The document provides an overview of the development of civilization in India. It summarizes that the Indus Valley was the site of early river valley civilizations, including the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The Aryans later brought Sanskrit to India. Religious literature from this period includes the Vedas and Upanishads. Hinduism and the caste system emerged, influencing society. Buddhism and Jainism also developed as religious traditions. Several empires rose and fell over time, including the Mauryan, Gupta, and Mughal empires, with cultural and economic achievements during periods of stability and prosperity.

1. CHAPTER 11
CIVILIZATION OF
INDIA

2. India- is a country in
South Asia. It is the
seventh-largest country by
area, the second-most
populous country with
1.27 billion people, and
the most populous
democracy in the world.

3. INDIAN CIVILIZATION DEVELOPS
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT- was the site of
one of the great early river valley civilization
Great cities built In the Indus valley:
HARAPPA AND MOHENJO- DARO- these
cities, and the society they ruled, developed at
about the same time as civilization arose in
Sumer

5. THE ARYANS BRING A NEW
LANGUAGE TO INDIA
SANSKRIT- The Indo-European
language that the Aryans
brought to India
- the language of
classical Indian literature

6. RELIGIOUS LITERATURE GIVES A
PICTURE OF THE VEDIC AGE
VEDAS- a huge collection of battle
hymns, religious rituals, wise sayings, chants
and tales
RIG-VEDA- oldest and most important
of the Vedas.
INDRA- the leading God in the RigVeda, ruled the skies, rain and thunder

10. ARYAN SOCIETY CHANGES
Three- Level class system:
1. warrior-nobles
2. priests
3. commoners
RAJAH- one of the warriors was chosen to
be the chieftain

11. CLASS DIVISIONS BECOME STRICTER
• BRAHMINS- priests and replaced warriors
as the most influential class.
• KSHATRIYA- warrior- nobles
• VAISYA- common people
• SUDRA- laboring class
DHARMA- certain rights and duties, a certain
place in society

12. RELIGIOUS THOUGHT SHAPES INDIAN
SOCIETY
HINDUISM AND HINDU SOCIETY
Hinduism - is the major religion of the Indian
subcontinent, particularly of Nepal and India.
- includes a wide spectrum of laws and
prescriptions of "daily morality" based on karma,
dharma, and societal norms.
- Hinduism is a categorization of distinct
intellectual or philosophical points of view,
rather than a rigid, common set of beliefs.
- the "oldest living religion”.

14. UPANISHADS- one famous collection of
these writings
BRAHMAN- “ world spirit” or “ supreme
principle”
KARMA- the accumulated good and bad
acts of all one’s previous lives.

16. HINDUS RECOGNIZE MANY DEITIES
BRAHMA- creator
SHIVA- destroyer
VISHNU- preserver

18. HINDU EPICS TELL STORIES
OF HEROES
RAMAYANA- The leading
characters are Prince Rama
and Princess Sita, represent
the ideal Hindu couple- the
perfect hero and his devoted
wife

20. MAHABHARATA- brings
together hundreds of
ancient myths and legends
in the story of a great war in
which mortals and gods
fight side by side to control
a kingdom

22. MANY CASTES DEVELOP WITHIN HINDU
SOCIETY
CASTE SYSTEM- a system of rigid social groupings
OUTCASTES- one large group of people was
excluded from being a real part of society.

23. HINDU WOMEN HAVE FEW FREEDOM
As Hindu society grew more complex,
women’s lives became more restricted
They were supposed to run their
households smoothly, look after their
children, and obey their husbands
without question
They could own property, such their
jewelry, which their daughters can
inherit

24. A FEW WOMEN
TAKE PART IN
PUBLIC LIFE
RUDRAMMA- A
thirteenth century
queen ruled in her
own right, although
she referred to herself
as “he” in official
documents.

25. BUDDHISM
- is a religion indigenous to the Indian
subcontinent that encompasses a
variety of traditions, beliefs and
practices largely based on teachings
attributed to Siddhartha
Gautama, who is commonly known as
the Buddha, the “ ENLIGHTENED
ONE ”

27. FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
FIRST, Sorrow is part of all life.
SECOND, People suffer because they are
constantly wanting and trying to get things they
cannot have.
THIRD, the way to escape suffering is to
overcome these frustrating desires and reach a
stage of “not wanting”.
FOURTH, the Buddha pointed out he steps on
the path to enlightenment, or nirvana.

28. BUDDHIST MONASTERIES ARE
ESTABLISHED
• the Buddha established a community of
monks and, at the request of his aunt, a
community of nuns.
• Buddhist monks and nuns followed a
careful discipline when they join the
religious orders.
• Like Christian monasteries in medieval
Europe, Buddhists monasteries became
centers of learning and education.

29. BUDDHISTS BELIEFS CHANGE AS
BUDDHISM SPREADS
HINAYANA- original teachings
MAHAYANA- ritualized religions with
temples, saints, and statues of the Buddha

30. JAINISM
- One that endured
into modern times
as an independent
group.
MAHAVIRA- the
founder of the Jains

32. THE JAINS PRACTICE
NONVIOLENCE
Jains did not pray or worship gods.
They took vow not to steal, lie, or desire
anything and they would not kill any
living being.
AHIMSA- nonviolence, was their central
belief.
They would not eat meat or even do farm
work, because working the soil would kill
plant and animal life.

33. INDIAN EMPIRES ARE ESTABLISHED
Magadha takes control of northeast
India
BIMBISARA- Magadha’s ruler, a good
administrator who built roads, coordinated
village governments and made the kingdom
stronger than its neighbors.

35. THE PERSIAN EMPIRE CLAIMS
NORTHWEST INDIA
CYRUS THE GREAT- an invading army
led by him crossed the mountains into
northwest India.
DARIUS I- Cyrus’s successor, had
conquered the Indus valley and the
Punjab.

36. ALEXANDER
CONQUERS
PERSIA BUT
LOSES INDIA
- He defeated the
Persians in
several great
battles, then
moved into India
in 327 B.C.

37. CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA
ESTABLISHES A NEW EMPIRE
CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA- A young
adventurer took over the kingdom of
Magadha.
KAUTILYA- a royal adviser who wrote a
guided book on practical, ruthless politics.

39. ASOKA- Chandragupta’s son
- began his career with the
fierce conquest of the coastal
province of Kalinga in 261 B.C.
- Asoka has been judged one
of the great rulers in world history
- One of his famous edicts
states that he “ desires security,
self-control, justice, and happiness
for all beings.

41. AN AGE OF INVASIONS FOLLOWS
THE MAURYAN EMPIRE
- After Asoka’s death in 232 B.C., his
successors were unable to hold the
huge empire together.
- States far from the capital broke
away from the empire.
- Foreigners crossed through the
mountain passes and invaded
northwest India.

42. TRADE ROUTES CROSS INDIA
KANISHKA- the most famous
Kushana king, their territory
extended through Central Asia to
the boarders of the Chinese
Empire.
* India was rapidly becoming a
center for east- west trade.

43. TAMIL CULTURE IS DOMINANT IN
THE SOUTH
DRAVIDIANS- the people who
settled from the Indus valley who
had fled southward from the Aryan
invaders.
TAMIL- the main Dravidian
language.

44. TRADE BY SEA FLOURISHES IN SOUTH INDIA
The TAMILS- Were seafarers who traded with
Southeast Asia and conquered and occupied
much of the island of Ceylon.
- Tamil kings built harbor facilities and
encourage d trade.
- they carried cargoes of spices, jewels,
perfumes, textiles and exotic animals to trade with
the Roman world.
- India took mostly gold in trade from the
West, bit it bought textiles and porcelain from
China.
- India’s trade spread its culture and religion
throughout much of Southeast Asia.

45. THE GUPTA EMPIRE BRINGS
PROSPERITY TO NORTHERN INDIA
The first emperor united several
kingdoms through marriage, took the
name Chandra Gupta ( after the earlier
emperor ), and established a new line of
rulers.
Under the Gupta rulers , northern India
become the center of a brilliant and
creative culture .
Government rule was benevolent, and
literature, art, science, and technology all
flourished

46. HINDUISM
INFLUENCES GUPTA
WRITERS
-Gupta literature showed
the importance of Hinduism
in everyday Indian life.
KALIDASA- India’s greatest
poet and playwright, often
compared to Shakespeare
SHAKUNTALA- based on an
idea from one of the Hindu
epics, is still performed in
India today

47. ADVANCES ARE MADE IN SCIENCE
AND MATHEMATICS
The most impressive contributions
were made by Gupta mathematicians.
They established the decimal
system, the idea of zero, and the
beginnings of algebra.
Although Arab mathematicians later
were given credit for so-called Arabic
numerals, the Arab themselves called
mathematics “ the Indian art “

48. INVASIONS END THE
GUPTA EMPIRE
- About the middle of
the fifth
century, invaders
from Central Asia
began to raid the
borders of the Gupta
Empire.
HARSHA- A young
prince united two
kingdoms in 606 and
began a rule of more

49. INDIA COMES UNDER MUSLIM RULE
- Between 712 and 1526 four different
groups of Muslims invaded India.
Muslim and Hindu beliefs conflict
The Muslims believed strongly in one god
and in equality among all people.
 the Hindus were equally firm in accepting
many deities as part of the world spirit
and in seeing class divisions as divinely
ordered.

50. THE RAJPUTS HOLD BACK AN
ARAB INVASION
Their advance was stopped by
the barren Thar Desert and by
the Rajputs , the warrior clans of
the northwest.
Claimed to be the direct heirs of
the Kshatriya class of Aryans.

51. MAHMUD OF GHAZNI TERRORIZES INDIA
 The next invasion of India was launched by Turkish
Muslims from one of the mountain kingdoms, Ghazni
( in present-day Afghanistan).
 MAHMUD- He did not want Indian land but did want
the gold and treasure of the cities, temples, and
monasteries.
- led seventeenth quick, merciless raids on Indiaabout one a year- killing Buddhist and Hindu monks
and priests and carrying off slaves and plunder
- He eventually took the Punjab region into his
empire, along with the Muslim frontier kingdom.

53. THE RAJPUTS FAIL TO STOP ANOTHER
MUSLIM
MUHAMMAD GHORI- The empire of
Ghazni was taken over by a group of Turks
led by him.
- Muhammad Ghori’s victorious
armies occupied India as far South as the
Deccan.
AYBEK- One general. A freed slave
declared the Indian territories a separate
Muslim kingdom or sultanate, with its
capital at Delhi

54. MONGOL INVASIONS SET THE STAGE FOR
CONQUESTS
GENGHIS KHAN- led his fierce Mongol warriors
across Asia, conquering and destroying as he
established a huge empire.
TAMERLANE- He was a zealous Muslim devastated
the great Muslim cities in Asia.
BABER- a descendants of Genghis Khan and
Tamerlane.

56. AKBAR INTODUCES AN ERA OF TOLERATION
AKBAR- Baber’s grandson was only thirteen
years old when he inherited the throne in 1556.
- He soon gained absolute power and became a
wise and skillful ruler.
- He understood how important compromise
was in uniting the many different peoples and
religions within the empire.
- Shrewdly made the Rajput his allies, gave
them important positions in the court and the
army and married Rajput women.

57. THE MOGUL EMPIRE EXPANDS
UNDER AKBAR’S SUCCESSORS
JAHANGIR AND SHAH JAHAN- The
two rulers who succeeded Akbar, they
continued his policies of
fairness, tolerance, thrift and
compromise between Muslim and
Hindu attitudes.
NUR JAHAN- a clever and beautiful
Persian woman married to Jahangir.

59. SHAH JAHAN- Jahangir’s son, led
a rebellion against his father and
had his brothers murdered to
secure the mogul throne in 1628.
MUMTAZ MAHAL- Shah Jahan’s
wife and Nur Jahan’s niece.

61. The TAJ MAHAL is a white marble mausoleum located in
Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was built by Mughal
emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife,
Mumtaz Mahal.
 It took 20,000 workers and 1,000 elephants nearly 20
years to complete this monument.
 Built of white marble, the Taj sits on a sandstone
platform. A 137-foot high dome tops the mausoleum.
The interior is lavishly decorated in lapis lazuli,
turquoise, agate, jasper, and colored marble. The
exterior is paved with semiprecious stones that sparkle
in the sun. The surrounding garden contains four
water channels representing the four rivers of Islamic
paradise.

63. AURANGZEB ATTEMPTS TO CONQUER ALL
INDIA
AURANGZEB- Shah Jahan’s son, who
imprisoned his father and seized the throne in
1658, reversed the policies of compromise and
tolerance that had made this possible.
- He reintroduced the special tax on nonMuslims and took away the rights of many
Hindu nobles.
- Nicknamed the “ WORLD SHAKER “- withdrew
his support for the arts and poured all the
empire’s treasure into an attempt to conquer the
Deccan and the south.

65. NEW FORCES REBEL AGAINST THE
MOGULS
SIKHS- another people who held firm
against Mogul power, followers of a new
religion established about the time of the
first Muslim conquest.
MARATHAS- A Hindu people living along
the western coast, established a small
independent empire within the Mogul
Empire.