The document discusses switched reluctance motors (SRMs) for electric vehicle applications. SRMs have advantages over other motors like permanent magnet motors due to their robust and simple structure, high thermal capability, and low cost. However, they also have issues like acoustic noise and torque ripple that require improved control strategies. The document outlines the operational principles and components of SRMs. It states that SRMs are well-suited for electric vehicles due to their reliability, efficiency over a wide speed range, and high torque-to-weight ratio. However, controlling SRMs is challenging due to their nonlinear magnetic characteristics. The aim of the document is to design an efficient and robust SRM drive for electric vehicles by developing control models and evaluating in
A breakthrough in this century has been the development of electric vehicle which is propelled by electric motor powered by electricity. Already, many electric motors have been used for electric vehicle application but performances are low. In this paper, a permanent magnet motor technology using unconventional segmented rotor for high torque application is presented. Unlike conventional motors, this design, flux switching motor (FSM) is an advance form of synchronous machine with double rotating frequency. It accommodates both armature winding and flux source on the stator while the rotor is a simple passive laminated sheet steel. Conventionally, rotor of the maiden FSM and many emerging designs have focused on the salient pole, this design employs segmented rotor. Segmented rotor has advantages of short flux path more than salient rotor pole resulting in high flux linkage. Geometric topology of the proposed motor is introduced. It consists of 24Stator-14Pole using PM flux source with alternate stator tooth armature winding. The 2D-FEA model utilized JMAG Tool Solver to design and analyze motor’s performance in terms of torque with average torque output of 470Nm. The suitability of segmented outer-rotor FS motor as a high torque machine, using permanent magnet technology is a reliable candidate for electric vehicle.
Energy Management System in Electric Vehicle with PV Fed SRM SystemIJMTST Journal
This project presents the switched reluctance motor (SRM) with hybrid renewable system. Switched
Reluctance Motors (SRM) has a wide range of industrial applications because of their advantages over
conventional AC/DC Drives. This is due to simple construction, ruggedness and inexpensive manufacturing
potential. Various methods have used and applied to control SRM speed generally, the PV-fed EV has a
similar structure to the hybrid electrical vehicle, whose internal combustion engine(ICE) is replaced by the
hybrid system. A hybrid energy system, or hybrid power, usually consists of two or more renewable energy
sources used together to provide increased system efficiency as well as greater balance in energy supply.
The PV has different characteristics to ICEs, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and solar energy
utilization are the unique factors for the PV-fed EVs. This matter is done by applying the proposed system to
a multi-objective function including both speed error and torque ripple. This controller is implemented for an
8/6, 4-kW SRM. In this paper to coordinate the PV panel, SRM and battery. Hybrid renewables applied in
Energy storage like battery technologies, superconducting magnetic energy, capacitors, compressed air and
pumped storage, seems to be an alternative method that the operator of an electrical power grid can use to
adapt energy production to energy consumption, both of which can vary randomly over time. The simulation
results confirm excellent dynamic performance, reduced torque ripple and current oscillation can be achieved
by using ANFIS
Design of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicleidescitation
Switched Reluctance M achines (SRM ) offer
attractive attributes for automotive applications. Low cost, high
reliability, and competitive weight and efficiency combine to
make the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive a strong
candidate for application in future electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion systems. This paper proposes a methodology to
determine separately the peak and continuous power ratings
of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric propulsion
of an electric vehicle (EV).same machine have to deliver peak
and continuous power for different road load condition of
vehicle. Then gives switched reluctance design guidelines for
battery operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the
design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power
train.
Modeling and Simulation of Three Phase Induction Machine Using Written Pole T...IOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper in which stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same stator core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. In this study, it is suggested to operate the machine with flat efficiency characteristics, irrespective of shaft load. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt high frequency ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor. The aim of this paper is to analyze and simulate performance of a 1Hp three phase induction motor using written pole technology using the well known Park’s transformation. A three phase squirrel cage machine is reconfigured and modeled into a two three phase stator winding accommodate in same stator core of the same volume as the three phase machine. Different tests are carried out on the novel machine to determine machine parameters. Simulation results, that predicts the dynamic performance of the machine using ANSYS, at start up are presented and discussed.
Recently, permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) having the diameter of 11inches was successfully developed and installed in electric scooter vehicle (ESV) for propulsion. It consists of segmented stators of 24 armature slots and 100 pieces of permanent magnet of 2 kg weight mounted on rotating rotor. Upon the huge amount of materials and permanent magnet used, PMSM produced 110Nm only. Looking at the size, this torque is low and could not sustain acceleration for long distance travels. To overcome the challenge of low torque, this paper presents a new machine type, flux switching motor (FSM) with 1 kg weight of permanent magnet flux source employing segmented outer rotor. Six ranges of split ratio of 0.80-0.85 for outer rotor 24slot-14pole FSPM motor configurations were designed and compared. The 2D-FEA by JMAG software version 14 is used to examine its performance in term of flux linkage, cogging torque, back-emf and average torque which the structure with split ratio of 0.85 took lead by securing highest torque profile of 209Nm. It also achieved low cogging torque to operate in safe region. In conclusion, appropriate split ratio significantly enhances high torque capability of permanent magnet flux switching motor for electric scooter propulsion.
A breakthrough in this century has been the development of electric vehicle which is propelled by electric motor powered by electricity. Already, many electric motors have been used for electric vehicle application but performances are low. In this paper, a permanent magnet motor technology using unconventional segmented rotor for high torque application is presented. Unlike conventional motors, this design, flux switching motor (FSM) is an advance form of synchronous machine with double rotating frequency. It accommodates both armature winding and flux source on the stator while the rotor is a simple passive laminated sheet steel. Conventionally, rotor of the maiden FSM and many emerging designs have focused on the salient pole, this design employs segmented rotor. Segmented rotor has advantages of short flux path more than salient rotor pole resulting in high flux linkage. Geometric topology of the proposed motor is introduced. It consists of 24Stator-14Pole using PM flux source with alternate stator tooth armature winding. The 2D-FEA model utilized JMAG Tool Solver to design and analyze motor’s performance in terms of torque with average torque output of 470Nm. The suitability of segmented outer-rotor FS motor as a high torque machine, using permanent magnet technology is a reliable candidate for electric vehicle.
Energy Management System in Electric Vehicle with PV Fed SRM SystemIJMTST Journal
This project presents the switched reluctance motor (SRM) with hybrid renewable system. Switched
Reluctance Motors (SRM) has a wide range of industrial applications because of their advantages over
conventional AC/DC Drives. This is due to simple construction, ruggedness and inexpensive manufacturing
potential. Various methods have used and applied to control SRM speed generally, the PV-fed EV has a
similar structure to the hybrid electrical vehicle, whose internal combustion engine(ICE) is replaced by the
hybrid system. A hybrid energy system, or hybrid power, usually consists of two or more renewable energy
sources used together to provide increased system efficiency as well as greater balance in energy supply.
The PV has different characteristics to ICEs, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and solar energy
utilization are the unique factors for the PV-fed EVs. This matter is done by applying the proposed system to
a multi-objective function including both speed error and torque ripple. This controller is implemented for an
8/6, 4-kW SRM. In this paper to coordinate the PV panel, SRM and battery. Hybrid renewables applied in
Energy storage like battery technologies, superconducting magnetic energy, capacitors, compressed air and
pumped storage, seems to be an alternative method that the operator of an electrical power grid can use to
adapt energy production to energy consumption, both of which can vary randomly over time. The simulation
results confirm excellent dynamic performance, reduced torque ripple and current oscillation can be achieved
by using ANFIS
Design of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicleidescitation
Switched Reluctance M achines (SRM ) offer
attractive attributes for automotive applications. Low cost, high
reliability, and competitive weight and efficiency combine to
make the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive a strong
candidate for application in future electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion systems. This paper proposes a methodology to
determine separately the peak and continuous power ratings
of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric propulsion
of an electric vehicle (EV).same machine have to deliver peak
and continuous power for different road load condition of
vehicle. Then gives switched reluctance design guidelines for
battery operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the
design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power
train.
Modeling and Simulation of Three Phase Induction Machine Using Written Pole T...IOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper in which stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same stator core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. In this study, it is suggested to operate the machine with flat efficiency characteristics, irrespective of shaft load. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt high frequency ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor. The aim of this paper is to analyze and simulate performance of a 1Hp three phase induction motor using written pole technology using the well known Park’s transformation. A three phase squirrel cage machine is reconfigured and modeled into a two three phase stator winding accommodate in same stator core of the same volume as the three phase machine. Different tests are carried out on the novel machine to determine machine parameters. Simulation results, that predicts the dynamic performance of the machine using ANSYS, at start up are presented and discussed.
Recently, permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) having the diameter of 11inches was successfully developed and installed in electric scooter vehicle (ESV) for propulsion. It consists of segmented stators of 24 armature slots and 100 pieces of permanent magnet of 2 kg weight mounted on rotating rotor. Upon the huge amount of materials and permanent magnet used, PMSM produced 110Nm only. Looking at the size, this torque is low and could not sustain acceleration for long distance travels. To overcome the challenge of low torque, this paper presents a new machine type, flux switching motor (FSM) with 1 kg weight of permanent magnet flux source employing segmented outer rotor. Six ranges of split ratio of 0.80-0.85 for outer rotor 24slot-14pole FSPM motor configurations were designed and compared. The 2D-FEA by JMAG software version 14 is used to examine its performance in term of flux linkage, cogging torque, back-emf and average torque which the structure with split ratio of 0.85 took lead by securing highest torque profile of 209Nm. It also achieved low cogging torque to operate in safe region. In conclusion, appropriate split ratio significantly enhances high torque capability of permanent magnet flux switching motor for electric scooter propulsion.
Improved magnetic behavior of hemicycle PM motor via stator modification IJECEIAES
This article investigates electromagnetic performance of a hemicycle PM motor by introducing a little modification on both ends of a hemicycle stator. Prior to the investigation, an analytical model for the hemicycle PM motor weight is derived analytically for the purpose of comparison with a conventional design. Both motor weights are then verified and the hemicycle motor is found to have lighter weight than the conventional design. By having a proper design modification, an optimum motor performance is achievable due to improved magnetic permeance. Two designs that have different arc angle; i) 180° (188.5 mm arc length) and ii) >180° (204.2 mm arc length) are the subjects of investigation. It is found that a hemicycle PM motor in which arc angle >180° results maximum torque average with the smallest torque ripple and smallest cogging torque.
This paper presents a design and development of 8/6 switched reluctance motor for small electric vehicle using analytical method. The absent of permanent magnet, inherent fault tolerance capabilities, simple and robust construction make this motor become more attractive for small electric vehicle application such as electric scooter and go-kart. The switched reluctance motor is modelled using analytical formula in designing process. Later, the designed model is analyzed using ANSYS RMxprt software. In order to achieve 5kW power rating and to match with the design requirement, the switched reluctance motor model has been analyzed using RMxprt tools for the preliminary parameters design process. This tools is able to predict the output performance of motor in term of speed, flux linkage characteristic, output torque and efficiency.
A switched reluctance actuator (SRA) is a type of electromagnetic stepper actuator that is gaining popularity for its simple and rugged construction, ability of extremely high-speed operation and hazard-free operation. SRA gained supremacy over permanent magnet actuators due to the fact that its building material are relatively low cost compared to the expensive and rare permanent magnets. SRA is already making its debut in automotive, medical and high precision applications. However, many parties are still oblivious to this new age actuator. This paper reviews the latest literature in terms of journal articles and conference proceedings regarding the different design parameters and control method of SRA. The impact of the parameters on the performance of SRA are discussed in details to provide valuable insight. This paper also discussed the advantages of various novel SRA structure designs that prove to be a huge contribution to the future technology. It is found that several design parameters such as the air gap when kept minimum, increases torque value; while increasing number of phases in SRA minimizes torque ripples. Increased stator and rotor arc angles will increase torque, not to mention a larger excitation current can also achieve the same effect. Researches are often done through Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis to verify the optimized design parameters before fabrication, whilst experimental procedures are executed to verify the simulation results. To ensure smooth phase switching and improved torque output, intelligent controllers are employed in speed control and direct torque control (DTC) methods of SRA.
High Speed SRM Using Vector Control for Electric VehicleAsoka Technologies
The high speed motor is effective to realize downsizing motor in an electric vehicle (EV). Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) is possible to the high speed drive because the rotor structure has simple and robust. However, the vibration and the acoustic noise are large from the drive principle. Moreover, the conventional complicated current excitation results in the difficulty of the torque controller design. To overcome these problems, the vector control has been proposed for SRM drive. However, the vector control has not been applied to the SRM in the high speed drive. In this paper, the drive conditions such as switching frequency, bus voltage for driving the SRM in the high speed region are clarified. It is shown that the proposed SRM can be driven by the vector control in the high speed region and can realize low vibration.
ISSN 2395-650X
A Science Journal Publication serves as a reputable platform for the dissemination of scientific research and discoveries across a wide range of disciplines. These journals ensure the quality and accuracy of the research presented, fostering a collaborative environment where researchers share their insights, theories, and breakthroughs with the global scientific community.
Comparative performances analysis of different rotor types for pmsg used in w...Mellah Hacene
PMSG provides a high performance, compact size, light weight, and low noise, without forgetting its simple structure, high thrust, and ease of maintenance, allow replacing steam catapults in the future. Most turbine generators at low wind speed are presented PMSGs, These it has advantages of high efficiency and reliability, since there is no need of external excitation and loss of drivers are removed from the rotor. In this paper, a comparative PMSG performance study's with several rotor topology is presented, each topology rotor has its own permanent magnet structure that is width, thickness and angle. These results are obtained by finite element method (FEM); this approach is a powerful and useful tool to study and design PMSGs, as represented in this paper.
Theory and Analysis of Three Phase Induction Motor using Written Pole TechnologyIOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper whose stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor.
A Novel Modified Turn-on Angle Control Scheme for Torque- Ripple Reduction in...IJPEDS-IAES
In recent years, Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM) have been dramatically
considered with both researchers and industries. SRMs not only have a
simple and reliable structure, but also have low cost production process.
However, discrete torque production of SRM along with intensive magnetic
saturation in stator and rotor cores are the major drawbacks of utilizing in
variety of industrial applications and also causes the inappropriate torque
ripples. In this paper, a modified logical-rule-based Torque Sharing Function
(TSF) method is proposed considering turn-on angle control. The optimized
turn-on angle for conducting each phase is achieved by estimating the
inductance curve in the vicinity of unaligned position and based on an
analytical solution for each phase voltage equation. Simulation results on a
four-phase switched reluctance motor and comparison with the conventional
methods validates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Improved magnetic behavior of hemicycle PM motor via stator modification IJECEIAES
This article investigates electromagnetic performance of a hemicycle PM motor by introducing a little modification on both ends of a hemicycle stator. Prior to the investigation, an analytical model for the hemicycle PM motor weight is derived analytically for the purpose of comparison with a conventional design. Both motor weights are then verified and the hemicycle motor is found to have lighter weight than the conventional design. By having a proper design modification, an optimum motor performance is achievable due to improved magnetic permeance. Two designs that have different arc angle; i) 180° (188.5 mm arc length) and ii) >180° (204.2 mm arc length) are the subjects of investigation. It is found that a hemicycle PM motor in which arc angle >180° results maximum torque average with the smallest torque ripple and smallest cogging torque.
This paper presents a design and development of 8/6 switched reluctance motor for small electric vehicle using analytical method. The absent of permanent magnet, inherent fault tolerance capabilities, simple and robust construction make this motor become more attractive for small electric vehicle application such as electric scooter and go-kart. The switched reluctance motor is modelled using analytical formula in designing process. Later, the designed model is analyzed using ANSYS RMxprt software. In order to achieve 5kW power rating and to match with the design requirement, the switched reluctance motor model has been analyzed using RMxprt tools for the preliminary parameters design process. This tools is able to predict the output performance of motor in term of speed, flux linkage characteristic, output torque and efficiency.
A switched reluctance actuator (SRA) is a type of electromagnetic stepper actuator that is gaining popularity for its simple and rugged construction, ability of extremely high-speed operation and hazard-free operation. SRA gained supremacy over permanent magnet actuators due to the fact that its building material are relatively low cost compared to the expensive and rare permanent magnets. SRA is already making its debut in automotive, medical and high precision applications. However, many parties are still oblivious to this new age actuator. This paper reviews the latest literature in terms of journal articles and conference proceedings regarding the different design parameters and control method of SRA. The impact of the parameters on the performance of SRA are discussed in details to provide valuable insight. This paper also discussed the advantages of various novel SRA structure designs that prove to be a huge contribution to the future technology. It is found that several design parameters such as the air gap when kept minimum, increases torque value; while increasing number of phases in SRA minimizes torque ripples. Increased stator and rotor arc angles will increase torque, not to mention a larger excitation current can also achieve the same effect. Researches are often done through Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis to verify the optimized design parameters before fabrication, whilst experimental procedures are executed to verify the simulation results. To ensure smooth phase switching and improved torque output, intelligent controllers are employed in speed control and direct torque control (DTC) methods of SRA.
High Speed SRM Using Vector Control for Electric VehicleAsoka Technologies
The high speed motor is effective to realize downsizing motor in an electric vehicle (EV). Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) is possible to the high speed drive because the rotor structure has simple and robust. However, the vibration and the acoustic noise are large from the drive principle. Moreover, the conventional complicated current excitation results in the difficulty of the torque controller design. To overcome these problems, the vector control has been proposed for SRM drive. However, the vector control has not been applied to the SRM in the high speed drive. In this paper, the drive conditions such as switching frequency, bus voltage for driving the SRM in the high speed region are clarified. It is shown that the proposed SRM can be driven by the vector control in the high speed region and can realize low vibration.
ISSN 2395-650X
A Science Journal Publication serves as a reputable platform for the dissemination of scientific research and discoveries across a wide range of disciplines. These journals ensure the quality and accuracy of the research presented, fostering a collaborative environment where researchers share their insights, theories, and breakthroughs with the global scientific community.
Comparative performances analysis of different rotor types for pmsg used in w...Mellah Hacene
PMSG provides a high performance, compact size, light weight, and low noise, without forgetting its simple structure, high thrust, and ease of maintenance, allow replacing steam catapults in the future. Most turbine generators at low wind speed are presented PMSGs, These it has advantages of high efficiency and reliability, since there is no need of external excitation and loss of drivers are removed from the rotor. In this paper, a comparative PMSG performance study's with several rotor topology is presented, each topology rotor has its own permanent magnet structure that is width, thickness and angle. These results are obtained by finite element method (FEM); this approach is a powerful and useful tool to study and design PMSGs, as represented in this paper.
Theory and Analysis of Three Phase Induction Motor using Written Pole TechnologyIOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper whose stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor.
A Novel Modified Turn-on Angle Control Scheme for Torque- Ripple Reduction in...IJPEDS-IAES
In recent years, Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM) have been dramatically
considered with both researchers and industries. SRMs not only have a
simple and reliable structure, but also have low cost production process.
However, discrete torque production of SRM along with intensive magnetic
saturation in stator and rotor cores are the major drawbacks of utilizing in
variety of industrial applications and also causes the inappropriate torque
ripples. In this paper, a modified logical-rule-based Torque Sharing Function
(TSF) method is proposed considering turn-on angle control. The optimized
turn-on angle for conducting each phase is achieved by estimating the
inductance curve in the vicinity of unaligned position and based on an
analytical solution for each phase voltage equation. Simulation results on a
four-phase switched reluctance motor and comparison with the conventional
methods validates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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ME5507 Electrical Services And Lighting Design.docx
1. ME5507 Electrical Services And Lighting Design
Answer:
Topic: Switched Reluctance Motors For Electric Vehicle Applications
Introduction
Background
The electric drives are very vital parts of electric vehicle and its requirement relies on the
load and available main characteristics. Due to robust and simple structure, high thermal
capability, high torque-inertia ratio, reliability, high speed potentiality brushless drive
switched reluctance motor has become common compared to other drives as an economical
alternative for PM brushless motor for several applications (Gan, 2018). However, this type
of motors suffers from acoustic noise and torque ripples that inhibits its high performances.
The SRM operational principle are straightforward and simple, but appropriate control for
the motor is required. The inherent nonlinearity of the motors makes the torque generation
to rely upon the poles geometry characterised by dependence on rotor position and stator
current. The structure of SRM is as depicted in figure 1.1 below;
Figure 1. 1 Schematic diagram for SR motor (Huang, 2015) .
SRM rotates by a reluctance torque that originates from the variation of magnetic circuit
resistance. The rotor and stator have salient poles made from laminated electrical steel. The
winding coil concentration are only installed in the stator. Thus, making the structure of
SRM to be simpler in the design compared to synchronous motors or induction motors, due
to presence of permanent magnet or winding coils in its rotor (Dos Santos, 2013). The
possibility of SRM withstanding the operations at high temperature and high-speed
rotations under inferior surfaces of the road are high through absorbing the vibrations and
impacts. Besides, this motors have some demerits which include high noise and torque
pulsation. These challenges can only be solved through development of power electronics
and improved techniques. The basic enhancement of SRM drives has backed its extensive
application in different fields and has resulted to evaluation of SRMs in EVs. Reports from
research institutes on design of SRMs for electric vehicle and its performance have depicted
a positive outcome enhancing the control strategy for its application (Cheng, 2017).
2. For decades now, several researchers have focused on SRM for industrial applications
facilitating its rapid development and implementation. The SRM are considered highly
reliable in EV drives application due to their superior fault tolerance
characteristics (Guerrero, 2016). Low switching and rotor losses in SRM creates a high
system efficiency over a wide range. Thus the SRM motors are not modelled and optimized
for fixed speed. However, due to minimum losses and high efficiency of SRM it produces
high torque to weight ration compared to dc or ac motors (Chiba, 2012). The high starting
torque of the motor due to low rotor losses realizable allows a prolonged operation of the
motor under stall conditions. The demerits of SRM i.e. acoustic noise, torque ripple and
electromagnetic interferences need to be matched carefully to a specific motor to enhance
maximum performance. The SRM needs a more conductor coupling. However, the non-
linear nature of the motor operation makes analytical design extremely
difficult (Rajpurohit, 2018). Therefore, this dissertation proposes a simplified method of
control of SRM that applies the mathematical functionalities in describing the flux linkage
saturation depending on rotor position and winding current.
Scope
The SRM represent a gifted candidate for EV application because of its robust and simple
structure, high fault-tolerance, low cost of manufacturing and wide range of operating
speed. Despite its characteristics, the chief blocking factors for the motor drive are
vibration, torque ripple and acoustic noise. The torque ripple reduction can be achieved
through use of latest control technique and improving the mechanical design of the motor.
The control and analysis of SRM is quite complicated due to doubly-salient structure and
non-linear magnetic features. For electric vehicle application, the generation of maximum
torque is needed over a wide speed range to encounter the friction and provide a capability
of climbing. Moreover, the motor drive efficiency need to be improved to prolong the
vehicle range and reduce the torque ripple to prevent the fluctuations of the speed. Besides,
getting the best values of average torque and ripple in this type of the motor is impossible.
However, the proper picking of switch-off and switch-on angles with current controller in
the system can improve the energy efficiency and torque production of the drive. Therefore,
this dissertation proposes a technique of controlling SRM operation to encounter the
challenges the drive experiences in EV application.
Problem Statement
EVs are considered as s green transportation mode because of low maintenance, no
emissions, safety drive and reduced noise pollution. The EV propulsion system comprises of
controller, power converter and motor. The electrical propulsion is required to deliver high
performance, torque capability and high-efficiency operations. For the EV motor, the key
features include providing high efficiency, flexible drive regulation, low acoustic noise and
fault-tolerance (Prajapati, 2021). The motor drive is also required to have the ability of
3. handling the voltage fluctuation from the source. For this consideration the SRM is
appropriate candidate for the propulsion. These motors provides a large robustness in the
EV design. Besides the lack of rotor winding or permanent magnets reduces its cost and
provides increased high-speed operation ability (Chuantian, 2019). The motors have a
reliable converter topology. The series connected stator winding have a switch that
prevents shoot-through faults that is associated to AC field. Furthermore, the low rotor
inertia permits high torque and fast response (Xiang, 2018). The robust rotor design results
maximum speed and permissible temperature for the rotor. The SRM inherent 4-
operational quadrant which achieves the propulsion demands for EVs. However, the salient
structure of SRM results high non-linearity in its magnetic features results to complicate in
designing and control of the motors. They also produces acoustic noise and torque ripples.
Therefore this work proposes a design for controlling of SRM to weaken the torque ripple
and noise.
Aim And Objectives
The main aim of this dissertation is to design an efficient, robust and simple SRM drive for
EV applications. To achieve this aim the following objectives were highlighted. They include;
To develop mathematical models for SRM control techniques
To determine the optimal control parameters for SRM
To evaluate the type of the inverter and controller to be used for maximum performance.
Develop MATLAB/Simulink model for SRM control and its application in electric vehicle.
Literature Review: Introduction
This section entails the discussion of the literature review and comprises the introduction,
related work, basic features of SRM, control techniques and summary of the chapter
Related Work
The development of electric drives started back on 18th century when principle of
electromagnetic induction was demonstrated by Faraday. Following the invention the
electric motor drives were invented and classified to 2 i.e. DC and AC as depicted in figure
2.1 below
Figure 2.1 Types of electric motors
In EV and HEV PMSMs are common for the application, however these motors depends on
permanent magnet from rare-earth material. Limited reserves, high cost and environmental
effects associated with the material extraction and refining limits its application in mass
electric vehicle markets. Besides the sensitivity of Pm at high temperature compromise the
4. performance of the motor at harsh environment. Therefore, there is a need of developing
alternative motors to enhance high–performance on the electric vehicle. P. Mattavelli et al.
(2005) researched on the application of PMSM. The motor was driven through sinusoidal
signal to attain the lower torque ripple. The stator windings creates a sinusoidal flux density
within the air gap. This motor possessed a feature of brushless and induction motor. To
achieve high torque specification at low speed, high efficiency and high density, variable
frequency drive were applied. Besides, the VFD control strategy increased the system
complexity and thus much attention for appropriate speed control was required. Reid B et
al. (1987), designed a steeper motor that comprised of concentrated winding coils. The
motor torque is generated when current switches from stator coils to another generating
the magnetic attraction between the stator and rotor rotating the rotor to a stable position.
Among the competing motor strategies, SRMs have received a great attention for both
research and industrial application. SRMs have several merits including absence of
collector, brush and magnets resulting to less maintenance cost and increased reliability.
Makwana et al. (2011) analysed the performance of SRMs. He discovered that have low fault
tolerance operation and weight with a high efficiency of about 0.95 .Due to absence of
permanent magnets, the motors operates at high speed and copper losses is
negligible because of no rotor windings. Thus, lower rotor temperature compared to other
motors and cooling of the motor can be achieved easily. Low inertial in SRM plays a vital
role of VFD application for fast response. The motor rotor also has a lower inertia compared
to other motors due to lightweight rotor structure. The motor phases do not have an impact
on each other i.e. once its phase fails then the motor continues to run. Some of the EV
requires a power train to work in constant energy. Besides, this is not a vital issue as a
revised motor design and constant energy region can further be extended. Gao Y et al.
(2012) investigated the of potential SRMs application in HEV and EV propulsion and
concluded that SRMs are the most precise motor type for the application.
Basic Characteristics Of SRM
The SRM is synchronous type of the machine with the torque generated by tendency of its
locomotive parts which moves to a position with maximum inductance from excited
windings. The motor stator shelters the set of windings or coils per salient pole typically
coupled in series within the opposing poles. The set coils are concentrically wound with no
phase overlapping resulting to very little mutual inductance and enhancing a greater copper
portion utilized in winding to act as active length. The motor rotor also is constructed
similarly to that of laminated Pm, therefore needs no slip rings or brushes and permits a
higher temperature of operation increasing its durability. Thus the motor is doubly salient
and singly excited with the rotor and stator having salient structure of the poles as depicted
in figure 2.2 below.
5. Figure 2.2 Rotor and stator of SRM.
The operation basics of DC current is applied to phase to create a magnetic flux which flows
through the rotor. The motor rotor is positioned in a way which minimizes the flux
reluctance route thus maximizing the excited winding inductance and creates a torque
aligning to salient poles of the stator and the rotor. As a result of simplicity inherent, the
motor is high reliable and uses a low-cost variable-speed drive.
The power conversion in SRM relies on the stator and rotor magnetic interaction that
changes with the change in its angular position. When the pair of poles aligns exactly to
stator phases then aligned position is attained. And when axis has equal distance between
interpolar axes is aligned exactly with stator poles for a specific phase and it is termed as
unaligned position. When the poles of the rotor are symmetrically misaligned with poles of
the stator of a phase, the location is termed as unaligned position and have a minimum
inductance. The SRM inductance profile can be categorised to 3 regions which includes;
constant, increasing and decreasing periods. In case of the constant current flows via the
phased winding, the positive torque is created and when the motor is operated at
inductance increasing region and inductance decreasing regions, a negative torque I
produced. For the constant excitation case, no torque is created due to positive and negative
torque that cancels each out making the shaft torque to be zero. This led to attainment of an
effective rotating energy switching excitation that needs to be synchronized by the
inductance profile as illustrated below.
Figure 2.3 Inductance profile
The SRM torque is produced to minimize the reluctance and its magnitude in each phase
can be described as proportional to inductance slope and square of current and current
squared and can be produced regardless the current direction. As the torque polarity is
changed because of the inductance slope, a negative zone of inductance is produced in
accordance to rotor position. The switching excitation is required to be synchronized for the
motoring torque with the rotor’s position angle. The minimum losses of the low switching
and rotor in the controller generates a high overall efficiency for the system over a wide
range of control. Thus, SRM are not modelled and optimized to fixed synchronous speed.
Because of its minimum losses and high efficiency of the SRM it has an overall rule,
generating a higher torque (power) to weigh ratio as DC or AC motor standards. Because of
the low losses from the rotor with extremely high torque which is realizable allowed for
prolonged operation of the motor in stall condition. The simplicity of SMR i.e. brushless and
magnet-free enables the integration easily with a driven machine compared to other
conventional motors.
Control Of SRM
6. The main purpose of SRM drive is to utilize the current in each phase coordinated with the
position of the rotor to attain the desired torque output and operating mode. The main
advantage of the SR motor is that it utilizes unidirectional current for its operation in the 4-
quadrantsthat entails the application of few semiconductor switches for the converter
design and also opens for a wide range of circuit options as compared to other types of
motors that needs sinusoidal and bi-directional current. Due to inductive nature of the
winding phase, the switches need to be protected from transient because of the induced
voltages produced after commutation and the system current provides the conduction path
and freewheeling diodes or other clamping mechanism is needed. The choosing of converter
topology for a given application is a vital issue. The SRM converter basically requires the
following;
The converter must be able excite the phase before entering to demagnetizing and
generating region.
Each motor phase has atleast 1 switch enabling it to conduct independently.
The demagnetization power from outgoing phase needs to be feedback to dc-link capacitor
or dc source or use in the incoming phase.
The converter power can be delivered to one phase whilst extracting it concurrently from
other phases. The converter therefore allows the control of phase overlap.
The converter needs to be a single power source rail to reduce the voltage across the
switches.
However, the asymmetrical converter are the most applied type of motors in SRM drives.
These motors have 2 main switches and 2 flywheel diodes per circuit phase. During
chopping period, 1 switch is turned on and the other turned off, the current flows via the on
switch and freewheel diode. And during commutation period, the switches are turned off
and the magnetic energy in the motor is discharged with flywheel diode through continuing
current. This occurs in 3 modes i.e.
Mode 1- magnetization mode
Mode 0 – Freewheeling mode
Mode -1 –Demagnetization mode.
During energisation or magnetization mode, the 2 switches are on and the phase winding
current rises. During the freewheeling state which is the second mode, only 1 diode and 1
switch are on. No voltage applied across the winding phase and current flows via one diode
and switch, although it decays gradually. Therefore, no power transfer from or to supply.
The 3rd mode, demagnetization both the main switches are off and the power in phase
winding is directed towards the supply through the freewheeling diode. Thus the voltage is
reversed along the winding phase forcing the current to decay rapidly to zero.
Summary
7. This chapter involves the description of literature and includes the introduction, related
work, basic features of SRM, control techniques and summary.
Methodology: Introduction
This chapter illustrated the method of the study and entails the introduction, design models,
mathematical model, Simulink model and summary of the chapter
Design Models For SMR-Driven EV
The SRM requires to be operated with a power converter because it is an electronic
commutated motor. The symmetric converter is also applied for this case and DC supply is
applied in exciting the phase winding. For the design two models are used which includes
the mathematical model and MATLAB/Simulink model as described below;
Mathematical Model
The voltage drop in the SRM can be expressed as;
The electromagnetic torque for SMR can be expressed as;
Then the mathematical block diagram for SRM can be demonstrated as shown.
Figure 3.1 SRM mathematical block diagram
In modelling the vehicle output, the longitudinal velocity of the EV with input longitudinal
force used to rear and front wheels. Assuming the drive for rear wheels needs longitudinal
force and the vehicle accelerates with a velocity vx can be expressed as;
MATLAB/Simulink Model
Using the mathematical equation derived above the Simulink model was developed
consisting of position sensor, current control, converter block, vehicle model and speed
controller block. Detailed SRM-driven EV implementation of different subsystem blocks is
as illustrated below;
Position Sensor – This block involves working out the rotor position angle in relative to zero
angle reference in electrical cycle. For this case 6/4 SRM is used and each phase inductance
8. is periodicity by 90 degrees. Thus, it is precise to transform the position angle of the rotor
from the mechanical equation. The Simulink model for position sensor is as shown.
Figure 3.2 Simulink model for position sensor block
Converter Block – Asymmetric bridge converterwas adopted for this design and its function
was implemented in Simulink model. The model had 2 power diodes and 2 switches. The
step motion for SRM was realized through switching off and on the phase windings. The
block arrangement in the converter is as illustrated below;
Figure 3.3 Asymmetric-Bridge Converter
Controllers –in cascade control technique speed error do exist between the rotor velocity
and its command which can be controlled by use of the speed controller to produce the
current command. The command control is as shown.
Figure 3.4 Speed controller Simulink model
The current controller controls the current feedback errors that originates from the control
voltage and for this case all types of controller are used to simulate the proposed model
which includes the P, PI and PID controller. The hysteresis is also adopted here
Electric Vehicle model – The electric vehicle model is applied to realize the driver motor and
the position sensor applied in detecting the rotor position for the vehicle. The Simulink
model for EV is as shown;
Figure 3.5 Electric vehicle Simulink model
The complete Simulink models for SRM-driven electric vehicle was carried out without the
controller and also with the 3 types of controllers (P, PI and PID) as illustrated below.
Figure 3.6 SRM driven Electric Vehicle Simulink model
9. Figure 3.7 P control of SRM driven Electric Vehicle Simulink model
Figure 3.8 PI control of SRM driven Electric Vehicle Simulink model
Figure 3.9 PID control SRM driven Electric vehicle Simulink model
Summary
This section elaborates the method of research and design of the model and involved
introduction, design models, mathematical model, Simulink model and summary of the
chapter.
Results Analysis
This chapter entails the analysis of the simulation results from the designed model of the
SRM-driven electric vehicle. It includes introduction, simulation results and summary of the
chapter.
Simulation Results
The SRM applied in simulation was taken from Simulink model with block parameters and
the specification was as depicted in table 1 below. The block input was the mechanical load
torque that is negative for generating and positive for motoring operation. The simulation
was run in a continuous mode and turn off and turn on angles were kept constant at 45 and
40 degrees respectively. The simulation parameter is as shown.
Table 1. Simulation parameter
Parameter
Value
Units
14. Gravitation force
9.81
m/s2
For the EV modelling the 2 equal sized wheels that moves backward or forward along the
longitudinal axis development. The vehicle parameters are as illustrated below assuming
that the vehicle is in vertical stable state thus its axis is perpendicular to horizontal plane.
The parameter includes;
Mass of the vehicle (m) =42000kg
Horizontal distance from axis of CG (a) =1.4m
Height of the CG from ground (h) = 0.5 m
Horizontal distance of CG from rear axis (b) =1.6
Drag coefficient (Cd) =0.4
Frontal area (A) =1.2 m2
Longitudinal vehicle velocity (Vx)
Mass density of air (2 kg/m3
Radius of the wheels = 0.3 m
The simulation results for SRM model without the controller is as explained below. The
results shows the motor speed and that of the vehicle is almost similar at instant time
therefore validating the proposed strategy for the simulation of the SMR driven EV system.
The flux variations for the SR motor is as illustrated below.
Figure 4.1 Flux variations for the SR motor
Figure 4.2 Phase current
15. Figure 4.3 Total torque generated by SR motor
Figure 4.4 Angular velocity of the SR motor
The performance of the electrical vehicle shows that the output current waveform is
constant while the rotor position turns off and on the angle. The speed and distance covered
by the vehicle increases continuously with time but later the speed starts to decrease as
shown below.
Figure 4.5 Speed waveform for SRM driven electric vehicle
From the figure above it can be depicted that at the start the speed increases rapidly and
after 10 seconds the brake is applied therefore the speed decreases.
Figure 4.6 Distance covered by the vehicle
The distance waveform above is very close to linear graph which is much appropriate for
the electric vehicle. The waveform depicts the superior characteristics of the EV at its initial
and running torque and the acceleration.
However to manipulate the control of the system to bring the parameters to a set point.
However for this motor type, the performance of P, PI and PID controllers almost delivers
the same value of maximum speed. As the proportional gain is increased, it gives a smaller
phase margin and amplitude, faster dynamics and large sensitivity of the noise. Applying P
controller also decrease the rise time and steady state error and also causes oscillations of
adequate aggressive dead time. The performance of P and PI is as illustrated below
Figure 4.7 Simulation results for P control.
Figure 4.7 Simulation results for PI control.
PID controller have an optimum dynamics of control which includes; 0 steady error, higher
stability, faster response and no oscillations. Application of the derivative component in
16. addition to PI involves eliminating the oscillations and overshoot in the system’s output
response .Therefore the PID can be applied with higher order including more energy
storages. The PID simulation results for EV motor is as shown.
Figure 4.8 PID control results
Summary
This chapter entails the analysis of the simulation results and includes the following; the
introduction, simulation results and summary.
Conclusion
Using the designed model it can be depicted that is quite equivalent to operating the SRM-
energised electric vehicle. The model running on the Simulink environment benefits greatly
the application of technology. The SRM drives can sometime be extremely fault lenient. This
is due to the motor winding can be only found on the stator and are easily cooled. To
encounter stationary inertia of the motor then large starting torque is needed by the EV.
The fewer switching devices of the system due to torque output does not rely on the current
polarity. The SR motor drive is well suited for high-speed applications due to its wide range
of working speed. The drive also operates in either motoring or generation mode.
The proposed model concept was to compare the response of SRM drive with the 3
controllers. The prime reason of considering 4-phase 6 stator and 4 rotor poles motor was
to minimize the generated torque ripple. Overall the ripple constraints were less through
increasing the number of poles for the designed motor drive. Therefore the SMR-driven EV
dynamic performance was predicted through use of Simulink platform for the simulation.
The results shows that application of a controller achieves the required output and provides
excellent tracking reference for the EV speed thus, enhancing its control. Therefore it can
be concluded that;
The simulation results can be applied in analysing the suitability performance of EV using
Simulink environment
SRM drives are the most suitable motors for EV applications.
References
Cheng, K., 2017. Design of a new enhanced torque in-wheel switched reluctance motor with
divided teeth for electric vehicle. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 11(53), pp. 1-4.
Chiba, A., 2012. Design of switched reluctance motor competitive to 60-kW IPMSM in third-
generation hybrid electric vehicle. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 6(48), pp.
17. 2303-2309.
Chuantian, Y., 2019. Design and optimisation of an In-wheel switched reluctance motor for
electric vehicles. IET Intelligent Transport Systems, 1(13), pp. 175-182.
Dos Santos, F., 2013. Multiphysics NVH modeling: Simulation of a switched reluctance
motor for an electric vehicle. Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 1(61), pp. 469-476.
Gan, C., 2018. A review on machine topologies and control techniques for low-noise
switched reluctance motors in electric vehicle applications. IEEE Access, Volume 6, pp.
31430-31443.
Guerrero, J., 2016. New integrated multilevel converter for switched reluctance motor
drives in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles with flexible energy conversion. IEEE Transactions
on Power Electronics, 5(32), pp. 3754-3766.
Huang, J., 2015. Vibration effect and control of in-wheel switched reluctance motor for
electric vehicle. Journal of Sound and Vibration, Volume 338, pp. 105-120.
Prajapati, P., 2021. Design and optimisation of slotted stator tooth switched reluctance
motor for torque enhancement for electric vehicle applications. International Journal of
Ambient Energy, pp. 1-6.
Rajpurohit, B., 2018. Comparative analysis of permanent magnet motors and switched
reluctance motors capabilities for electric and hybrid electric vehicles. IEEMA Engineer
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