impotence and sterlity
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Sterilization is a process that makes a person sterile without affecting their potency or sexual functions. There are different types of sterilization including compulsory sterilization ordered by the state for mentally defective people or sexual criminals, voluntary sterilization with consent from married couples, and therapeutic or eugenic sterilization. Sterilization can also be used as a contraceptive method.
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SEXUAL OFFENCES
This document provides an overview of sexual offences under Indian law. It defines sexual offences and classifies them as natural offences (including rape, incest, and adultery) or unnatural offences (such as sodomy). The document outlines the Indian Penal Code sections related to different types of rape and sexual assault and provides details on related crimes like disclosure of a rape victim's identity. It also discusses unnatural offences, including sodomy, buccal coitus, lesbianism, bestiality, and sexual perversions. The presentation aims to educate about sexual crimes and their classification under Indian law.
Impotence, sterility, artificial insemination
This document discusses various topics related to human sexuality, fertility, and assisted reproduction. It defines terms like impotence, sterility, and frigidity. It describes various medical causes of impotence and sterility in males and females. It discusses the medicolegal importance of these conditions with regards to marriage, divorce, and inheritance. The document also describes various techniques for assisted reproduction like artificial insemination, surrogacy, in vitro fertilization, and cloning.
Virginity and Defloration and its medicolegal aspects
1. The document discusses virginity, defloration, and their medicolegal importance. It describes the anatomy of the female reproductive system and signs of virginity such as an intact hymen.
2. Impotence in males is defined as the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. Causes can be congenital, inflammatory, endocrine, neoplastic, or psychiatric. Tests to evaluate male sterility are also outlined.
3. Female sterility and impotence have similar causes to males. Additional causes may include blockage of the fallopian tubes or vaginal atresia. Evaluation of female reproductive issues is also discussed.
Virginity, pregnancy and delivery
This document discusses signs of virginity, pregnancy, and delivery. It describes genital and extragenital signs of virginity like an intact hymen. It outlines presumptive, probable, and positive signs of pregnancy like amenorrhea and a positive pregnancy test. Signs of recent and remote delivery are also provided, such as lochia discharge and breast changes. Legal implications of examining virginity, pregnancy, and delivery are mentioned.
Virginity, sexual offenses and
Virginity is defined as never having had sexual intercourse. A virgin will have intact hymens and genital signs of virginity like thick, elastic labia majora that are closed. Loss of virginity can be used in legal cases as evidence of rape or reason for divorce. The hymen can be examined to determine if a female is a virgin or not based on signs of tearing or remaining intact. While sexual intercourse often causes tearing of the hymen, other factors can as well and not all women will show tearing, so hymen examination alone cannot prove virginity or loss thereof.
Impotancy and virginity pregnency
This document discusses various topics related to impotence, sterility, virginity, pregnancy, delivery, and legitimacy. It provides signs and symptoms for determining these conditions both in living and dead individuals. Some key points include:
1. Impotence refers to the inability to perform sexual acts or gratify a partner, while sterility is the inability to conceive or impregnate.
2. Signs of virginity include an intact hymen, narrow vagina, small breasts and genitals. Pregnancy can be determined through subjective symptoms like missed periods and objective findings like breast changes, skin pigmentation, and fetal movements.
3. Delivery is assessed by examining breasts, genitals, cerv
sexual-offences
This document defines and classifies various sexual offences under Indian law. It discusses natural offences like rape, adultery and incest. It also discusses unnatural offences per section 377 IPC, which criminalizes carnal intercourse against the order of nature. Further, it provides detailed definitions and explanations of rape, including the old and amended legal definitions. It also outlines the process for examining victims and suspects of sexual assault.
Sexual offences
The document discusses sexual offenses and rape laws in India. It classifies sexual offenses into natural offenses (rape, adultery, incest), unnatural offenses (sodomy, lesbianism, bestiality), sexual deviations (fetishism, transvestism, sadism, pedophilia), and sex-linked offenses (indecent assault, offenses under Immoral Traffic Act). It defines rape and lists its punishments. Rapes are further classified as statutory rape, marital rape, gang rape, date rape, stranger rape, and custodial rape. The roles and procedures of medical examination of a rape victim are also outlined.
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SEXUAL OFFENCES
This document provides an overview of sexual offences under Indian law. It defines sexual offences and classifies them as natural offences (including rape, incest, and adultery) or unnatural offences (such as sodomy). The document outlines the Indian Penal Code sections related to different types of rape and sexual assault and provides details on related crimes like disclosure of a rape victim's identity. It also discusses unnatural offences, including sodomy, buccal coitus, lesbianism, bestiality, and sexual perversions. The presentation aims to educate about sexual crimes and their classification under Indian law.
Impotence, sterility, artificial insemination
This document discusses various topics related to human sexuality, fertility, and assisted reproduction. It defines terms like impotence, sterility, and frigidity. It describes various medical causes of impotence and sterility in males and females. It discusses the medicolegal importance of these conditions with regards to marriage, divorce, and inheritance. The document also describes various techniques for assisted reproduction like artificial insemination, surrogacy, in vitro fertilization, and cloning.
Virginity and Defloration and its medicolegal aspects
1. The document discusses virginity, defloration, and their medicolegal importance. It describes the anatomy of the female reproductive system and signs of virginity such as an intact hymen.
2. Impotence in males is defined as the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. Causes can be congenital, inflammatory, endocrine, neoplastic, or psychiatric. Tests to evaluate male sterility are also outlined.
3. Female sterility and impotence have similar causes to males. Additional causes may include blockage of the fallopian tubes or vaginal atresia. Evaluation of female reproductive issues is also discussed.
Virginity, pregnancy and delivery
This document discusses signs of virginity, pregnancy, and delivery. It describes genital and extragenital signs of virginity like an intact hymen. It outlines presumptive, probable, and positive signs of pregnancy like amenorrhea and a positive pregnancy test. Signs of recent and remote delivery are also provided, such as lochia discharge and breast changes. Legal implications of examining virginity, pregnancy, and delivery are mentioned.
Virginity, sexual offenses and
Virginity is defined as never having had sexual intercourse. A virgin will have intact hymens and genital signs of virginity like thick, elastic labia majora that are closed. Loss of virginity can be used in legal cases as evidence of rape or reason for divorce. The hymen can be examined to determine if a female is a virgin or not based on signs of tearing or remaining intact. While sexual intercourse often causes tearing of the hymen, other factors can as well and not all women will show tearing, so hymen examination alone cannot prove virginity or loss thereof.
Impotancy and virginity pregnency
This document discusses various topics related to impotence, sterility, virginity, pregnancy, delivery, and legitimacy. It provides signs and symptoms for determining these conditions both in living and dead individuals. Some key points include:
1. Impotence refers to the inability to perform sexual acts or gratify a partner, while sterility is the inability to conceive or impregnate.
2. Signs of virginity include an intact hymen, narrow vagina, small breasts and genitals. Pregnancy can be determined through subjective symptoms like missed periods and objective findings like breast changes, skin pigmentation, and fetal movements.
3. Delivery is assessed by examining breasts, genitals, cerv
sexual-offences
This document defines and classifies various sexual offences under Indian law. It discusses natural offences like rape, adultery and incest. It also discusses unnatural offences per section 377 IPC, which criminalizes carnal intercourse against the order of nature. Further, it provides detailed definitions and explanations of rape, including the old and amended legal definitions. It also outlines the process for examining victims and suspects of sexual assault.
Sexual offences
The document discusses sexual offenses and rape laws in India. It classifies sexual offenses into natural offenses (rape, adultery, incest), unnatural offenses (sodomy, lesbianism, bestiality), sexual deviations (fetishism, transvestism, sadism, pedophilia), and sex-linked offenses (indecent assault, offenses under Immoral Traffic Act). It defines rape and lists its punishments. Rapes are further classified as statutory rape, marital rape, gang rape, date rape, stranger rape, and custodial rape. The roles and procedures of medical examination of a rape victim are also outlined.
Impotence and sterility
Impotence is the inability to perform sexual intercourse, while sterility is the inability to conceive children or beget children. Not all sterile individuals are impotent, and not all impotent individuals are sterile. Causes of male impotence include age, developmental defects, local diseases, general diseases, vascular issues, toxicity, drugs, and psychological factors. Examination of potency involves history, physical exam including genitals, and opinion on capability. Contraception and artificial insemination are options when impotence or sterility are present. Legal issues can arise regarding marriage, divorce, paternity, and donation.
EXHUMATION.ppt ("Revealing untold stories that time had to burry"))
Introduction
The word Exhumation comes from Latin words ex meaning "out of", and humus, meaning "ground". Thus the word literally means "out of ground".
Exhumation means the lawful disinterment or digging out a body from a grave, which has already been buried.Section 176(3) of CrPC.
Objectives:
For the purposes of identification (For unidentified dead bodies as well)
Re-Autopsy in the case of foul play.
(To identify what was the exact cause of death)
To determine the cause of death especially when the foul play is suspected for e.g. homicide, disputed case of death or poisoning.
Procedure:
District Magistrate /Sub-Divisional Magistrate /Executive Magistrate are empowered to order for the exhumation.
Carried out during early morning hours.
In India ,no time limit is fixed.
Body is exhumed under the supervision of a magistrate in the presence of a doctor. The presence of a police officer is required for providing witness to the identity the grave and the dead body as well as maintaining law and order.Autopsy may have to be done at the spot for which a tarpaulin screen may be erected around the grave or the body/skeleton may be shifted to a close-by mortuary.
It is advisable to be conversant with the nature of the geological layout of the cemetery and direction of any water drainage. If the grave is water-logged, samples of water should be collected.
Identification of Grave:
The identified grave should then be dug carefully to avoid damage to the coffin and its contents. Notes should be made about the condition of the soil, water content and nature of vegetation.
In suspected case of mineral poisoning about 500 gram of sample of earth in actual contact with coffin should be collected preserved in a dry clean glass bottle for chemical analysis.
Control samples at some distance from the coffin should be taken.
If interment has been recent then post mortem is carried in usual manner.
After the dirt has been removed from above and around the corpse, it needs to be photographed. A drawing of the grave and body or skeleton should be made noting all the details.
In case of bodies which has been underground for a sufficiently long time undergone putrefaction, an attempt should be made to determine:
1) Sex
2) Stature
3)Marks of Identification
Disinfectants should not be sprinkled on the body.
If decomposition is not advanced, a plank or a plastic sheet should be made to spread under the body and the body be gently shifted onto plank or sheet and then removed from the grave.
If skeletonization is advanced, then it may become necessary to dig down beside and beneath the body and the skeleton (including some soil from beneath and sides) be lifted on some plank or sheet and transported to a mortuary.The soil must be carefully screened for smaller objects like teeth, bullet(s), hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, etc. If necessary, X-ray examination of the body with surroundings should be undertaken before transporting the body.
Virginity, Pregnancy & Delivery [Forensic Approach}
This document summarizes the female reproductive organs, including both external and internal structures. Externally, it describes the vulva and its components such as the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibule. Internally, it outlines the vagina, uterus, and ovaries. It provides details on each structure's appearance, location, dimensions, and purpose within the reproductive system. The summary concludes by noting that the document categorizes and describes the key organs involved in human female reproduction.
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The document discusses various medicolegal aspects of pregnancy, delivery, abortion, and the laws surrounding them. It summarizes the key points of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, which legalized abortion in India, and the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, which banned sex-selective abortions. It outlines when abortions can be performed, who is authorized to perform them, and the various civil and criminal cases where aspects of pregnancy and delivery may play a role as evidence.
Sexual offences
This document summarizes the brutal gang rape and assault of a 23-year-old female physiotherapist intern that occurred in Delhi, India in December 2012. It describes how the victim and her male friend were beaten and attacked on a private bus by six men, including the bus driver. The victim was raped repeatedly and tortured with an iron rod, resulting in severe internal injuries. She succumbed to her injuries a few weeks later in Singapore. The crime sparked massive nationwide protests in India calling for improved security for women. The six perpetrators were arrested and tried in court. Though the victim died, she became a symbol of the fight for women's rights and safety in India.
Examination of a victim of rape
This document outlines procedures for examining a victim of rape. It details obtaining informed consent, examining the victim for signs of struggle or injury, collecting forensic evidence like clothing, swabs, and specimens, and analyzing this evidence for signs of sexual assault like sperm, blood, semen, or STDs. The victim's statement is also recorded in detail regarding the assault. Genital and anal areas are examined closely, as well as other body parts, for injuries. Collected evidence is sent for analysis and DNA profiling to identify the perpetrator. The timeframe that sperm can be detected in vaginal samples is also outlined.
Infanticide
This document discusses infanticide and the signs of live birth in infants. It defines different types of infant deaths such as stillbirth, dead birth, and live birth. It outlines signs that indicate a live birth occurred, including lung examination and changes to the stomach and ears. The causes of infant death are categorized as natural, unnatural-accidental, unnatural-criminal acts of commission or omission. A case study example of a suspicious infant death investigated by autopsy is also provided.
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This document defines different types of evidence used in courts, including documentary, oral, direct, indirect/circumstantial, and hearsay evidence. It provides examples of different types of documentary evidence such as medical certificates, medico-legal reports, and dying declarations. It also distinguishes between direct evidence, which is evidence of the actual fact in issue, and indirect/circumstantial evidence, which is evidence derived from surrounding circumstances. Hearsay is defined as any statement made by a person other than the witness in court to assert the facts in the statement are true.
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includes the recent guidelines & methodology for exaamination of rape victim in india. very helpful for medical students, practising doctos, esp Govt doctors.
Impotence and Sterility
This document defines various types of sexual dysfunction including impotence, sterility, infertility and defines their causes. It discusses the examination process for evaluating sexual dysfunction in males and females. It outlines numerous psychological, developmental, medical, injury and environmental factors that can cause impotence or sterility. The document also describes different sterilization methods and their classifications as well as some medicolegal aspects of sterilization.
Impotence, sterlity and virginity
1. The document discusses various topics related to impotence, sterility, and virginity including definitions, causes, tests, and treatments.
2. Key points include definitions of impotence in males and females, common causes of male and female impotence including psychological and organic factors, and tests for evaluating male impotency such as nocturnal penile tumescence testing.
3. Additional topics covered include vaginismus, sterility, artificial insemination, surrogacy, and signs of virginity versus defloration.
Asphyxial deaths
Asphyxia which means "Pulselessness" and is cause due to absence of oxygen amount in a body. The death cause by asphyxia is known as asphyxial deaths. They are Hanging, Strangulation, Suffocation and Drowning.
Abortion - Forensic
Abortion is the expulsion of the products of conception before viability at 28 weeks of pregnancy. There are different types of abortion including early, late, spontaneous, induced, therapeutic, threatened, inevitable, incomplete, and complete. Criminal abortion is the unlawful termination of a pregnancy, often done by widows seeking remarriage, unmarried girls, or married women avoiding additional children. Methods to induce criminal abortion include mechanical violence, abortifacient drugs, and instruments that can cause immediate complications like hemorrhage or perforation and delayed complications such as sepsis, tetanus, or sterility.
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Sexual Perversions for Forensic Medicine Students. MBBS, BAMS, BHMS, BUMS, LAW.
In this PPT definitions of various sexual perversions are given.
Superimposition
This document discusses two techniques used in forensic identification: skull superimposition and Identikit facial composites. Skull superimposition involves placing a post-mortem skull record over an antemortem photograph to compare anatomical landmarks for identification. It has evolved from photographic to video superimposition. Identikit uses a composite artist to create a graphical representation of a face described by an eyewitness that can then be used in a wanted poster or as evidence against a suspect. Both techniques aim to aid in forensic identification.
Asphyxial death
Dr. Hammad's document discusses asphyxial deaths and their classification. It covers various types of asphyxia including mechanical asphyxia caused by suffocation, hanging, and strangulation. Autopsy findings for each type are described, such as ligature marks and petechial hemorrhages. Causes of death include anoxic anoxia and reflex cardiac arrest. Homicidal, accidental, and suicidal cases are addressed. Drowning is also discussed, distinguishing between wet and dry types. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of classifications, mechanisms, autopsy findings, and medicolegal aspects of asphyxial deaths.
Forensic laboratory
The document provides an overview of a forensic laboratory, including its various departments and the analytical techniques used. It discusses the biology/DNA lab which examines blood, fluids, and tissues and performs DNA sequencing. The chemistry lab tests for drugs, poisons, and chemicals using techniques like GC/MS and HPLC. Other labs discussed include trace evidence, firearms, photography, and materials analysis. The document outlines the instruments used such as FTIR, GC/MS, LC/MS, microscopes, and describes some common analytical methods in forensic science.
Classification of sexual offences and definition of rape
The document defines and classifies different types of sexual offenses according to Indian law. It begins by defining a sexual offense as any non-consensual sexual act or one that violates legal norms, such as unnatural or non-procreative acts. Sexual offenses are then classified into natural offenses like rape and incest, unnatural offenses against the order of nature, and sexual perversions. Rape is defined specifically as penetration without consent and details circumstances considered rape.
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Impotence and sterility
Impotence is the inability to perform sexual intercourse, while sterility is the inability to conceive children or beget children. Not all sterile individuals are impotent, and not all impotent individuals are sterile. Causes of male impotence include age, developmental defects, local diseases, general diseases, vascular issues, toxicity, drugs, and psychological factors. Examination of potency involves history, physical exam including genitals, and opinion on capability. Contraception and artificial insemination are options when impotence or sterility are present. Legal issues can arise regarding marriage, divorce, paternity, and donation.
EXHUMATION.ppt ("Revealing untold stories that time had to burry"))
Introduction
The word Exhumation comes from Latin words ex meaning "out of", and humus, meaning "ground". Thus the word literally means "out of ground".
Exhumation means the lawful disinterment or digging out a body from a grave, which has already been buried.Section 176(3) of CrPC.
Objectives:
For the purposes of identification (For unidentified dead bodies as well)
Re-Autopsy in the case of foul play.
(To identify what was the exact cause of death)
To determine the cause of death especially when the foul play is suspected for e.g. homicide, disputed case of death or poisoning.
Procedure:
District Magistrate /Sub-Divisional Magistrate /Executive Magistrate are empowered to order for the exhumation.
Carried out during early morning hours.
In India ,no time limit is fixed.
Body is exhumed under the supervision of a magistrate in the presence of a doctor. The presence of a police officer is required for providing witness to the identity the grave and the dead body as well as maintaining law and order.Autopsy may have to be done at the spot for which a tarpaulin screen may be erected around the grave or the body/skeleton may be shifted to a close-by mortuary.
It is advisable to be conversant with the nature of the geological layout of the cemetery and direction of any water drainage. If the grave is water-logged, samples of water should be collected.
Identification of Grave:
The identified grave should then be dug carefully to avoid damage to the coffin and its contents. Notes should be made about the condition of the soil, water content and nature of vegetation.
In suspected case of mineral poisoning about 500 gram of sample of earth in actual contact with coffin should be collected preserved in a dry clean glass bottle for chemical analysis.
Control samples at some distance from the coffin should be taken.
If interment has been recent then post mortem is carried in usual manner.
After the dirt has been removed from above and around the corpse, it needs to be photographed. A drawing of the grave and body or skeleton should be made noting all the details.
In case of bodies which has been underground for a sufficiently long time undergone putrefaction, an attempt should be made to determine:
1) Sex
2) Stature
3)Marks of Identification
Disinfectants should not be sprinkled on the body.
If decomposition is not advanced, a plank or a plastic sheet should be made to spread under the body and the body be gently shifted onto plank or sheet and then removed from the grave.
If skeletonization is advanced, then it may become necessary to dig down beside and beneath the body and the skeleton (including some soil from beneath and sides) be lifted on some plank or sheet and transported to a mortuary.The soil must be carefully screened for smaller objects like teeth, bullet(s), hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, etc. If necessary, X-ray examination of the body with surroundings should be undertaken before transporting the body.
Virginity, Pregnancy & Delivery [Forensic Approach}
This document summarizes the female reproductive organs, including both external and internal structures. Externally, it describes the vulva and its components such as the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibule. Internally, it outlines the vagina, uterus, and ovaries. It provides details on each structure's appearance, location, dimensions, and purpose within the reproductive system. The summary concludes by noting that the document categorizes and describes the key organs involved in human female reproduction.
Pregnancy, Delivery, Abortion, infant death, marriage, divorce.
Pregnancy is defined as the implantation of a fertilized ovum in the uterine endometrium, which ultimately results in the development of a fetus. There are various signs and symptoms of pregnancy that appear at different stages, from presumptive signs in early pregnancy to certain signs like fetal movement and heartbeat that are detected later in pregnancy. Delivery is the spontaneous expulsion of the fetus and placenta from the uterus at full term. There are both immediate and long-term signs that can be observed on physical examination to determine if a woman has recently delivered or delivered in the past. Pregnancy and delivery have important medical and legal implications.
Medicolegal aspects of Pregnancy, Delivery and Abortion
The document discusses various medicolegal aspects of pregnancy, delivery, abortion, and the laws surrounding them. It summarizes the key points of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, which legalized abortion in India, and the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, which banned sex-selective abortions. It outlines when abortions can be performed, who is authorized to perform them, and the various civil and criminal cases where aspects of pregnancy and delivery may play a role as evidence.
Sexual offences
This document summarizes the brutal gang rape and assault of a 23-year-old female physiotherapist intern that occurred in Delhi, India in December 2012. It describes how the victim and her male friend were beaten and attacked on a private bus by six men, including the bus driver. The victim was raped repeatedly and tortured with an iron rod, resulting in severe internal injuries. She succumbed to her injuries a few weeks later in Singapore. The crime sparked massive nationwide protests in India calling for improved security for women. The six perpetrators were arrested and tried in court. Though the victim died, she became a symbol of the fight for women's rights and safety in India.
Examination of a victim of rape
This document outlines procedures for examining a victim of rape. It details obtaining informed consent, examining the victim for signs of struggle or injury, collecting forensic evidence like clothing, swabs, and specimens, and analyzing this evidence for signs of sexual assault like sperm, blood, semen, or STDs. The victim's statement is also recorded in detail regarding the assault. Genital and anal areas are examined closely, as well as other body parts, for injuries. Collected evidence is sent for analysis and DNA profiling to identify the perpetrator. The timeframe that sperm can be detected in vaginal samples is also outlined.
Infanticide
This document discusses infanticide and the signs of live birth in infants. It defines different types of infant deaths such as stillbirth, dead birth, and live birth. It outlines signs that indicate a live birth occurred, including lung examination and changes to the stomach and ears. The causes of infant death are categorized as natural, unnatural-accidental, unnatural-criminal acts of commission or omission. A case study example of a suspicious infant death investigated by autopsy is also provided.
Medical evidence - By Priyadharshini
This document defines different types of evidence used in courts, including documentary, oral, direct, indirect/circumstantial, and hearsay evidence. It provides examples of different types of documentary evidence such as medical certificates, medico-legal reports, and dying declarations. It also distinguishes between direct evidence, which is evidence of the actual fact in issue, and indirect/circumstantial evidence, which is evidence derived from surrounding circumstances. Hearsay is defined as any statement made by a person other than the witness in court to assert the facts in the statement are true.
Examination of rape victim
includes the recent guidelines & methodology for exaamination of rape victim in india. very helpful for medical students, practising doctos, esp Govt doctors.
Impotence and Sterility
This document defines various types of sexual dysfunction including impotence, sterility, infertility and defines their causes. It discusses the examination process for evaluating sexual dysfunction in males and females. It outlines numerous psychological, developmental, medical, injury and environmental factors that can cause impotence or sterility. The document also describes different sterilization methods and their classifications as well as some medicolegal aspects of sterilization.
Impotence, sterlity and virginity
1. The document discusses various topics related to impotence, sterility, and virginity including definitions, causes, tests, and treatments.
2. Key points include definitions of impotence in males and females, common causes of male and female impotence including psychological and organic factors, and tests for evaluating male impotency such as nocturnal penile tumescence testing.
3. Additional topics covered include vaginismus, sterility, artificial insemination, surrogacy, and signs of virginity versus defloration.
Asphyxial deaths
Asphyxia which means "Pulselessness" and is cause due to absence of oxygen amount in a body. The death cause by asphyxia is known as asphyxial deaths. They are Hanging, Strangulation, Suffocation and Drowning.
Abortion - Forensic
Abortion is the expulsion of the products of conception before viability at 28 weeks of pregnancy. There are different types of abortion including early, late, spontaneous, induced, therapeutic, threatened, inevitable, incomplete, and complete. Criminal abortion is the unlawful termination of a pregnancy, often done by widows seeking remarriage, unmarried girls, or married women avoiding additional children. Methods to induce criminal abortion include mechanical violence, abortifacient drugs, and instruments that can cause immediate complications like hemorrhage or perforation and delayed complications such as sepsis, tetanus, or sterility.
Sexual perversions
Sexual Perversions for Forensic Medicine Students. MBBS, BAMS, BHMS, BUMS, LAW.
In this PPT definitions of various sexual perversions are given.
Superimposition
This document discusses two techniques used in forensic identification: skull superimposition and Identikit facial composites. Skull superimposition involves placing a post-mortem skull record over an antemortem photograph to compare anatomical landmarks for identification. It has evolved from photographic to video superimposition. Identikit uses a composite artist to create a graphical representation of a face described by an eyewitness that can then be used in a wanted poster or as evidence against a suspect. Both techniques aim to aid in forensic identification.
Asphyxial death
Dr. Hammad's document discusses asphyxial deaths and their classification. It covers various types of asphyxia including mechanical asphyxia caused by suffocation, hanging, and strangulation. Autopsy findings for each type are described, such as ligature marks and petechial hemorrhages. Causes of death include anoxic anoxia and reflex cardiac arrest. Homicidal, accidental, and suicidal cases are addressed. Drowning is also discussed, distinguishing between wet and dry types. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of classifications, mechanisms, autopsy findings, and medicolegal aspects of asphyxial deaths.
Forensic laboratory
The document provides an overview of a forensic laboratory, including its various departments and the analytical techniques used. It discusses the biology/DNA lab which examines blood, fluids, and tissues and performs DNA sequencing. The chemistry lab tests for drugs, poisons, and chemicals using techniques like GC/MS and HPLC. Other labs discussed include trace evidence, firearms, photography, and materials analysis. The document outlines the instruments used such as FTIR, GC/MS, LC/MS, microscopes, and describes some common analytical methods in forensic science.
Classification of sexual offences and definition of rape
The document defines and classifies different types of sexual offenses according to Indian law. It begins by defining a sexual offense as any non-consensual sexual act or one that violates legal norms, such as unnatural or non-procreative acts. Sexual offenses are then classified into natural offenses like rape and incest, unnatural offenses against the order of nature, and sexual perversions. Rape is defined specifically as penetration without consent and details circumstances considered rape.
Duties of medical practitioner
The document outlines 14 duties of medical practitioners according to law. These duties include exercising proper skill and knowledge, attending to patients, providing suitable medicines and instructions, informing patients of risks and obtaining consent for operations, maintaining patient confidentiality, reporting infectious diseases, and taking special care for children and vulnerable groups. Practitioners must prevent unreasonable risk of injury to patients and comply with international conventions in times of war or disasters.
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EXHUMATION.ppt ("Revealing untold stories that time had to burry"))
EXHUMATION.ppt ("Revealing untold stories that time had to burry"))
Virginity, Pregnancy & Delivery [Forensic Approach}
Virginity, Pregnancy & Delivery [Forensic Approach}
Pregnancy, Delivery, Abortion, infant death, marriage, divorce.
Pregnancy, Delivery, Abortion, infant death, marriage, divorce.
Medicolegal aspects of Pregnancy, Delivery and Abortion
Medicolegal aspects of Pregnancy, Delivery and Abortion
Classification of sexual offences and definition of rape
Classification of sexual offences and definition of rape
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Hyperkalemia
This document discusses hyperkalemia, defined as a plasma potassium level above 5.5 mM. Causes include a shift of potassium from cells to plasma due to factors like acidosis, medications, or tissue breakdown. Symptoms range from cardiac arrhythmias to paralysis. Diagnosis involves blood tests. Treatment involves calcium to stabilize the heart, insulin or beta-agonists to shift potassium into cells, and resins, diuretics or dialysis to remove potassium from the body. The document provides details on treatment options, their mechanisms of action, dosages and cautions.
Shock
This document defines and describes various types of shock, including their causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment. It discusses hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, and neurogenic shock. Hypovolemic shock results from loss of circulating blood volume from hemorrhage or fluid losses. Cardiogenic shock is caused by severe cardiac dysfunction. Septic shock involves systemic inflammation and hypotension due to infection. Neurogenic shock occurs when there is reduced sympathetic tone affecting blood vessels and the heart. The document provides details on the mechanisms, signs, and goals of treatment for each type of shock.
Septicemia
1. Septicemia, also known as blood poisoning, occurs when large amounts of bacteria enter the bloodstream, potentially leading to septic shock. It is commonly caused by pneumonia or infections associated with medical interventions.
2. Symptoms of sepsis include fever, fast heart rate, fast or difficult breathing, pale or sweaty skin, and changes in mental status. Septic shock occurs when sepsis leads to dangerously low blood pressure and organ dysfunction.
3. Diagnosis involves identifying an infection and signs of organ dysfunction. Laboratory tests show abnormalities in white blood cell count, platelet count, lactate levels, and organ functioning. Empiric antibiotic therapy is started based on suspected infection site before culture results.
Abortion, ectopic pregnancy and gestational trophoblastic diseases
This document discusses abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and gestational trophoblastic diseases. It defines abortion and describes different types including spontaneous, induced, threatened, inevitable, complete, incomplete, and missed. Common causes of miscarriage in the first and second trimester are outlined. Symptoms, management, and complications of threatened, inevitable, incomplete, missed, and septic abortions are summarized. The document also discusses ectopic pregnancy, describing the sites of implantation including tubal, ovarian, abdominal, and uterine. Symptoms and management of acute, unruptured, and chronic ectopic pregnancies are provided.
Transport across cell membrane
This document discusses various types of cell membrane transport. It describes passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis that move molecules from high to low concentration without ATP. Diffusion can occur through simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion using transport proteins. Osmosis is diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane. Active transport uses ATP and transports molecules against their concentration gradient using pumps, phagocytosis, or endocytosis and exocytosis. Various factors like concentration gradients and molecule properties affect the rate of transport. Membrane transport proteins include aquaporins, ion channels, and solute carriers.
General pharmacology
Pharmacology is the science of drugs and their interaction with living systems. It has two main divisions: pharmacokinetics, which describes what the body does to drugs, and pharmacodynamics, which describes what drugs do to the body. Key concepts in pharmacology include affinity, intrinsic activity, agonists, and antagonists. Pharmacology underlies the use of drugs in disease prevention and treatment.
Route of drug administration
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including oral, sublingual, rectal, parenteral, and others. The oral route is the most common as it is convenient, cheap, and painless. However, some drugs are destroyed by gastric juices or have extensive first pass metabolism. Alternative routes like sublingual can provide rapid absorption while avoiding first pass effects. Parenteral routes like intravenous provide the fastest onset but require more expertise to administer. The route chosen depends on drug properties and patient factors.
Drug nomenclatue
This document discusses drug nomenclature and the different names used to identify drugs. It explains that drugs have three main names: the chemical name, non-proprietary name, and proprietary name. The chemical name identifies the precise molecular structure and is used by chemists. The non-proprietary name is a short, concise name given by bodies like the USAN and is used more broadly. Proprietary names are given by pharmaceutical companies to brand their versions of drugs. Examples provided are paracetamol, which has the chemical name N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide and proprietary brand names like Calpol, and aspirin, with the chemical name acetyl salicylic acid and brand name Dispirin
Pigments
This document defines endogenous and exogenous pigments. Endogenous pigments are either normal constituents of cells or accumulate under special circumstances, such as melanin, ochronosis, and haemoprotein-derived pigments like haemosiderin, bilirubin, and porphyrins. Exogenous pigments come from outside the body through inhalation, ingestion, or injection. Inhaled pigments can cause occupational lung diseases, ingested pigments can lead to argyria or lead poisoning, and injected pigments like tattoo ink remain permanently in the dermis.
Pathologic Calcification
Pathological calcification involves the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissues other than bone. There are two main types: dystrophic calcification occurs in dead or damaged tissue with normal calcium levels, while metastatic calcification affects normal tissues and results from disorders that increase calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia). Dystrophic calcification is seen in areas of necrosis, atherosclerotic plaques, and infarcts. Metastatic calcification commonly involves the kidneys, lungs, blood vessels, and stomach, and is caused by hyperparathyroidism, bone destruction, or excessive vitamin D intake.
Sulphuric acid poisoning
Sulfuric acid poisoning causes painful burning in the throat, vomiting, constipation, and suppressed urination. Signs include chalky white teeth, erosion of skin and mucous membranes around the mouth, and blackening of areas exposed to the acid. A fatal dose is 5-10 ml, with death occurring within 12-18 hours by shock, stomach perforation, or peritonitis. Treatment involves dilution of the acid with milk or water followed by antacids and corticosteroids. Post-mortem findings include erosion of skin around the mouth, corrosion of the trachea and larynx, and blackened charring of the stomach. Sulfuric acid poisoning can be accidental, suicidal, or
Semecarpus anacardium
The document summarizes information about the Bhilawan nut (Semecarpus anacardium). It describes the tree as a moderate sized deciduous tree native to India. The nuts are approximately 1 inch long, black when ripe, and contain a bitter irritant juice. Contact with the juice can cause artificial bruises, blisters, ulcers, and skin irritation or sloughing. Ingestion of the nuts may lead to severe gastrointestinal, respiratory, circulatory and central nervous system effects, and can potentially be fatal in doses of 5-10 grams within 12-24 hours. Treatment involves gastric lavage and washing exposed skin with antiseptic water. The nuts have been used criminally to induce abort
Metal toxicity and arsenic poisoning
This document discusses metal toxicity and provides information about three heavy metals - arsenic, lead, and mercury. It notes that arsenic, lead, and mercury are numbers 1, 2, and 3, respectively, on the ATSDR's "Top 20 List" of hazardous substances. For each metal, it outlines common sources of exposure, symptoms of poisoning, and other key facts. The document emphasizes that heavy metals can accumulate in the body over time and cause both acute and chronic toxicity. It also stresses the importance of preventing environmental pollution to avoid health issues.
Irreversible cell i njury
This document discusses irreversible cell injury and the different types of cell death. It begins by introducing the concept that all organ injuries start with alterations at the cellular level. There are two main classes of cell injury - irreversible cell injury, which leads to cell death through necrosis or apoptosis, and reversible cell injury, where cells can survive if the stressor is removed and damage is mild. The two main causes of irreversible injury are an inability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction and profound disturbances in cell membrane function. Necrosis and apoptosis are then described in more detail, including their morphological changes, types, and differences between the two forms of cell death.
Dhatura
Dhatura is a poisonous plant belonging to the Solanaceae family. All parts of the plant, including the fruit, flowers, and seeds, contain toxic belladonna alkaloids like hyoscine, hyoscyamine, and atropine. Ingesting the seeds or plant parts can cause anticholinergic effects like a dry mouth, blurred vision, delirium, and respiratory depression. The fatal dose is 75-125 seeds, which can cause death within 24 hours due to respiratory failure. Treatment involves gastric lavage, activated charcoal, physostigmine as an antidote, and supportive care. Forensically, Dhatura poisoning may be identified by the presence of undig
Brainstem death
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Vitamins
This document discusses vitamins, specifically thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin. It describes their chemical structures, functions as coenzymes, dietary sources, requirements, and deficiency diseases. Thiamine deficiency causes beriberi, while riboflavin deficiency causes angular stomatitis and glossitis. Niacin deficiency results in pellagra characterized by stomatitis, glossitis, diarrhea, and dermatitis. All three are water-soluble vitamins that must be obtained daily through diet as they are not stored in the body.
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impotence and sterlity
- 8. Sterilisation It is the process to cause a person sterile without affecting his/her potency or sexual functions.
- 9. • Compulsory • Sterilisation is compulsory by order of State, carried out on mentally defective person or as punishment to sexual criminals. • Voluntary : It is carried on married person with consent of both husband and wife. • Therapeutic • Eugenic • Contraceptive