Presentation at a meeting of Health Policy, System and Management Research Group,
Department of Community Medicine, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria on 28/06/28
Presentation at a meeting of Health Policy, System and Management Research Group,
Department of Community Medicine, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria on 28/06/28
Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) are defined as semi structured group discussions, used to obtain in-depth information (qualitative data - insight) from a group of people about a particular topic.
The focus group discussion yields information about people’s opinions, beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions towards a product, service, concept, advertisement, idea, or packaging.
Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) are defined as semi structured group discussions, which yield qualitative data on the community level by facilitating interaction between participants.
“Focus group interviews typically have five characteristics or features: (a) people, who (b) possess certain characteristics, (c) provide data (d) of a qualitative nature (e) in a focused discussion.”
-Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (Krueger)
Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) are defined as semi structured group discussions, used to obtain in-depth information (qualitative data - insight) from a group of people about a particular topic.
The focus group discussion yields information about people’s opinions, beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions towards a product, service, concept, advertisement, idea, or packaging.
Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) are defined as semi structured group discussions, which yield qualitative data on the community level by facilitating interaction between participants.
“Focus group interviews typically have five characteristics or features: (a) people, who (b) possess certain characteristics, (c) provide data (d) of a qualitative nature (e) in a focused discussion.”
-Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (Krueger)
1. communication skill
a oral communication
2. presentations
a preparation step
b research thoroughly
c document your source
d write your speech
e prepare slides
f rehearsal alone
g tweak the presentation
3. delivery of speech
a conducting discussion
b guidelines in effective GD
4 who to conduct a group discussion
a their goals
b your goals
5 type of interviews question
a prepare
b introduction
c probing
6 written communication
a the art of good writing
b outlines
c Cs of writing
7 paragraphing
8 tips for written communication
9 news paper writing
10 written for magazines
11 effective listening
12 effective reading
Interview is an integral part of any research. How to interview the interviewee by the interviewer is important one. For conducting any interview we have to follow some basic principles and techniques.
Interview Questions Write 15 or more open-ended questions of sub.docxmariuse18nolet
Interview Questions
Write 15 or more open-ended questions of substance for your American subculture inquiry project paper. Make sure to include the name of your subculture in the title. Specify whether these questions are for:
1) a current or former member of the subculture
2) someone who has published scholarly writings on this group
3) someone who has worked professionally with the group
Remember what we discussed in class:
No yes/no questions.
No questions that start with "Why."
Do include:
Questions that will inspire thoughtful and detailed answers.
Questions that will not offend the party being interviewed.
1. Interviews
In order to learn the views, opinions, and evaluations of people, we conduct interviews. Interviews can be of two types:
· Structured
· Unstructured
In structured interviews, students prepare a set of questions and try to obtain answers to these questions. Data analysis is easier, because they have comparable categories for each respondent, and they can analyze what each respondent said as an answer to each question and compare and contrast their answers.
Unstructured interviews: The researchers only have the topic of the interview but no set questions to ask the interviewee. The interview may follow whatever course the interviewee chooses to talk about. Every subject may dwell on a different aspect of the topic in question, and as a result, data from individual subjects may not be comparable. On the other hand, such data provide in depth information in great detail about individual subjects.
For our own purposes, structured interviews where the interviewer focuses on a set of predetermined questions, and tries to obtain answers to these questions are more feasible since we cannot expect our students to conduct case studies or personality analyses.
I. Finding subjects: The selection of subjects to be interviewed depends on the topic of study. However, there are certain guidelines the interviewer should not neglect:
1. Do not interview people you know well personally. In such cases, the subjects hesitate to open up and share their genuine opinions with the interviewer they know personally. The answers they give will be answers given to the person they know personally, not the answers they would give to an interviewer with whom they have no personal relations.
2. It is difficult to find the right people to interview. One way is using your contacts. If you know people who know the people you want to interview, use your contacts and get an introduction to those people.
3. If you have no contacts, you may go and contact directly the people you want to study. If you are lucky and approach the target group wisely, most people may agree to collaborate with you.
4. Always introduce yourself, tell your name, where you come from, your school, what your study is about, what you are trying to do. If necessary, get a letter from your teacher describing your research study and introducing you.
II. The interview
· The interview .
A PROPOSAL ON WORKPLACE HEALTH PROMOTION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION PROGRAM...Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
A PROPOSAL ON
WORKPLACE HEALTH PROMOTION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION PROGRAM AMONG THE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT WORKERS OF POKHARA METROPOLITAN CITY
Proposal Development on Organizing Health Promotion Education Communication T...Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
Proposal Development on Organizing Health Promotion Education Communication Training Program on Maternal Infant and Young Child Nutrition Practices in Pumdi, Pokhara Municipality 22.
A PROPOSAL ON HEALTH PROMOTION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION PROGRAM ON SCHOOL...Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
A PROPOSAL ON
HEALTH PROMOTION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION PROGRAM ON SCHOOL HEALTH NUTRITION AMONG THE PRIMARY LEVEL STUDENTS OF POKHARA METROPOLITAN-30, KASKI
Practicum presentation on Safe Motherhood Program (SMP) and Maternal and Peri...Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
Practicum presentation on Safe Motherhood Program (SMP) and Maternal and Perinatal Death Surveillance and Response (MPDSR) Program in MNH Section of Family Welfare Division..
Practicum presentation on Safe Motherhood Program (SMP) and Maternal and Peri...Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
Practicum presentation on Safe Motherhood Program (SMP) and Maternal and Perinatal Death Surveillance and Response (MPDSR) Program in MNH Section of Family Welfare Division
Practicum presentation on Safe Motherhood Program (SMP) and Maternal and Peri...Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
Practicum presentation on Safe Motherhood Program (SMP) and Maternal and Perinatal Death Surveillance and Response (MPDSR) Program in MNH Section of Family Welfare Division
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. Introduction
• An in-depth interview is a qualitative research technique that
allows person to person discussion. It can lead to increased
insight into people's thoughts, feelings, and behavior on
important issues. This type of interview is often unstructured
and therefore permits the interviewer to encourage an
informant (respondent) to talk at length about the topic of
interest.
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3. Cont…
• In-depth interviews offer the opportunity to capture rich,
descriptive data about people‟s behaviors, attitudes and
perceptions, and unfolding complex processes.
• The in-depth interview uses a flexible interview approach. It
aims to ask questions to explain the reasons underlying a
problem or practice in a target group.
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4. In depth interview
• Various kinds and purposes
• Open-ended questions
• Looking for meaning and context and information in
respondents‟ own words
• Combine structure with flexibility
• Interactive
• Follow new lines of inquiry as they arise
• Explore a topic in-depth with follow-ups and probes: whys,
hows, examples, etc.
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5. Interview Steps
A. Preparing for the interview
a. Getting familiar with the instruments:
1. Study the interview guide.
2. Study the informed consent document.
3. Practice with the partner.
b. Day of the interview:
4. Using a checklist, verify that you have all the equipment.
5. Label all data documentation materials with an identical
archival number, including tapes, notebooks and question
guides.
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6. 6. Arrive early at the interview site to set up equipment
7. Test your recording equipment.
B. Conducting the interview
8. Greet the participants in a friendly manner to begin
establishing positive rapport.
9. Briefly describe the steps of the interview process
(informed consent, question and answer, their questions,
reimbursement).
10. Obtain informed consent.
11. Turn on the tape recorder and verify that it is working.
12. Verify informed consent orally with the tape recorder on.
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7. 13. Conduct the interview according to the interview guide.
14. End the question asking phase of the interview
15. Give the participant an opportunity to ask questions.
16. Reconfirm the participant‟s consent while the tape recorder
is still on.
17. Turn off the tape recorder and thank the participant.
18. Clarify any factual errors expressed by participants during
the interview.
19. Reimburse the participant in accordance with study
procedures.
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8. C. After the interview
20. Check the tape to see if the interview was recorded. If it
was not , expand your notes immediately.
21. Punch out the re-record tab.
22. Make sure all materials are labelled with the archival
number.
23. Debrief with other field staff.
24. Assemble all materials into one envelope. Double check
that you have completed all forms and that all materials
are appropriately labelled. Note and explain any
missing materials on the archival information sheet.
25. Expand your notes within 24 hours if possible.
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9. Interview Checklist
A. Interview Checklist
• Private setting for interview site.
• Transportation of staff to interview site.
• Transportation of participants to interview site.
• Refreshments for participants (if applicable)
B. What to take to the interview
a. Equipment
• 1 voice recorder (plus 1 extra, if available)
• 1 extra storage device per interview
• Spare batteries
• Field notebook and pens Aslam Aman 9
10. b. Interview packet
• 1 large, heavy-duty envelope
• Archival information sheet with archival number
• 1 copy of interview guide (in the appropriate language for
participants)
• 2 informed consent forms (1 for interview, 1 for
participant, in the appropriate language)
• Participant reimbursement (if applicable)
• Reimbursement form (if applicable)
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11. c. What to place in the envelope after the interview
• Completed archival information sheet
• Signed informed consent form (signed only by interviewer
if oral, by participant and interviewer if written)
• Labelled interview guide with notes
• Field notes
• Labelled cassette tapes, re-record tabs punched out
• Signed reimbursement form (if applicable)
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12. How to Be an Effective Interviewer
• Be familiar with research documents
• Practice interviewing
• Practice using the equipment
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13. Key skills for in-depth interviewing
• Rapport-building
• Be friendly, smile, use a pleasant tone of voice, use relaxed body
language, incorporate humor, be humble, do not scold, coerce, or
cajole participants, be patient
• Emphasizing the participant‟s perspective
• Treating the participant as the expert
• Keeping the participant from interviewing you
• Balancing deference to the participant with control over the
interview
• Being an engaged listener
• Demonstrating a neutral attitude
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14. •Adapting to different personalities and emotional
states
• Quickly adjust your style to suit each individual
participant. By adopting an appropriate behavior for each
individual, the interviewer can help the participant be
comfortable enough to speak freely about the research
topic.
• Know how to tone down heightened emotions, such as
when a participant starts crying or becomes belligerent.
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15. Techniques for effective questioning
• Keep track of which questions have and have not been asked
and answered
• Know how to phrase questions that encourage participants to
provide elaborate, detailed (rather than brief) responses;
• Ask questions that elicit the participant‟s own views and
experiences as opposed to reflecting the convictions of the
interviewer.
• Ask one question at a time, verifying unclear responses,
• Ask open-ended questions, avoiding leading questions, and
using follow-ups and probes
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16. Tips for taking interview notes
• Begin each notebook entry with the date, time, place, and
type of data collection event.
• Leave space on the page for expanding your notes, or plan to
expand them on a separate page.
• Take notes strategically. It is usually practical to make only
brief notes during data collection. Direct quotes can be
especially hard to write down accurately. Rather than try to
document every detail or quote, write down key words and
phrases that will trigger your memory when you expand
notes.
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17. • Use shorthand. Because you will expand and type your notes
soon after you write them, it does not matter if you are the
only person who can understand your shorthand system. Use
abbreviations and acronyms to quickly note what is
happening and being said.
• Write on the interview question guide. Save time by
writing notes directly in the question guide under the relevant
question. If it is not possible to record direct quotations, write
down key words and phrases.
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18. • Distinguish clearly between participant comments and
your own observations. You could use your own initials or
“MO” to indicate “my observation.” For example: "MO –
embarrassed by empty beer bottles in room.” This documents
the researcher‟s observation that the participant seemed
embarrassed about the empty beer bottles in the room.
• Cover a range of observations: body language, moods, or
attitudes; the general environment; and other information that
could be relevant.
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19. Expanding the notes
• Scheduling time to expand your notes, preferably within 24
hours of the interview.
• Expanding your shorthand into sentences so that anyone can
read and understand your notes.
• Composing a descriptive narrative from your shorthand and
key words.
• Identifying questions for follow-up.
• Reviewing your expanded notes and adding any final
comments.
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23. The "Do’s"
• Begin interview with a friendly and familiar greeting.
• Listen with attention to capture every piece of information
from respondents.
• Explore key words, phrases, terms as they occur in the
discussion.
• Listen to impressions, topics avoided by informant, deliberate
distortions and misconceptions or misunderstandings. Take
prompt action to explore each of these. Where appropriate,
use "probes."
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24. • Ensure a natural flow of discussion by guiding informant
from one topic to the next.
• "Play dumb"(be silent) to give the respondent plenty of room
to talk.
• Be open to unexpected information.
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25. The “Don'ts”
• Influence or bias responses by introducing one's own
perceptions or asking leading questions which encourage a
particular response.
• Move too quickly from one topic to the next
• Interrupt the informant.
• Do not mislead about the subject matter in order to obtain
information.
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26. Advantages
• Interviewers can establish rapport with participants to make
them feel more comfortable and at-ease, which can generate
more insightful responses – especially regarding sensitive
topics.
• Interviewers have much more opportunity to ask follow-up
questions, probe for additional information.
• Interviewers can monitor changes to tone and word choice to
get a deeper understanding (and if the in-depth interview is
face-to-face, researchers can also focus on body language).
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27. • Researchers need fewer participants to get useful and relevant
insights.
• There are none of the potential distractions or peer pressure
dynamics that can sometimes emerge in focus groups.
• Because in-depth interviews can potentially be so insightful,
it is possible to identify highly valuable finding very quickly -
- and sometimes in the first interview.
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28. Disadvantages
• In-depth interviews are quite time consuming, as interviews
must be transcribed, organized, analyzed and reported.
• If the interviewer is not highly skilled and experienced, the
entire process can be undermined.
• The process can be relatively costly compared to other
methods (however, telephone in-depth interviews vs. in-
person can significantly reduce the costs).
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29. • Participants must carefully chosen to avoid bias, and this can
result in a longer vetting process.
• Participants typically expect an incentive to participate, and
this must be carefully selected to avoid bias.
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30. Bibliography
• Collector, D. and Module, F. G. „In-Depth Interviews‟.
• Boyce, C. and Associate, E. (2006) „CONDUCTING IN-DEPTH
INTERVIEWS : A Guide for Designing and Conducting In-Depth
Interviews‟, (May).
• https://www.cfrinc.net/cfrblog/in-depth-interviewing
• Kumar, R., 2017. Research Methodology. s.l.:SAGE text.
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