressure
Tobacco, blood pressure
Nutrition
Blindness
Additional state priorities Up to five diseases
21. Classification of surveillance in IDSP
• Syndromic
– Diagnosis made on the basis of clinical pattern by paramedical
personnel and members of community .
– By Health Workers, at Village/ SHC level on the basis of symptoms.
• Presumptive
– Diagnosis is made on typical history and clinical examination by
medical officers. (Health Facilities- PHC/CHC/DH etc. )
• Confirmed/Laboratory
– Clinical diagnosis confirmed by appropriate laboratory identification.
– at CHC, District Hospital and Medical Colleges Labs for confirmation.
22. Types of Weekly Reports under IDSP
1. Syndromic Surveillance report in “S” form, collected by Health Workers,
at Village level and submitted at CHC.
2. Presumptive Surveillance report in “P” form, generated by Medical
Officers, collected by Pharmacist/ Health Workers,
3. Lab Surveillance report generated by Lab Technicians, at CHC and
District Hospital Labs.
4. Compiled reports are entered online on IDSP portal by BADAs at block
level.
5. Reports are analyzed at District & State level, Reported to higher
level, feed back to lower levels.
6. Outbreak & Early Warning Signals report at District and State level.
23. Information flow of the weekly
surveillance system
Sub-centres
P.H.C.s
C.H.C.s
Dist. hosp.
Programme
officers
Pvt. practitioners
D.S.U.
P.H. lab.
Med. col.
Other Hospitals:
ESI, Municipal
Rly., Army etc.
S.S.U.
C.S.U.
Nursing homes
Private hospitals
Private labs.
Corporate
hospitals
25. Activities Periphery District State
Detection and notification of
cases
+++ ++ -
Consolidation of data + +++ +++
Analysis and interpretation + +++ +++
Investigation and confirmation +++ +++ +
Feedback + +++ ++
Dissemination + ++ ++
Action ++ +++ +
Surveillance activities at each level
28. District Surveillance Committee
Chairperson*
District Surveillance Committee
District Surveillance Officer
(Member Secretary)
CMO
(Co. Chair)
Representative
Water Board
Superintendent
Of Police
IMA
Representative
NGO
Representative
District Panchayat
Chairperson
Chief District PH
Laboratory
Medical College
Representative
if any
Representative
Pollution Board
District Training Officer
(IDSP)
District Data Manager
(IDSP)
District Program Manager
Polio, Malaria, TB, HIV - AIDS
* District Collector or District Magistrate
29. Chairperson*
State surveillance committee
Director Health Service
Director Public
Health (Co. Chair) Director Medical Education
Representative
Water Board
NGO
Medical Colleges
State Coordinator
Representative
Department of Home
State Program Managers
Polio, Malaria, TB, HIV - AIDS
Head, State Public
Health Lab
IMA
RepresentativeRepresentative
Department of Environment State Surveillance Officer
(Member Secretary)
State Training Officer
State Data Manager IDSP
State surveillance committee
* State health secretary
30. Chairperson*
National surveillance
committee
Director General
Health Services
(Co. Chair)
Director General
ICMR
PD
(IDSP)
JS
(Family Welfare)
Director
NICD
Director
NIB
National Program Managers
Polio, Malaria, TB, HIV - AIDS
Consultants
(IndiaCLEN / WHO
/ Medical College
/others)
NGO
IMA
Representative
Representative
Ministry of Home
Representative
Ministry of Environment National Surveillance Officer
(Member Secretary)
* Secretary health and secretary family welfare
National surveillance committee
32. Organization Structures at State Level
State Surveillance Unit IDSP is under State Surveillance officer
S.No. POST SANCTIONED
1 State Epidemiologist 1
2 State Microbiologist 1
3 State Veterinary Consultant 1
4 State Entomologist 1
4 Finance Consultant 1
5 Training Consultant 1
6 Data Manager 1
7 Data Entry Operator 1
33. Organization Structures at District Level
District Surveillance Units IDSP under District Surveillance officers
S.No. POST SANCTIONED
1 District Epidemiologist 27
3 Data Manager 27
4 Data Entry Operator 27
34. Reporting Forms
• Form ‘S’ (Suspect Cases)
• Health Workers (Sub Centre)
• Form ‘P’ (Probable Cases)
• Doctors (PHC, CHC, Pvt. Hospitals)
• Form ‘L’ (Lab Confirmed Cases)
• Laboratories
35.
36.
37.
38. Form Level of Laboratory Responsibility of
Reporting
Form L1 Peripheral Laboratory at PHC/CHC Laboratory
Assistants/Technician
through MO I/c
Form L2 •District Public Health Laboratory
•Labs of District Hospital
•Private Hospitals & Private Labs.
I/c
Microbiologist/Pathologists
Form L3 •Labs in Medical Colleges, other
tertiary institutions,
Reference Labs.
Head, Microbiologist
Department
Laboratory Reporting
39. Warning Signals of an impending outbreak
• Clustering of cases/deaths in Time/Place.
• Unusual increase in cases/ deaths.
• Even a single case of measles , AFP, Cholera, Plague, Dengue, or JE.
• Acute febrile illness of unknown etiology.
• Two or more epidemiologically linked cases of outbreak potential.
• High or sudden increase in vector density.
• Natural Disaster.
40. Surveillance Action
Pre-set trigger level with specific response for various levels
• Trigger Level 1 - Suspected limited outbreak
– local response
• Trigger Level 2 - Epidemic
– local & regional response
• Trigger Level 3 - Wide spread Epidemic
– local, regional & state level response
41. Strengths of IDSP - 1
1. Functional integration of surveillance components of
vertical programmes
2. Reporting of suspect, probable and confirmed cases
(Standard case Definition)
3. Strong IT component for data analysis
4. Trigger levels for graded response
5. Action component in the reporting formats.
6. Streamlined flow of funds to the districts
7. Standard Formats, Operations & Training Manuals
8. Involvement of Private Sector
42. New Initiatives - 1
E-learning/VC
The objective of e-learning is to enhance the skills to a wide
arena of health personnel.
Proposed components:
– Discussion Forums
– Online Survey & Assessment
– Feedback
– FAQs
43. Media Scanning and Verification Cell
• Objective:
– To provide the supplemental information about outbreaks
• Method:
– National and local newspapers, Internet surfing, TV
channel screening for news item on disease occurrence.
• Benefits of Media Scanning:
– Increases the sensitivity & strengthen the surveillance
system
– Provide early warning of occurrence of clusters of diseases
New Initiatives - 2