The Earth's climate has varied vastly in the history. Climate change is the change that can be attributed directly or laterally to mortal exertion that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over similar time ages. The climate sensitivity of agriculture is uncertain, as there is regional variation in rainfall, temperature, crops and cropping systems, soils and management practices. Increase in water and air pollution causing migration of birds and animals as well as decrease in drinking water availability. So, Changes occurred in flowering and fruiting time of crops causing scarcity of fodder in area was affected most impact on Climate Change. The crop losses may increase if the predicted climate change increases the climate variability. Climate change will have its impact on the particulars like Vulnerability to Extreme Events, Impacts on Coastal Areas, Impacts on Biodiversity, Impacts on Pest, Impact of Climate Change on Disease and Crop Loss. The intermittent famines hang seriously the livelihood of billions of people who depend on land for utmost of their requirements. Among the greenhouse effects, CO2 is the predominant gas leading to global warming as it traps long surge radiation and emits it back to the earth surface. The global warming is nothing but heating of surface atmosphere due to emission of greenhouse gases, thereby increasing global atmospheric temperature over a long period of time. There is strong evidence of increase in average global air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising of average global sea levels. The policies and the mission should ensure the Sustainability of the agricultural development. The need of the hour is strengthening the agricultural policies and programme to address the issues related to impact of climate change. Keyword: Climate change, Global warming, Impact in Agriculture.

1. IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTORS
PRESENTATION BY
GOWRI SHANKAR S

2. INTRODUCTION
• Climate change and agriculture are interconnected with global level process. Even a minute change in
climate affects the agriculture and adversely making it declining the production rate.
• Climate change affects through global warming and increases the average atmospheric conditions and it
make a effect on temperature, which has become a mega trend changing the global future in a significant
manner.
• A Warming climate and decreasing soil moisture can also result in increasing need for irrigation.
• With the virtually certain likelihood of warmer and more frequent hot days and nights, there are
projected to be increased insect outbreaks, impacting agriculture, forestry and ecosystem. (IPCC)

3. • ‘Climate change’ is a defining menace at present. A lot of significant long-term changes are happening
in the global climatic system which can be noted all over the world.
• The solar radiation (enormous amount of heat energy) striking on the earth’s surface is being trapped
by Green Houses gases like Carbon dioxide (Co2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O),
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) etc.
• Among the greenhouse gases, Co2 is the predominant gas leading to global warming because it traps
long wave radiation and emits it back to the earth surface. The global warming results in heating of
surface atmosphere due to emission of greenhouse gases, thereby increasing global atmospheric
temperature over a long time.

4. CLIMATE CHANGE - DEFINITION
• Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may
be natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle. But since the 1800s, human activities
have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil
and gas.
• Burning fossil fuels generates greenhouse gas emissions that act like a blanket wrapped around
the Earth, trapping the sun’s heat and raising temperatures.
• Examples of greenhouse gas emissions that are causing climate change include carbon dioxide and
methane. These come from using gasoline for driving a car or coal for heating a building.
• Clearing land and forests can also release carbon dioxide.
• Landfills for garbage are a major source of methane emissions. Energy, industry, transport,
buildings, agriculture and land use are among the main emitters.

6. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE
• Agriculture is very much sensitive to short-term changes in weather and to seasonal, annual and long-
term variations in climate.
• Parameters like soil, seed, and diseases, fertilizers and agronomic practices exert significant influence
on crop yield.
• The burgeoning population, along with human- induced climate change and environmental problems is
increasingly proving a be a limiting factor for enhancing farm productivity and ensuring food security
for the rural poor.
• Acute water shortage conditions, combined with thermal stress, could adversely affect crops like wheat
and paddy.

7. • The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) examined the vulnerability of agricultural
production to climate change, with the objectives of determining differences in climate change
impacts on agriculture by region and by crop.
• The study found that increases in temperature (by about 2° c) reduced potential grain yields in
most places.
• Reductions in yields as a result of climate change are predicted to be more pronounced for rainfed
crops (as opposed to irrigated crops) and under limited water supply situations because there are
no coping mechanisms for rainfall variability.
• Climate change is also predicted to lead to boundary changes in areas suitable for growing certain
crops.

9. • According to studies, soyabean yield could go up by as much as 50% if the
concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere doubles.
• If this increase in carbon dioxide is accompanied by an increase in
temperature, as expected then soyabean yields could actually decreases.
• If the maximum and minimum temperatures go up by 1 degree Celsius and
1.5 degree Celsius respectively, the gain in yield comes down to 35%.

10. NEW CHALLENGES ON AGRICULTURE DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGE

14. SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION

15. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON LIVESTOCK
• INDIRECT EFFECTS
Protein and mineral deficiency leading to infertility and
metabolic diseases.
• DIRECT EFFECTS
1. Low Feed Intake
2. To high level of infertility
3. Low conception rates
4. Long calving intervals

16. Cross Breed Vulnerable to Heat Stress
• Feed intake reduces
• Leading to less milk production
• Altered milk composition
• Delayed onset of puberty
• Declined conception rate
• Increased incidence of silent heat and anoestrous
• Ovulation failure
• Early embryonic deaths
• Higher incidence of diseases like mastitis
• More prevalence of pest, insects and parasitic diseases.

17. Climate change affects animal production in five ways
• Direct effects:
1. Animal health, growth, Production and reproduction
• Indirect effects:
1. Livestock Pastures, forage crop production, quality and prices.
2. Heat stress
3. Bio diversity
4. Emergence or re-emergence & changes in the distribution of livestocks
and diseases.
5. Immune systems.

18. CLIMATE CHANGE AND PATHOGENS
• Climate affects pathogens development and survival.
• Longer summer increases the pathogen’s life cycle.
• Milder winters increase pathogen survival.
• Climate change affect disease seasonality.
• Affect dispersal.

20. POULTRY AND CLIMATE CHANGE

24. Suggested Policies and Programmes by the Government to Overcome the Impact of
Climate Change

25. National Mission for Enhanced Energy
Efficiency

26. National mission sustainable habitat
JAL SHAKTHI MISSION

27. NATIONAL MISSION FOR A GREEN INDIA

28. NATIONAL MISSION ON SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

29. CLIMATE CHANGE NEWS IN DAILY LIFE
5-03-2023 7-03-2023
8-03-2023

32. CONCLUSION
• Indian agriculture emits 14% of total GHG emissions from all
the sectors of the India’s economy, Some of the Climate smart
technologies and techniques, which help in adaptation and
mitigation, however are available but need reorientation and
upscaling to be implemented at the field level, farm and food
systems.