The document discusses the handling and storage of oil-bearing materials. It outlines several key points:
1) The handling and storage of oil seeds is important for obtaining high oil yields and quality products. Biological activity during storage can reduce both quality and yield.
2) Oil seeds need to be moved into protected storage quickly after harvesting and cared for properly before processing to minimize deterioration.
3) Common oil seeds like sunflower, soybeans, and cottonseed are susceptible to damage from high moisture, foreign materials, and adverse conditions.
4) Deterioration during storage can result from respiration, enzymatic activity, moisture content, and temperature, all of which the document discusses in further detail. Proper
The detailed description on theory of dryer, mechanism of drying and stages of drying. Water activity, types of dryers used in food processing industry, concept of osmotic dehydration of foods is discussed.
This document summarizes different techniques for extracting oil from plant and animal sources. It discusses three main stages of edible oil processing: production of triglyceride oils, refining of oils, and modification of oils. For oil extraction, it describes various methods including rendering, mechanical pressing, and solvent extraction. Mechanical extraction techniques like expression and expellers are explained. Solvent extraction using hexane is described along with factors affecting the process. Other advanced extraction methods like supercritical fluid extraction using carbon dioxide and enzymatic extraction are also summarized.
This document discusses the causes of bread staling. It identifies the main causes as starch retrogradation, water migration and redistribution, protein-starch interaction, and gluten transformations. Starch retrogradation occurs as amylose and amylopectin realign themselves, causing the crumb to harden. Water migrates from the crumb to the crust, reducing moisture in the crumb and leading to firming. Protein and starch interact, shifting water from gluten to starch. The role of gluten transformations in staling is still uncertain. Understanding these staling mechanisms can help bakeries prevent staling and reduce losses from stale bread.
Butter: Manufacturing Process and Standard specificationsPRASANNA BHALERAO
Butter is defined as a fatty product derived exclusively from milk. It is principally in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion and has a minimum milk fat content of 80%. The butter making process involves pasteurizing, ripening, churning, working, and packaging the cream. Additives like salt and coloring are often added to butter to improve qualities like flavor and shelf life. Butter is classified based on factors like acidity of cream, salt content, and intended end use.
Rusk Production
Introduction: Rusk production involves a series of unit operations comprising dough mixing, molding, dividing and panning, proving, baking, cooling and wrapping. Measurements of final product quality are made, typically after baking, and few measurements are made at intermediate stages of processing (e.g., dough properties). The quality of the final product and the processing requirements of the dough are critically dependent on the flour properties.
Principle of bread making
Rusk is a double-baked product. At first, Bread is made from the first baking of dough, and the second baking transfer the bread into Rusk.
Raw materials for bread making
The raw materials which used for making bread are:
Wheat flour: This is the composition of the wheat grain and flour. Among other things, one can determine the quality of flour using the following methods: Chopin, amylograph, falling number, moisture content, etc.
Water: Water plays an important role in bread preparation. An essential element of any recipe is water, the importance of which is very often overlooked. A bread dough is roughly 40 % water.
Yeast: Yeast is a microorganism cultivated in yeast factories. Its scientific name is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The name stems from Latin: "saccharo" which means sugar and "myces" which means fungus. Baker's yeast is a single-celled mold which is capable of transforming sugars in alcohol, carbon dioxide and various aromatic compounds. We call the process of this transformation "the fermentation".
Sourdough: Sourdough bread is made by the fermentation of dough using naturally occurring lactobacilli and yeast. The lactic acid produced by the lactobacilli gives it a sourer taste and improved keeping qualities.
Enzymes: Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. This means that they help to initiate the chemical reaction. In this reaction, the enzymes are not converted or broken down, but they are deactivated by baking. One does not have to be afraid of enzymes. Our bodies are full of them and if they didn't exist there would be no life.
Gums and hydrocolloids: Today, products in general, and bakery products in particular, need to be kept fresh for longer. This is mainly stimulated by the supermarket chains who have a total aversion to "unsold" products because they represent an outright loss. Gums and hydrocolloids can help extend the life of products in certain cases.
Salt and salt product: Today's consumers are increasingly in need of healthy products, and are aware that too much salt is not good for health. It is sometimes claimed that bread is a "culprit" in that regard. But that is not the case at all. This does not alter the fact that the baker can intervene to reduce the salt content of his products and still make tasty products.
Ghee is a clarified butter fat produced from cow or buffalo milk. About 1 million tons of ghee are produced annually in India through various methods. The pre-stratification method involves separating butter into 3 layers, with the middle layer containing the clearest fat used to produce ghee. Ghee has a characteristic flavor due to carbonyls and lactones produced during clarification. It is graded based on chemical and physical parameters like acid value and melting point. Adulterants include hydrogenated vegetable oils substituted for the more expensive dairy fat.
Basic introduction of equipments used in dairy industryAmrita Rana
This document provides a basic introduction and overview of some common equipment used in dairy technology. It discusses homogenizers, pasteurizers, evaporators, dryers, and freezers. For each type of equipment, it provides 1-2 sentences describing its general function. It then goes into more detail about specific models or methods for some of the equipment types, such as single-stage vs two-stage homogenizers, different methods of pasteurization, types of evaporators like single-effect vs multiple-effect, and batch vs continuous freezers. The document aims to familiarize readers with some of the key processing equipment involved in dairy technology.
Controlled atmospheric and Modified atmospheric packaging using nitrogenDebomitra Dey
Modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) and controlled atmospheric packaging (CAP) extend the shelf life of foods by modifying the gas composition around foods. Nitrogen gas is commonly used in MAP and CAP as an inert filler to reduce oxygen levels and prevent oxidative reactions. For perishable foods, low oxygen levels achieved through nitrogen addition reduce the respiration rate and slow quality deterioration. Nitrogen is also used to displace air during packaging of dry foods like grains and cereals to create an environment lethal to insects and microbes.
The detailed description on theory of dryer, mechanism of drying and stages of drying. Water activity, types of dryers used in food processing industry, concept of osmotic dehydration of foods is discussed.
This document summarizes different techniques for extracting oil from plant and animal sources. It discusses three main stages of edible oil processing: production of triglyceride oils, refining of oils, and modification of oils. For oil extraction, it describes various methods including rendering, mechanical pressing, and solvent extraction. Mechanical extraction techniques like expression and expellers are explained. Solvent extraction using hexane is described along with factors affecting the process. Other advanced extraction methods like supercritical fluid extraction using carbon dioxide and enzymatic extraction are also summarized.
This document discusses the causes of bread staling. It identifies the main causes as starch retrogradation, water migration and redistribution, protein-starch interaction, and gluten transformations. Starch retrogradation occurs as amylose and amylopectin realign themselves, causing the crumb to harden. Water migrates from the crumb to the crust, reducing moisture in the crumb and leading to firming. Protein and starch interact, shifting water from gluten to starch. The role of gluten transformations in staling is still uncertain. Understanding these staling mechanisms can help bakeries prevent staling and reduce losses from stale bread.
Butter: Manufacturing Process and Standard specificationsPRASANNA BHALERAO
Butter is defined as a fatty product derived exclusively from milk. It is principally in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion and has a minimum milk fat content of 80%. The butter making process involves pasteurizing, ripening, churning, working, and packaging the cream. Additives like salt and coloring are often added to butter to improve qualities like flavor and shelf life. Butter is classified based on factors like acidity of cream, salt content, and intended end use.
Rusk Production
Introduction: Rusk production involves a series of unit operations comprising dough mixing, molding, dividing and panning, proving, baking, cooling and wrapping. Measurements of final product quality are made, typically after baking, and few measurements are made at intermediate stages of processing (e.g., dough properties). The quality of the final product and the processing requirements of the dough are critically dependent on the flour properties.
Principle of bread making
Rusk is a double-baked product. At first, Bread is made from the first baking of dough, and the second baking transfer the bread into Rusk.
Raw materials for bread making
The raw materials which used for making bread are:
Wheat flour: This is the composition of the wheat grain and flour. Among other things, one can determine the quality of flour using the following methods: Chopin, amylograph, falling number, moisture content, etc.
Water: Water plays an important role in bread preparation. An essential element of any recipe is water, the importance of which is very often overlooked. A bread dough is roughly 40 % water.
Yeast: Yeast is a microorganism cultivated in yeast factories. Its scientific name is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The name stems from Latin: "saccharo" which means sugar and "myces" which means fungus. Baker's yeast is a single-celled mold which is capable of transforming sugars in alcohol, carbon dioxide and various aromatic compounds. We call the process of this transformation "the fermentation".
Sourdough: Sourdough bread is made by the fermentation of dough using naturally occurring lactobacilli and yeast. The lactic acid produced by the lactobacilli gives it a sourer taste and improved keeping qualities.
Enzymes: Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. This means that they help to initiate the chemical reaction. In this reaction, the enzymes are not converted or broken down, but they are deactivated by baking. One does not have to be afraid of enzymes. Our bodies are full of them and if they didn't exist there would be no life.
Gums and hydrocolloids: Today, products in general, and bakery products in particular, need to be kept fresh for longer. This is mainly stimulated by the supermarket chains who have a total aversion to "unsold" products because they represent an outright loss. Gums and hydrocolloids can help extend the life of products in certain cases.
Salt and salt product: Today's consumers are increasingly in need of healthy products, and are aware that too much salt is not good for health. It is sometimes claimed that bread is a "culprit" in that regard. But that is not the case at all. This does not alter the fact that the baker can intervene to reduce the salt content of his products and still make tasty products.
Ghee is a clarified butter fat produced from cow or buffalo milk. About 1 million tons of ghee are produced annually in India through various methods. The pre-stratification method involves separating butter into 3 layers, with the middle layer containing the clearest fat used to produce ghee. Ghee has a characteristic flavor due to carbonyls and lactones produced during clarification. It is graded based on chemical and physical parameters like acid value and melting point. Adulterants include hydrogenated vegetable oils substituted for the more expensive dairy fat.
Basic introduction of equipments used in dairy industryAmrita Rana
This document provides a basic introduction and overview of some common equipment used in dairy technology. It discusses homogenizers, pasteurizers, evaporators, dryers, and freezers. For each type of equipment, it provides 1-2 sentences describing its general function. It then goes into more detail about specific models or methods for some of the equipment types, such as single-stage vs two-stage homogenizers, different methods of pasteurization, types of evaporators like single-effect vs multiple-effect, and batch vs continuous freezers. The document aims to familiarize readers with some of the key processing equipment involved in dairy technology.
Controlled atmospheric and Modified atmospheric packaging using nitrogenDebomitra Dey
Modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) and controlled atmospheric packaging (CAP) extend the shelf life of foods by modifying the gas composition around foods. Nitrogen gas is commonly used in MAP and CAP as an inert filler to reduce oxygen levels and prevent oxidative reactions. For perishable foods, low oxygen levels achieved through nitrogen addition reduce the respiration rate and slow quality deterioration. Nitrogen is also used to displace air during packaging of dry foods like grains and cereals to create an environment lethal to insects and microbes.
Milk is collected and tested before being stored in silos at the processing plant. It is then standardized, preheated to destroy bacteria and enzymes, and high temperature pasteurized. The milk is evaporated and concentrated to 40-50% before being homogenized and slightly heated. It is pumped at high pressure through an atomizer to create droplets that are dried in a chamber by hot air. The dried powder is separated and packaged in multi-wall bags for storage. Spray dried milk powder has applications in foods, pharmaceuticals, and various industries.
This document discusses ice cream freezers and their functions. It describes the factors that influence freezing time and the different types of freezers, including batch and continuous freezers. Batch freezers freeze ice cream in batches using a cylindrical drum with an inner cooling jacket. Continuous freezers continuously pump and freeze the ice cream mix using systems like disk type, Vogt jet, or creamey package freezers to freeze and aeriate the mix. The document provides details on the construction, working principles, and types of both batch and continuous ice cream freezers.
Acidulants are food additives that are used to regulate acidity or pH levels in foods. Common acidulants include citric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, and tartaric acid. The document discusses the functions and uses of various acidulants in foods. It provides information on how acidulants interact with other food constituents like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and vitamins. Guidelines are presented on selecting the appropriate acidulant based on the major function required, compatibility with the food system, processing considerations, and legal requirements.
This document summarizes a study on the osmotic dehydration of cantaloupe. It describes how cantaloupe slices were treated with calcium salts then subjected to either fast or slow osmotic dehydration in sucrose solutions. Analysis found the slow method retained more vitamin C and led to higher sensory ratings. Pretreatment with 2% calcium lactate for 3 hours was found to improve texture without affecting taste. The study demonstrated how osmotic dehydration can influence the physical, chemical, and sensory properties of fruits.
Changes occur to fats during food processing and cooking. Heating fats can cause randomization of glyceride structure, dimer formation, cis-trans isomerization, and formation of conjugated fatty acids. Specific processes like hydrogenation, interesterification, and deodorization further impact fat composition. Deep frying is high heat cooking that promotes reactions like oxidation, leading to rancidity over time. Thermal properties like smoke point are important considerations for fat selection in cooking.
The document discusses the cocoa plant and cocoa processing. It describes the three main types of cocoa pods - Forastero, Criollo, and Trinitario. It then outlines the various steps involved in processing cocoa beans into products like cocoa butter, cocoa powder, and chocolate, including fermentation, drying, roasting, grinding, and pressing. The key steps are fermenting the beans to develop flavor, drying them, roasting to further develop flavor, and grinding to produce cocoa mass, butter, and powder.
The document summarizes the key steps in processing palm oil from palm fruit bunches (FFB). The process involves:
1) Sterilizing the FFB to loosen fruit and inactivate enzymes, preconditioning the mesocarp for oil recovery.
2) Threshing to separate fruit from bunches.
3) Digesting fruit to further separate mesocarp from palm nut and break oil cells.
4) Pressing to extract oil from mesocarp.
5) Clarification and purification to separate oil, water, and impurities.
6) Drying the purified crude palm oil before storage in bulk tanks for transport to refineries.
The document describes the butter making process. It defines butter according to FSSAI and PFA and provides the standards for table butter. The process involves standardization, pasteurization, cooling, ripening, churning, washing, salting and packaging of butter. Ripening of cream with starter culture is important to develop flavor. Churning involves breaking the emulsion of cream into butter grains through agitation. Factors like fat composition, globule size, cream richness and viscosity influence churnability and body of butter.
This document provides an overview of the ice cream industry in India and covers definitions, classifications, and the role of key ingredients in ice cream. It begins with some background on the growth of ice cream production in India from 1966 to present. It then defines ice cream according to FSSAI regulations and covers common classifications including plain, nut/chocolate, fruit, and novelty ice creams. The roles and advantages/limitations of important ingredients like milk fat, milk solids, sugars, stabilizers, emulsifiers, air, flavors, and colors are discussed.
This document summarizes the process for manufacturing ice cream. It involves blending cream and milk products with sugar and flavorings. The mixture is pasteurized, homogenized, cooled, aged, and flavored. It is then frozen while incorporating air, which increases the volume. Bulk flavorings may be added after freezing. The frozen ice cream undergoes quality control testing before being packaged and hardened for storage. The final product is kept at cold temperatures until distribution.
Ultra High Temperature Processing of Food ProductsSourabh Bhartia
The document discusses ultra high temperature (UHT) processing of food products. UHT processing involves heating food to 135°C for 2-5 seconds to kill microorganisms and spores. This allows for longer shelf life without refrigeration. There are two main methods - direct heating which applies steam directly to the food, and indirect heating which uses a partition between the food and steam. Indirect heating includes plate heat exchangers, tubular heat exchangers, and scraped surface heat exchangers. UHT processing offers benefits like longer shelf life and packaging flexibility but requires complex sterile processing equipment.
Freezing technology has made green peas available throughout the year. How are these peas frozen? Get to know more about the varieties and the technology behind 'Freezing of Green Peas' through this presentation..
EVAPORATION AND CONCENTRATION OF FOOD.pptxUnnimayaK4
Evaporation is commonly used to remove water from dilute foods to produce concentrated liquid products. It involves boiling the food to evaporate water. This increases microbiological stability and reduces costs of transportation and storage. Various methods are used including open kettle, thin film evaporation, and vacuum evaporation. Multiple effect evaporators connect several evaporators together to improve efficiency by using vapor from one effect to heat the next. Factors like heat transfer rate and viscosity influence the evaporation process. Common applications are producing concentrated juices, coffee extracts, evaporated milk, and reducing volumes of foods prior to further processing.
Cottonseed oil is extracted from the seeds of cotton plants. It has a mild taste and golden yellow color. The oil extraction process involves cleaning, delinting, dehulling, flaking, cooking, and extracting the oil using expellers or solvent extraction. The crude oil then undergoes refining processes like degumming, bleaching, hydrogenation, and deodorization to produce refined cottonseed oil suitable for use.
Cheddar cheese originated in the village of Cheddar, England. It is made through a process of receiving milk, standardizing it, adding starter culture, coagulating the curd with rennet, cutting and cooking the curd, draining whey, cheddaring, milling, salting, hooping, pressing, drying, paraffin waxing and curing. The document provides detailed steps and explanations for the manufacture and aging of cheddar cheese.
1. Isomerization is the process of converting a carbohydrate like glucose into another with the same molecular formula but different structure. Glucose isomerase catalyzes the conversion of glucose into fructose, which is used to produce high fructose corn syrup.
2. High fructose corn syrup is composed of 42% or 55% fructose and is sweeter and cheaper than sucrose, making it widely used as a sweetener in foods and beverages. It is produced through the isomerization of glucose into fructose using immobilized glucose isomerase enzymes.
3. Dextrinization is the breakdown of starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules called dextrins through enzymatic
Canning is a process that preserves food by heating it in hermetically sealed containers to kill microorganisms. It involves preparing and cutting meat into cubes, filling cans leaving headspace, exhausting air from cans then sealing them. The sealed cans are then thermally processed by heating to 121C for 1 hour to kill bacteria before rapidly cooling, washing, labeling, and lacquering the cans.
The document is a companion worksheet for Brené Brown's book Ordinary Courage. It provides discussion questions for parents, partners, and family/friends. The questions prompt reflection on experiences of vulnerability, imperfection, compassion, and how those influence relationships and parenting/partnering. Readers are asked to consider how they encounter shame, practice self-care, set boundaries, and find meaning and joy in relationships.
Milk is collected and tested before being stored in silos at the processing plant. It is then standardized, preheated to destroy bacteria and enzymes, and high temperature pasteurized. The milk is evaporated and concentrated to 40-50% before being homogenized and slightly heated. It is pumped at high pressure through an atomizer to create droplets that are dried in a chamber by hot air. The dried powder is separated and packaged in multi-wall bags for storage. Spray dried milk powder has applications in foods, pharmaceuticals, and various industries.
This document discusses ice cream freezers and their functions. It describes the factors that influence freezing time and the different types of freezers, including batch and continuous freezers. Batch freezers freeze ice cream in batches using a cylindrical drum with an inner cooling jacket. Continuous freezers continuously pump and freeze the ice cream mix using systems like disk type, Vogt jet, or creamey package freezers to freeze and aeriate the mix. The document provides details on the construction, working principles, and types of both batch and continuous ice cream freezers.
Acidulants are food additives that are used to regulate acidity or pH levels in foods. Common acidulants include citric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, and tartaric acid. The document discusses the functions and uses of various acidulants in foods. It provides information on how acidulants interact with other food constituents like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and vitamins. Guidelines are presented on selecting the appropriate acidulant based on the major function required, compatibility with the food system, processing considerations, and legal requirements.
This document summarizes a study on the osmotic dehydration of cantaloupe. It describes how cantaloupe slices were treated with calcium salts then subjected to either fast or slow osmotic dehydration in sucrose solutions. Analysis found the slow method retained more vitamin C and led to higher sensory ratings. Pretreatment with 2% calcium lactate for 3 hours was found to improve texture without affecting taste. The study demonstrated how osmotic dehydration can influence the physical, chemical, and sensory properties of fruits.
Changes occur to fats during food processing and cooking. Heating fats can cause randomization of glyceride structure, dimer formation, cis-trans isomerization, and formation of conjugated fatty acids. Specific processes like hydrogenation, interesterification, and deodorization further impact fat composition. Deep frying is high heat cooking that promotes reactions like oxidation, leading to rancidity over time. Thermal properties like smoke point are important considerations for fat selection in cooking.
The document discusses the cocoa plant and cocoa processing. It describes the three main types of cocoa pods - Forastero, Criollo, and Trinitario. It then outlines the various steps involved in processing cocoa beans into products like cocoa butter, cocoa powder, and chocolate, including fermentation, drying, roasting, grinding, and pressing. The key steps are fermenting the beans to develop flavor, drying them, roasting to further develop flavor, and grinding to produce cocoa mass, butter, and powder.
The document summarizes the key steps in processing palm oil from palm fruit bunches (FFB). The process involves:
1) Sterilizing the FFB to loosen fruit and inactivate enzymes, preconditioning the mesocarp for oil recovery.
2) Threshing to separate fruit from bunches.
3) Digesting fruit to further separate mesocarp from palm nut and break oil cells.
4) Pressing to extract oil from mesocarp.
5) Clarification and purification to separate oil, water, and impurities.
6) Drying the purified crude palm oil before storage in bulk tanks for transport to refineries.
The document describes the butter making process. It defines butter according to FSSAI and PFA and provides the standards for table butter. The process involves standardization, pasteurization, cooling, ripening, churning, washing, salting and packaging of butter. Ripening of cream with starter culture is important to develop flavor. Churning involves breaking the emulsion of cream into butter grains through agitation. Factors like fat composition, globule size, cream richness and viscosity influence churnability and body of butter.
This document provides an overview of the ice cream industry in India and covers definitions, classifications, and the role of key ingredients in ice cream. It begins with some background on the growth of ice cream production in India from 1966 to present. It then defines ice cream according to FSSAI regulations and covers common classifications including plain, nut/chocolate, fruit, and novelty ice creams. The roles and advantages/limitations of important ingredients like milk fat, milk solids, sugars, stabilizers, emulsifiers, air, flavors, and colors are discussed.
This document summarizes the process for manufacturing ice cream. It involves blending cream and milk products with sugar and flavorings. The mixture is pasteurized, homogenized, cooled, aged, and flavored. It is then frozen while incorporating air, which increases the volume. Bulk flavorings may be added after freezing. The frozen ice cream undergoes quality control testing before being packaged and hardened for storage. The final product is kept at cold temperatures until distribution.
Ultra High Temperature Processing of Food ProductsSourabh Bhartia
The document discusses ultra high temperature (UHT) processing of food products. UHT processing involves heating food to 135°C for 2-5 seconds to kill microorganisms and spores. This allows for longer shelf life without refrigeration. There are two main methods - direct heating which applies steam directly to the food, and indirect heating which uses a partition between the food and steam. Indirect heating includes plate heat exchangers, tubular heat exchangers, and scraped surface heat exchangers. UHT processing offers benefits like longer shelf life and packaging flexibility but requires complex sterile processing equipment.
Freezing technology has made green peas available throughout the year. How are these peas frozen? Get to know more about the varieties and the technology behind 'Freezing of Green Peas' through this presentation..
EVAPORATION AND CONCENTRATION OF FOOD.pptxUnnimayaK4
Evaporation is commonly used to remove water from dilute foods to produce concentrated liquid products. It involves boiling the food to evaporate water. This increases microbiological stability and reduces costs of transportation and storage. Various methods are used including open kettle, thin film evaporation, and vacuum evaporation. Multiple effect evaporators connect several evaporators together to improve efficiency by using vapor from one effect to heat the next. Factors like heat transfer rate and viscosity influence the evaporation process. Common applications are producing concentrated juices, coffee extracts, evaporated milk, and reducing volumes of foods prior to further processing.
Cottonseed oil is extracted from the seeds of cotton plants. It has a mild taste and golden yellow color. The oil extraction process involves cleaning, delinting, dehulling, flaking, cooking, and extracting the oil using expellers or solvent extraction. The crude oil then undergoes refining processes like degumming, bleaching, hydrogenation, and deodorization to produce refined cottonseed oil suitable for use.
Cheddar cheese originated in the village of Cheddar, England. It is made through a process of receiving milk, standardizing it, adding starter culture, coagulating the curd with rennet, cutting and cooking the curd, draining whey, cheddaring, milling, salting, hooping, pressing, drying, paraffin waxing and curing. The document provides detailed steps and explanations for the manufacture and aging of cheddar cheese.
1. Isomerization is the process of converting a carbohydrate like glucose into another with the same molecular formula but different structure. Glucose isomerase catalyzes the conversion of glucose into fructose, which is used to produce high fructose corn syrup.
2. High fructose corn syrup is composed of 42% or 55% fructose and is sweeter and cheaper than sucrose, making it widely used as a sweetener in foods and beverages. It is produced through the isomerization of glucose into fructose using immobilized glucose isomerase enzymes.
3. Dextrinization is the breakdown of starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules called dextrins through enzymatic
Canning is a process that preserves food by heating it in hermetically sealed containers to kill microorganisms. It involves preparing and cutting meat into cubes, filling cans leaving headspace, exhausting air from cans then sealing them. The sealed cans are then thermally processed by heating to 121C for 1 hour to kill bacteria before rapidly cooling, washing, labeling, and lacquering the cans.
The document is a companion worksheet for Brené Brown's book Ordinary Courage. It provides discussion questions for parents, partners, and family/friends. The questions prompt reflection on experiences of vulnerability, imperfection, compassion, and how those influence relationships and parenting/partnering. Readers are asked to consider how they encounter shame, practice self-care, set boundaries, and find meaning and joy in relationships.
O documento discute os modelos OSI e TCP/IP, incluindo suas camadas e protocolos. Ele fornece um esquema dos modelos e faz perguntas sobre suas características, como quais camadas dependem da rede, quais protocolos funcionam em cada camada, e o que cada camada fornece.
Este documento presenta la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño de las Naciones Unidas. Explica que la Convención es un tratado internacional que establece los derechos legales de los niños y niñas menores de 18 años. Fue aprobada por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en 1989 y ha sido ratificada por la mayoría de los países, con la excepción de Estados Unidos. La Convención contiene 54 artículos que describen los derechos civiles, políticos, económicos, sociales y culturales
O estado isonómico e o declínio das políticas públicas, Prof. Doutor Rui Teix...A. Rui Teixeira Santos
O documento discute o declínio das políticas públicas em Portugal devido às medidas de austeridade impostas pela Troika. O ajustamento no setor público foi muito rápido e causou desestabilização, reduzindo a produtividade e aumentando a corrupção. Embora tenha havido tentativas de racionalizar serviços, elas não foram muito efetivas. O desafio agora é que a administração pública aumente sua eficiência como garantidora da igualdade dos cidadãos em meio ao desmantelamento do estado social.
This document discusses palm oil, including its origins, production process, and uses. It begins by explaining that oil palm trees are native to West Africa and can produce up to 10 tons of fruit per hectare annually. It then outlines the seven step process of palm oil production: bunch reception, sterilization, threshing, digestion, oil extraction via screw pressing, clarification, and refining. The final steps remove impurities to produce a stable, edible oil that constitutes 34% of global edible oil production due to palm oil's high yields and saturated fat content.
fat and edible oil processsing.ppt, refiningteddymebratie
This document discusses fat and oil processing methods. It describes how seeds are handled and stored to prevent degradation of crude oil quality. The main oilseed extraction processes of expeller pressing, prepress solvent extraction, and direct solvent extraction are outlined. Methods for extracting oils from olive and palm fruits are also summarized. Finally, the document provides a brief overview of animal fat rendering and refining processes used to purify crude oils and remove undesirable components.
This document discusses the production of vegetable oils through various extraction methods. It begins with an introduction to oilseeds and their importance as a source of nutrition. It then describes four main extraction methods - mechanical extraction, chemical extraction using solvents, supercritical fluid extraction, and steam distillation. The most common traditional method is mechanical extraction using pressing, but chemical extraction using solvents like hexane is now the most efficient industrial method. The document provides detailed descriptions of the mechanical screw pressing and chemical solvent extraction processes, including preparation steps for oilseeds like soybeans prior to extraction.
The document summarizes the basic processing of fats and oils. It discusses the key steps which include mechanical pre-treatment of oilseeds like cleaning, dehulling, size reduction and cooking. It then covers the mechanical and solvent extraction of oil. The final stages involve refining processes to remove impurities, including degumming, bleaching and deodorization. Various oilseeds grown in India are also listed, along with details of extraction and refining methods used to produce refined fats and oils.
The document discusses the milling process of corn. It begins with an overview of corn composition and uses. It then describes the two main milling processes - dry milling and wet milling. Dry milling produces less refined starches for foods and animal feed. Wet milling is more complex but extracts the highest value from corn through separation of the germ, fiber, gluten, and starch. The key steps of each process and uses of byproducts like corn oil, gluten meal, and steep liquor are outlined.
This document provides an overview of the oilseed processing industry in India. It discusses that India is the largest producer of oilseeds in the world. It also outlines the major oilseed crops grown in India like soybean, groundnut, rapeseed and mustard, and sunflower. The document then summarizes the various steps involved in oilseed processing like conditioning, drying, cracking, rolling, extraction and refining. It also discusses the economic importance of oilseeds and highlights strengths like diverse agro-climatic conditions and weaknesses like production facing high rainfall variation in the Indian oilseed processing industry.
The document describes the production process for extracting edible oils from oilseed sources. The key steps are:
1. Receiving and storing oilseeds, which involves cleaning, drying, and monitoring temperature to prevent spoilage.
2. Preparing the oilseeds, such as cracking, flaking, dehulling, and conditioning to enhance oil extractability. Some seeds are mechanically pressed.
3. Extracting the oil using either mechanical pressing or solvent extraction in counter-current multi-stage extractors. The extracted oil is refined for consumption.
Oil and Fat Technology Lectures I (Classification)FerryTimothy
The document discusses various oil-bearing raw materials used in fats and oils manufacturing, including their composition and properties. It describes plant sources like soybeans, cottonseed, sunflower seed, rapeseed/canola, corn germ, olives, and palm fruits. It also provides details on the fatty acid profiles and uses of different oils extracted from these materials. Animal sources mentioned include cattle, pigs, and fish. The main raw materials used in Turkey are also listed as cottonseed, sunflower seed, rapeseed, and olives.
FOOD SAFETY ASPECTS IN EDIBLE OIL PROCESSINGjaisingh277
Edible oil seeds - coconut, mustard, niger, sunflower, safflower, soybean and groundnut processing, pretreatments, heat treatments and oil expelling has been discussed with emphasis on food safety.
Oilseed Processing for Small-Scale Producers Gardening
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2. Handling & Storage of
Oil-Bearing Materials
The handling and storage of oil-bearing materials
is one of the most important phases of oil seed
processing.
The vegetable oils and feed industries are
dependent for successful operation upon
obtaining high yields and product of good
quality from their raw material.
Excessive biological activity in the seeds, either
in the field prior to harvesting or subsequently
during storage, will result in a reduction both in
the quality and the yield of oil and meal.
3. The handling and control of the raw
materials for the oil seed industry can
be primarily characterized by the short
harvest season, by the necessity to
move them into protected storage in
minimum time, and by the required care
before they can be processed. But they
can be treated and stored successfully
with minimal deterioration long enough
to allow the processing industry to
operate throughout the year.
4. Sunflower seed, soybeans, cottonseed,
rape seed and other oil seeds are subject
to damage primarily from biological
actions, which are accelerated by high
moisture content, foreign material,
physical damage, and such adverse
climatic conditions as frost or rain before
harvest.
5. Effects accompanying deterioration of seed
during storage
Respiration : In the presence of oxygen as the
oxidizing agent, organic food stuffs are oxidized to
form water and carbon dioxide as the end product.
exothermic reaction
C6 H12O 6 + O2
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
Respiration intensity;
Sound seed
–
Damaged seed –
low m.c.
0.1ml CO2 /g seed.day
high m.c. 5.0ml CO2 /g seed.day
6. The respiratory quotient, defined as the
ratio of carbon dioxide evolved to
oxygen absorbed, is an indication of the
class of substances undergoing
oxidation.
In aerobic respiration;
it is theoretically unity if the subctances
are carbonhydrates,
but less than unity if they are proteins or
fats, which are less rich in oxygen.
7.
Enzymes :
(a)Lipase. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction;
1
glycerol + 3 fatty acid
triglycerid + 3 water
2
1
synthesis t.g
2
hydrolysis t.g
(b) Catalase and peroxidase. Both of these enzymes react
with hydrogen peroxide.Catalase will decompose
hydrogen peroxide while peroxidase utilizes it for
further oxidation.
2 hydrogen peroxide
2 water + oxygen
8. Influence of moisture content :
Oil seeds are best stored at low moistures where
respirotary and enzymic activities, germination
and mold growth are inhibited. This maximum
acceptable moisture level is known as “critical
moisture level (CML) ”.
The moisture content of the nonoil portion of the
seed rather than the whole seed is the important
factor in oil seed deterioration.
CML is relatively high for seeds of low oil
content.
CML is relatively low for seeds of high oil
content.
9. Safe humidity for starchy food grains
16%
Oil content of soybean
Non-oily part of soybean
…….
…….
22%
78%
Critical moisture level 0.78 x 16% = 12.5%
11. Influence of temperature.
In the case of soya beans and similar oilseeds where
deterioration appears to b primarily a result of the
growth of microflora, the storage temperature does
not appear to be a major factor. However, temperature
is very important factor in storage of cotton seed. The
respiration of cotton seed is markedly temperaturedependent. The insulating effect of linters on
cottonseed contributes to the peculiar tendency of
this seed to heat in storage.
It is because of the undesirable effect of high
temperature that most seed houses are equipped with
aeration ducts and large ventilating blowers to cool
the seed.
12. Storage method
Warehouses (Muskogee type seed
houses)
Bulk storage in warehouses on flat floors
has the advantage of easy control of oil
seeds, like cottonseeds, sunflower
seed, corn germ, further meals etc. To
prevent self heating or autocombustion
of the seeds, recycling by horizantal and
vertical transportation means is
recomended.
13. Muskogee type seed store
Oil seed
Belt
conveyer
Oil seed bulk
Section through storage building
15. CLEANING
Cleaning
is important not only to ensure the good quality
of the final products oil and meal but also to avoid
premature wear of the preparation equipment.
The removal of foreign materials from oil seeds is done by
cleaning machines working on mechanical, pneumatic and
magnetic principles.
Cleaning machines;
Screens
Aspirators
Magnets
Shape sorters
16. SCREENS
Screening is the seperation of mixtures of
different sizes into fractions; the portion
staying behind being oversize, the
portion passing through being
undersize.
Rotating screens
Vibrating screens
19. ASPIRATORS
In order to seperate impurities or fractions
of different density, pneumatic means,
like air nozzles and aspirators are used.
20. MAGNETS
Permenant or electromagnets enclosed in
a rotating aluminium drum are used in
feeders to distribute the material
uniformly over the whole active width of
the drum.The magnetic material collected
is removed by a blade on the onomagnetized half and, in this way, it
remains seperated even in the case of
power failure
25. Method of delinting cotton seed
comprises the steps of passing the
cotton seed through a saw delinter to
remove a substantial portion of the
lint, preferably at least 40%, and
thereafter passing the partially
delinted seed through a brush delinter
to remove substantially all of the
remaining lint.
27. DEHULLING
Dehulling is a process of removing hulls from the oilseeds
for obtaining high quality edible oil by the processing of
kernels. This reduces fibrous content of the meal and
increases the marketability as stock feed. About 99% of oil
is stored naturally in kernels and the hulls contain not
more than 1% oil.
If the hulls are not removed they reduce the total yield of oil
by absorbing or retaining oil in the pressed cake. In
addition to this the wax and colouring matters present in
the hulls get mixed with the expressed edible oil. This
necessitated the refining process, and therefore, increase
the production cost of edible oil.
Moreover, processing oilseeds without dehulling reduces the
capacity of the extraction equipment in addition to more
repair and maintenance charges.
29. HULLER
The hulling machines used for the
decortication of medium-sized oil
seeds with a flexible seed coat, such
as cottonseed, sunflower seed and
peanuts, are of two principle types;
Bar hullers
Disc hullers
30. Bar huller
The rotating member of a bar huller is a cylinder equipped on its
outer surface with a number of slightly projecting,
longitudinally placed, sharply ground, square-edged knives or
bars.Opposed to the cylinder over an area corresponding to
about one-third of its surface is a concave member provided
with similar projecting bars.The seed are fed between the
rotating cylinder and the concave member, and the hulls are
siplitted as the seeds are caught between the opposed
cutting edges.The clearence between the cutting edges may
be adjusted for seed of different sizes.
seed
Bars (concave surface 1/3)
Square-edged knives
31. Disc huller
The disc huller consists of vertically mounted discs,
one of which is stationary and the other
rotating.The seeds are fed to the center of the
discs and are discharged at their periphery by
centrifigal force.
Adjust according to seed size
Rotating disc
seeds
Stationary disc
32. The moisture content of seed effects the
efficiency of dehulling operation.
Wet seeds are difficult to split cleanly
and may clog the huller.
If the seeds are very dry, the kernels
may disintegrate excessively.
34. FLAKING
The extraction of oil from oil seeds,
either by mechanical extraction or
solvent extraction, is facilitated by
reduction of the seed to small particles.
Flaking is achieved on corrugated roll
stands. Cracking mills with one or two
pairs of rolls are used.
Hammer mills are used for certain raw
materials like palm kernel.
35. Crushing rolls
A roll assembly commonly used for the reduction of oil
seeds consists of a series of five rolls placed one
above the other. The seed is introduced by a feeding
mechanism between the two top rolls.Seed travels
from the top to the bottom of the system, hence it is
rolled four times.
kernel
Corrugated roll
Speed 0.05 m/sec
knife
Smooth rolls
flake
37. COOKING – HEAT TREATMENT
Effects of cooking process on the physical
and chemical properties of oil seeds;
The oil droplets in the oil seed are
ultramicroscopic in size. Because of the
increase in temperature they come
together and form larger droplets to flow
from the seed.
Heating of the seeds causes the protein
to denature and as a consequence, the
emulsion to break and the oil to seperate
from the solid surface of the seed.
38. Cooking of the seed gives the seed mass
the proper plasticity for efficient
pressing.
Insolubulization of phosphatides and
other impurities.
Destruction of molds and bacteria.
Increase of the fludility of the oil through
increase in temperature.
In the case of cottonseed, detoxification
of gossypol or related substances.
39. A four – high stack cooker
The cooking of oil seeds is usually carried out in “stack cookers”.These
consist of a series of four to eight closed, cylindirical kettles. Each
kettle is normally jacketed for steam heating on the bottom and is
equipped with a sweep-type stirrer mounted close to the bottom.There
is an automatically operated gate in the bottom of all kettles. The top
kettle may be provided with spray jets for the addition of moisture to
the seed, and each of the lower kettles is provided with an exhaust
pipe with natural or forced draft for the removal of moisture, thus it is
possible to control moisture content of the cooked seed.
Seed flakes
Direct steam
T (0C)
2-3.5 m diameter
50-70 cm high
Sweeper-type stirrer
Exhaust pipe
gates
Cooked flakes