Abstract The data can get lost, reordered or duplicated due to the presence of routers and buffer space over the unreliable channel in the conventional networks. The data link layer deals with frame formation, flow control, error control, and addressing and link management. All such functions will be performed only by data link protocols. The sliding window protocol will detect and correct error if the received data have enough redundant bits or repeat a retransmission of data. The paper shows the working of this duplex protocol of data link network. Keywords: ACK, GOBACK, ARQ, NACK.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This presentation gives you the basic understanding about the simplex stop and wait protocol. It contains stop and wait ARQ and algorithms for stop and wait ARQ, and simplex stop and wait ARQ. Moreover it contains the case studies to make readers understand the protocol easily.
Performance evaluation of tcp sack1 in wimax network asymmetryeSAT Journals
Abstract The WiMAX technology support to different channel bandwidth, cyclic prefix, modulation coding scheme, frame duration, simultaneous two way data transfer and propagation model. The WiMAX network asymmetry is largely depends on DL: UL ratio. This paper evaluate the performance of TCP Sack1 by considering Channel Bandwidth, Cyclic Prefix, Modulation Coding Scheme, Frame Duration, Two way transfer and Propagation model in WiMAX network with network asymmetry. The performance of TCP Sack1 in WiMAX network is evaluating by varying MAC layer parameter such as channel bandwidth, cyclic prefix, modulation coding scheme, frame duration, DL: UL ratio and physical layer parameter such as propagation model and full duplex mode of data transfer and other operating parameter such as downloading traffic and these parameters really affect the performance of TCP Sack1 in WiMAX network. The performance of WiMAX network is measured in terms of throughput, goodput and number of packets dropped. Keywords: World Wide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), Subscriber Stations (SSs), Downlink (DL), Uplink (UL), Medium access control (MAC), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), OFDM, IEEE 802.16, Throughput, Goodput and Packets drop
Performance analysis of al fec raptor code over 3 gpp embms networkeSAT Journals
Abstract Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the current standard for mobile networks based on Third Generation Partnership Project. LTE includes enhanced multimedia broadcast and multicast services (MBMS), also called as Evolved multimedia broadcast and multicast services (eMBMS) where the same content is transmitted to multiple users in one specific area. eMBMS is a new function defined in 3GPP Release 8 specification that supports the delivery of content and streaming to group users into LTE mobile networks. In LTE an important point of demanding multimedia services is to improve the robustness against packet losses. In this direction, in order to support effective point-to-multipoint download and streaming delivery, 3GPP has included an Application Layer Forward Error Correction (AL-FEC) scheme in the standard eMBMS. The standard AL-FEC system is based on systematic, fountain Raptor codes. Raptor coding is very useful in case of packet loss during transmission as it recover all data back from insufficient data at receiver terminal .In our work, in response to the emergence of an enhanced AL-FEC scheme, a raptor code has been implemented and performance is evaluated and the simulation results are obtained. Index Terms: long term evolution; multimedia broadcast multicast services; forward error correction; raptor codes
This presentation gives you the basic understanding about the simplex stop and wait protocol. It contains stop and wait ARQ and algorithms for stop and wait ARQ, and simplex stop and wait ARQ. Moreover it contains the case studies to make readers understand the protocol easily.
Performance evaluation of tcp sack1 in wimax network asymmetryeSAT Journals
Abstract The WiMAX technology support to different channel bandwidth, cyclic prefix, modulation coding scheme, frame duration, simultaneous two way data transfer and propagation model. The WiMAX network asymmetry is largely depends on DL: UL ratio. This paper evaluate the performance of TCP Sack1 by considering Channel Bandwidth, Cyclic Prefix, Modulation Coding Scheme, Frame Duration, Two way transfer and Propagation model in WiMAX network with network asymmetry. The performance of TCP Sack1 in WiMAX network is evaluating by varying MAC layer parameter such as channel bandwidth, cyclic prefix, modulation coding scheme, frame duration, DL: UL ratio and physical layer parameter such as propagation model and full duplex mode of data transfer and other operating parameter such as downloading traffic and these parameters really affect the performance of TCP Sack1 in WiMAX network. The performance of WiMAX network is measured in terms of throughput, goodput and number of packets dropped. Keywords: World Wide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), Subscriber Stations (SSs), Downlink (DL), Uplink (UL), Medium access control (MAC), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), OFDM, IEEE 802.16, Throughput, Goodput and Packets drop
Performance analysis of al fec raptor code over 3 gpp embms networkeSAT Journals
Abstract Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the current standard for mobile networks based on Third Generation Partnership Project. LTE includes enhanced multimedia broadcast and multicast services (MBMS), also called as Evolved multimedia broadcast and multicast services (eMBMS) where the same content is transmitted to multiple users in one specific area. eMBMS is a new function defined in 3GPP Release 8 specification that supports the delivery of content and streaming to group users into LTE mobile networks. In LTE an important point of demanding multimedia services is to improve the robustness against packet losses. In this direction, in order to support effective point-to-multipoint download and streaming delivery, 3GPP has included an Application Layer Forward Error Correction (AL-FEC) scheme in the standard eMBMS. The standard AL-FEC system is based on systematic, fountain Raptor codes. Raptor coding is very useful in case of packet loss during transmission as it recover all data back from insufficient data at receiver terminal .In our work, in response to the emergence of an enhanced AL-FEC scheme, a raptor code has been implemented and performance is evaluated and the simulation results are obtained. Index Terms: long term evolution; multimedia broadcast multicast services; forward error correction; raptor codes
Performance analysis of al fec raptor code over 3 gpp embms networkeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) protocols provide a widely recognized avenue for guaranteeing reliable transmission of data. The protocols are used in error control system to ensure the reliability of the transferred data. There are three types of these protocols, namely Stop and wait (SW), Go-Back-N (GBN), and Selective Repeat (SR). This paper takes a look at how theywork their advantages and disadvantages. It also takes a look at a recent ARQ protocol which attracts significant research of recent due to emergence of high speed data packet access; it is Hybrid ARQ (HARQ).
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An efficient ant optimized multipath routing in wireless sensor networkEditor Jacotech
Today, the Wireless Sensor Network is increasingly gaining popularity and importance. It is the more interesting and stimulating area of research. Now, the WSN is applied in object tracking and environmental monitoring applications. This paper presents the self-optimized model of multipath routing algorithm for WSN which considers definite parameters like delay, throughput level and loss and generates the outcomes that maximizes data throughput rate and minimizes delay and loss. This algorithm is based on ANT optimization technique that will bring out an optimal and organized route for WSN and is also to avoid congestion in WSN, the algorithm incorporate multipath capability..
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
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Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
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Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 505
IMPORTANCE OF SLIDING WINDOW PROTOCOL
Balwinder Kaur1
, Mandeep Kaur2
, Pooja Mudgil3
, Harjeet Singh4
1, 2
Assistant Professor, Computer Science Department, CT Institute of Technology, Punjab, India,
engineer.balwinder@yahoo.in, mandeepquiet@gmail.com
3
Assistant Professor, Computer Science Department, Bhagwan Parshuram Institute of Technology, Delhi, India,
engineer.pooja90@gmail.com
4
Assistant Professor, Computer Science Department, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
harjit1985@googlemail.com
Abstract
The data can get lost, reordered or duplicated due to the presence of routers and buffer space over the unreliable channel in the
conventional networks. The data link layer deals with frame formation, flow control, error control, and addressing and link
management. All such functions will be performed only by data link protocols. The sliding window protocol will detect and correct
error if the received data have enough redundant bits or repeat a retransmission of data. The paper shows the working of this duplex
protocol of data link network.
Keywords: ACK, GOBACK, ARQ, NACK.
---------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The physical layer deal with transmission signal over different
media Data link layer deals with frame formation and flow
control, error control over unreliable channels of conventional
channel various data limitations cause efficiency decrease.
Generally there are two approaches to control such errors:
a) Forward Error Correction (FEC)
In this the sender adds redundant data to its message known as
error-correcting code. This enables the receiver to detect and
correct error without repeating additional data from the sender.
In this, the back channel is not required and retransmission of
data can often be avoided, so it is used where retransmission is
either costly or impossible. The FEC systems are designed for
simplex channels.
(b) Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)
It uses the high rate error-detecting code together with some
retransmission protocol. When the error is detected by receiver
it generates negative feedback and gives positive feedback for
the no error. So this scheme requires a feedback channel.
Similarly the flow control will control, the rate of frame
transmission to a value, which can be handled by the receiver.
It requires some kind of feedback mechanism. The two basic
techniques to achieve flow control accesses data
communication links are
a. Stop and wait
b. Sidling window
So In the present paper we will discuss the error correction
and flow control function in relation to sliding window. The
remaining paper is organized with next section of sliding
window overview, significance of senders and receivers
windows. A bit sliding window protocol (stop and wait
ARQ),a protocol using Go Back n ,Selective repeat ARQ,
Piggybacking and throughout efficiency.
2. SLIDING WINDOW PROTOCOLS
This shows a different performance in terms of their
efficiency, complexity and buffer requirement. Sliding
window protocol assumes full duplex communication. It uses
two types of frames, first data and second acknowledgment.
One of important features of all the sliding windows protocol
is that each outbound frame contains a sequence number,
ranging from 0 to 2n
-1, where the value of n can be arbitrary.
Sliding window refers to imaginary boxes at the transmitter
and receiver. This window provides the upper limit on the
number of frames that can be transmitted before
acknowledgment requirement. Window holds the number of
frame to provide above mention limit. The frames which are
being transmitted to send are falling in sending window
similarly frames to be accepted are store in the receiving
window.
This sliding window protocol is widely used in
communication. Protocol such as TCP,HDLC and SPX .The
poor quality communication channels where the data probably
will get duplicated, last or reorder, can provide efficient data
transfer with high complexity. This protocol is establishing
protocol in ISO-051 Protocol stack.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 506
2.1 Significance of Sender's and Receiver's Windows:
Both the senders and receivers windows are needed not to be
of same size. The input sequence obtained from sending host
are required to be transmitted via an unreliable network, they
must be delivered on the receiving host on the same order in
which they appear in the input sequence. So that the
correctness condition for sliding window protocol is satisfied.
Fig.1 Sliding Windows
The sequence no. within the sender’s window gives the
number of frame sent but not yet acknowledge. The frames in
the sender’s window are stored so that they can be possibly
retransmitted in the case of damage while travelling to
receiver.
The receiver window represents not the number of frame
receive but the no. of frame that may still be received before
an ACK is sent. Because sliding window of receiver strings
from left when frame of data are received and expand to right
when ACK is sent. The receiver window contains (n-1) spaces
for frame.
2.2 A One Bit Sliding Window Protocol (Stop and
Wait ARQ):
In this case n=1 and uses stop and wait technique. Sender
waits for ACK after each frame transmission. The operation of
this protocol is based on the ARQ(automatic repeat request)
principle, which hold the next frame will be transmitted when
positive ACK is received and when negative ACK is received,
it retransmit the same frame.
Stop and wait ARQ becomes inefficient when the propagation
delay is much greater than the time tool retransmit for
example let us assume that frame of 800 bits is transmitted
over channel with speed 1mbps and let time for transmission if
from end ACK is 30 ms. The number of bits that can be
transmitted over this channel is 30,000 bits.
But in stop and wait ARQ only 800 bits can be transmitted as
it waits for ACK. The product of bit rate and delay is called
delay bandwidth product. It helps in measuring last
opportunity in transmitted bits.
2.3 A Protocol Using Go Back n:
The sender in this case does not waits for the ACK signal for
transmission of next frame. The sender continuously transmits
the frame so that the channel should be kept busy rather that
wasting time in waiting for it ACK. Because in stop and
protocol system does not transmit anything while it is waiting
So channel remain idle for considerable time period But in this
case the system does depends on only NACK(negative
feedback). It symbolizes error in a particular frame. But as
NACK signal will take same time to reach sender, the sender
will continue to transmit. On the reception of the NACK
signal, the transmitter will retransmit all the frames 3 onwards.
The receivers discard all the frames it has received after 3.
Example: suppose the frame is being transmitted end at frame
bit 3 error occurs and NACK is transmitted at the receiver. But
this takes some time to reach the transmitter. By the time upto
frame 7 has all ways been transmitted.
If the transmitter frame is lost or acknowledgement is lost then
only error occurs. In case of damaged or lost frames the
receiver transmits NACK to transmitter and the transmitter
retransmits all the frames sent since the last frame
acknowledged. The disadvantage of go back ARQ protocol is
that its efficiency decreases in noisy channel as it does not
wait for ACK after every frame transmitted.
3. PIGGY BACKING
MOST of the real time systems the data transmission needs to
be bi-directional which is popularly called as full duplex
system. Now this two way transmission can be achieved in
two ways:
a) The method in which two separate channels are involved
for both forward and reversed transfer. But in this case
acknowledgement are involved which waste the bandwidth of
the reverse entirely. This whole system is the basis of the
sliding window protocol.
b) But there is a better solution to achieve full duplexing with
same capacity channels for both ways (forward and reversed)
transmission. In this technique, suppose two A and B users
transmits data frame then data frames from A and B is
intermixed with ACK and from B to A. when the receivers
receives the data frame it does not transfer ACK signal
immediately but wait until the network layer of receiver
moves to next data packet then ACK is attached to this
outgoing data packet to be transmitted to A. this technique in
which the acknowledgement is delayed temporarily is called
piggy backing. Though it provides additional complexity but
involves better use of channel bandwidth. The only thing we
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 10 | Oct-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 507
have to consider is that data link layer may take too long to
transmit.
3.1 Improvement of the Throughput Efficiency:
If the delays remain unchanged the throughput efficiency will
decrease. So to compensate this it will be necessary to use
longer blocks for higher data rates. But it must be kept in mind
that the longer blocks will have a greater probability of error.
So the optimum block length is must for any particular system
so throughput efficiency depends upon the type of system
used.
The half duplex system have poor efficiency which can be
increased by adapting the continuous mode of transmission
instead of block by block transmission. This system will avoid
dead time but needs more storage or buffering.
4. SIMPLE PROCEDURE OF SLIDING WINDOW
COMMUNICATION:
In the beginning the sending window and the
receiving window are empty.
Sender start sending data frames and receiver waits
for frames from network.
Whenever sender gets new packet from network layer
the next higher sequence number according to
sending window is given and the upper edge is
advanced by one.
After transmitting one frame and starting the timer,
the sender will transmit next data until sending
window is filled.
in mean time sender wait for ACK.
If active ACK is received then sender
fetches next packet and overwrite the
previous packet on buffer.
If damaged ACK or timer goes off then
duplicate should be sent.
When a valid frame arrives, its sequence number is
checked to see if it is the next one. If it the next one
then it is accepted and passed to network layer and
ACK will be generated.
But if it does not happen so then it will be discarded
and is not passed to network layer.
CONCLUSIONS
In the above paper the brief discussion of the sliding window
protocols and associated systems is given. We can develop a
general overview easily from the research paper which
together has information poured from various sources and
persons. We can analyze the advantage and disadvantage of
various data link protocols included in the sliding window
protocol. We can easily build up concise that computer
network will be useless without sliding window protocol
because without it , network transmit data over channels that
often lose, duplicate or reorder messages.
REFERENCES
[1]. A.S. Tanenbaum. Computer Networks Prentice-Hall
International, Inc., 1996.
[2]. Analysis of sliding window protocol for connected node
volume-2, Issue-5, November 2012
[3].N.V. Stenning. A data transfer protocol. Computer
Networks, 1(2):99–110, 1976. Eric Madelaine and Didier
Vergamini. Specification and Verification of a Sliding
Window Protocol in LOTOS FORTE '91, Sydney, Australia, ,
pages 495-510 November 1991
[4]. Mark A. Smith and Nils Klarlund. Verification of a
Sliding Window Protocol Using IOA and MONA
FORTE/PSTV 2000, Pisa, Italy, pages 19-34, October 2000.