The document summarizes the history of Indian civilization from ancient times to the establishment of empires. It describes the Indus Valley civilization including the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The Aryans later invaded and their Vedic period saw the development of Sanskrit and the Vedas. Major empires included the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka, the Gupta Empire which was a period of cultural flourishing, and the Mughal Empire which ruled in the 16th century. Key contributions of Indian civilization included urban planning, major religions, mathematics, and architectural achievements.

1. Indian Civilization

2. South Asia
 South Asia consists od India, Pakistan
Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Sri
Langka, Nepal and Maldives.
 It is also known as the subcontinent of
India.
 The Himalayas separate South Asia
from the rest of the continent.
 Groups of people with conquests and
migrations brought their language and
tradition .

3. Geography of India

4. Geography of India
 The cities situated near the Indus
Valley are the first civilization
emerged.
 The remains in of cities of Mohenjo-
Daro and Harappa was discovered by
the archeologists.
 The indus land was much larger since
this emcompassed a huge portion of
northwest ancient India (modern day
Pakistan).

5. The Indus River

6. The Indus River
 The river is about 1,000 mile long and
flows through Kashmir onwards to the
plains of Pakistan.
 When the Indus River overflows, the
soil is fertilized ensuring favorable
cultivation of land.
 The presence of fertile soil was
essential to the formation of societies
and states in early India.

7. Harappan Civilization
 Located in the anncient city of
Harappa and emerged around 2700
B.C.E
 Has a population around 40,000
people.
 The houses were square – shaped
and had wide spaces.
 The use of toilets and bathrooms by
early Indians were the first application
of sewerage system in the world.

8. Harappan Civilization
 They domesticated animals like
elephants, sheeps, and goats.
 They were the first people to plant
cotton and weave clothes out of these
materials.
 They have a standard system of
weights and measures for grain and
gold.
 Harappan society divided into groups.
 Harappans established trade

9. The Aryans
 The Harappans attained their
peakness of great around 2000 B.C.E
 The Aryans Invasion began in 1500
B.C.E and destroted Harappa.
 The Aryans used the mountains as
routes.
 The Harappans are unable to
overcome the Aryans so they migrated
towards the Southern part of India.

10. Vedic Period
 The Vedic period is the Aryan way of
life from 1500 B.C.E until the 500
B.C.E.
 The Aryans brought their own
language which became known as
Sanskrit which is the classical
language of Indian literature.
 The “Vedas” is a collection of books
on batlle hyms, sacred rituals, sayins
and tales.

11. Vedic Period
 The society was divided into noble
warriors, priests and ordinary people.
 The tasks of the warriors are to lead
and run everyday affairs of the society.
 Towards the end of the Vedic period,
the priests began to wield more power
than the warrior class.The teachings
concerning people and God gradually
became more important in the society.

12. The Caste System

13. Establishment of Empires and
Kingdoms
 Their political structure transformed from a
simple administration into larger states.
 They realized the need to collect taxes,
organize their perspective tools, and bulid
new ciies and roads.
 Example of the city states are Magadha,
Kosala, Kro, and Gandhara.

14. The Persians
 A persian force led by Cyrus the Great
invaded northwest India.
 Darius, Cyrus Successor was able to
conquer Indus Valley and Punjab.
 The region of India became part of the
Persian empire for nearly two
centuries.
 Persian cities became centers of
learning.

15. Alexander the Great
 Alexander the Great defeated the
combined power of the Persians and
the Indians.
 Alexander and his men are able to
cross the Indus River.
 Alexander reluctantly left India
because his troops were already
exhausted and most of them have
illnesses and misfortunes.

16. Mauryan Empire
 Established by Chandragupta Maurya
 She had an effective but harsh
governance who was influenced by
kautilya, author of Arthashastra, a
book that contains essential ideas on
political strategies and effective
administration.
 Ashoka or Asoka is known as the
greatest Mauryan leader because he
renounced violence and eventually
followed the teachings of the Buddha.

17. Mauryan Empire
 After Asoka’s death, leaders who
succeeded him are unable to
effectively control the whole empire.
 Several city states far from the capital
secede from the Empire.
 During the downfall of the Mauryan
Empire, various Indian states clash for
supremacy.

18. Kushana Kingdom
 India’s northwestern frontier witnessed
the arrival of outsiders like the
Bactarians, Scythians, and Yuezhi.
 The Yuezhi extablished the kingdom.
 Kaniksha, the most renowned
Kushana king made commercial
activities flourish.

19. Satavahana Kingdom
 Located in the southern part of India.
 The politics and administration was
influenced by the Maurya.

20. Gupta Empire
 Considered as the classical period of
India.
 Northern India was unified once again.
 The empire had a well organized
government.
 Knowledge in astronomy,
mathematics, surgery, literature, arts,
and science flourished.
 The empire collapsed when the White
Huns invaded Northern India.

21. Gupta Empire
 Political turmoil was once again
experienced while the city states were
broken apart.
 Political disintegration was continued
until the establichment of the Mogul
Empire by the Muslims in India in the
16th century.

22. Contributions of the Indian
Civilization
 Urban planning
 The four great religions: Hinduism,
Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism.
 The use of sewage system
 Knowledge in measurement
 The decimal system
 Vedas
 Taj Mahal in Agra
 Knowledge in Algebra