IMMUNOLOGY CASE STUDY(Graft Vs Host Diseases)
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It is the case study on the graft vs host reaction and question discuss in this is about how fetus survive in maternal body and why it does not considered as graft or graft reactions occurs in maternal's body. what is the mechanism of transplantation rejection occurs in recipient body. Then in the last references are added in this case. Thanks.
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The document discusses Mendel's experiments on monohybrid crosses using pea plants. It explains that a monohybrid cross involves a single trait determined by one gene, such as tall vs dwarf plants. Mendel observed that the ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes in the F2 generation is 3:1, while the ratio of genotypes is 1:2:1. His experiments supported his laws of segregation and independent assortment.
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- Gregor Mendel is known as the father of genetics for his experiments studying inheritance in pea plants which established the basic principles of genetics including genes, alleles, dominance, and segregation.
- Genes are passed from parents to offspring and can exist in different forms called alleles, with some alleles being dominant and others being recessive.
- Genetics explains inheritance of traits through an individual's genotype (their specific set of alleles) and phenotype (their observable traits), and how patterns like incomplete dominance, co-dominance, and multiple alleles influence heredity.
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Huntington's disease is caused by a mutation on chromosome 4 that results in an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene. Normally there are 10-35 repeats but in Huntington's disease there are 36-120 repeats. The more repeats, the earlier the symptoms appear. The mutated gene is dominant so only one copy is needed to cause the disease, giving a 50% risk to children of an affected parent. The mutation causes nerve cells in the brain to gradually die, leading to loss of abilities like movement, thinking, and memory.
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Recommended
Hour 2
The document discusses Mendel's experiments on monohybrid crosses using pea plants. It explains that a monohybrid cross involves a single trait determined by one gene, such as tall vs dwarf plants. Mendel observed that the ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes in the F2 generation is 3:1, while the ratio of genotypes is 1:2:1. His experiments supported his laws of segregation and independent assortment.
Genetics
- Gregor Mendel is known as the father of genetics for his experiments studying inheritance in pea plants which established the basic principles of genetics including genes, alleles, dominance, and segregation.
- Genes are passed from parents to offspring and can exist in different forms called alleles, with some alleles being dominant and others being recessive.
- Genetics explains inheritance of traits through an individual's genotype (their specific set of alleles) and phenotype (their observable traits), and how patterns like incomplete dominance, co-dominance, and multiple alleles influence heredity.
Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease is caused by a mutation on chromosome 4 that results in an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene. Normally there are 10-35 repeats but in Huntington's disease there are 36-120 repeats. The more repeats, the earlier the symptoms appear. The mutated gene is dominant so only one copy is needed to cause the disease, giving a 50% risk to children of an affected parent. The mutation causes nerve cells in the brain to gradually die, leading to loss of abilities like movement, thinking, and memory.
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Meiotic cell division involves two rounds of division - meiosis I and meiosis II - to produce haploid gametes from diploid cells for sexual reproduction. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with a random assortment of one chromosome from each homologous pair. This process ensures genetic variation between offspring by independent assortment and recombination during meiosis I.
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Meiosis creates gametes like sperm and eggs that have half the number of chromosomes as regular body cells. During meiosis, the parent cell's 46 chromosomes replicate and the cell undergoes two divisions, resulting in four gametes that each have 23 chromosomes. When a male and female gamete unite during fertilization, they form a zygote with the full 46 chromosomes needed to create a new organism. Meiosis introduces genetic variation that leads to diversity among offspring.
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This passage summarizes key concepts from Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants including:
1) Mendel demonstrated the principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment by conducting a series of crosses between pea plants with different traits.
2) His work showed that genes for different traits segregate independently during the formation of gametes, resulting in genetic variations not seen in the parents.
3) While Mendel's principles apply broadly, genetics is more complex with some traits controlled by multiple genes or alleles demonstrating incomplete dominance or codominance.
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Gregor Mendel studied traits in garden peas and established the principles of heredity through quantitative experiments. He found that traits like seed shape, color, and flower position were inherited based on dominant and recessive alleles. Mendel's work laid the foundation for genetics and showed that heritable traits are passed from parents to offspring via discrete units now known as genes. Genetics further studies how heredity works, including patterns of inheritance, mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, and genetic testing techniques like amniocentesis.
Types of blood groups and scope of genetics
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Mendelian Laws of Inheritance
This document discusses Gregor Mendel's laws of inheritance based on his experiments breeding pea plants. It defines key genetic terms and describes Mendel's three laws: 1) The Law of Dominance states that one allele is dominant over the recessive allele. 2) The Law of Segregation states that alleles segregate and pass to offspring independently during gamete formation. 3) The Law of Independent Assortment states that different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation. Mendel's laws established basic principles of heredity and laid the foundation for genetics.
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Meiosis creates gametes like sperm and eggs that have half the number of chromosomes as regular body cells. During meiosis, the parent cell's 46 chromosomes replicate and the cell undergoes two divisions, resulting in four gametes that each have 23 chromosomes. When a male and female gamete unite during fertilization, they form a zygote with the full 46 chromosomes needed to create a new organism. Meiosis introduces genetic variation that leads to diversity among offspring.
Mendel 2
This passage summarizes key concepts from Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants including:
1) Mendel demonstrated the principles of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment by conducting a series of crosses between pea plants with different traits.
2) His work showed that genes for different traits segregate independently during the formation of gametes, resulting in genetic variations not seen in the parents.
3) While Mendel's principles apply broadly, genetics is more complex with some traits controlled by multiple genes or alleles demonstrating incomplete dominance or codominance.
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This document discusses immunology of transplantation and malignancy. It defines transplantation as transferring cells, tissues or organs from one site to another. The first- and second-set rejection of allografts is described, where a second graft from the same donor is rejected more quickly. Tumor cells can induce immune responses as they express new antigens foreign to the host. However, tumors can escape immunosurveillance through various mechanisms like weak immunogenicity or suppression of the immune response. Immunotherapy approaches aim to enhance these immune responses through both active and passive methods.
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Transfer of cells, tissues or organs from one individual to another or from one site in the same individual is known as Transplantation.
Graft rejection is due to the reaction of the host to the grafted tissue (host-versus-graft response).
immunology and immunodiagnostics
detailed about graft acceptance and rejection. what are the grafts types are available? and mechanism of graft rejection.
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1. The first successful organ transplant was a kidney transplant between identical twins in 1954. Prior attempts at transplantation between non-identical individuals failed due to immune rejection of the organ.
2. Transplant rejection is primarily caused by an immune response against alloantigens (especially MHC molecules) on the donor organ. Both T-cell mediated responses and antibody production can contribute to rejection.
3. Immunosuppressive drugs are used to prevent rejection but have side effects of increased risk of infection and cancer due to generalized immunosuppression. Long-term survival of transplants remains a challenge.
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Explore the groundbreaking work of Dr. David Greene, a pioneer in regenerative medicine, who is revolutionizing the field of cardiology through stem cell therapy in Arizona. This ppt delves into how Dr. Greene's innovative approach is providing non-surgical, effective treatments for heart disease, using the body's own cells to repair heart damage and improve patient outcomes. Learn about the science behind stem cell therapy, its benefits over traditional cardiac surgeries, and the promising future it holds for modern medicine. Join us as we uncover how Dr. Greene's commitment to stem cell research and therapy is setting new standards in healthcare and offering new hope to cardiac patients.
Top Rated Massage Center In Ajman Chandrima Spa
The best massage spa Ajman is Chandrima Spa Ajman, which was founded in 2023 and is exclusively for men 24 hours a day. As of right now, our parent firm has been providing massage services to over 50,000+ clients in Ajman for the past 10 years. It has about 8+ branches. This demonstrates that Chandrima Spa Ajman is among the most reasonably priced spas in Ajman and the ideal place to unwind and rejuvenate. We provide a wide range of Spa massage treatments, including Indian, Pakistani, Kerala, Malayali, and body-to-body massages. Numerous massage techniques are available, including deep tissue, Swedish, Thai, Russian, and hot stone massages. Our massage therapists produce genuinely unique treatments that generate a revitalized sense of inner serenely by fusing modern techniques, the cleanest natural substances, and traditional holistic therapists.
Unlocking the Secrets to Safe Patient Handling.pdf
Furthermore, the time constraints and workload in healthcare settings can make it challenging for caregivers to prioritise safe patient handling Australia practices, leading to shortcuts and increased risks.
Hypotension and role of physiotherapy in it
This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest VersionGemma Wean- Nutritional solution for Artemia
GEMMA Wean is a high end larval co-feeding and weaning diet aimed at Artemia optimisation and is fortified with a high level of proteins and phospholipids. GEMMA Wean provides the early weaned juveniles with dedicated fish nutrition and is an ideal follow on from GEMMA Micro or Artemia.
GEMMA Wean has an optimised nutritional balance and physical quality so that it flows more freely and spreads readily on the water surface. The balance of phospholipid classes to- gether with the production technology based on a low temperature extrusion process improve the physical aspect of the pellets while still retaining the high phospholipid content.
GEMMA Wean is available in 0.1mm, 0.2mm and 0.3mm. There is also a 0.5mm micro-pellet, GEMMA Wean Diamond, which covers the early nursery stage from post-weaning to pre-growing.
CANSA support - Caring for Cancer Patients' Caregivers
International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
Can Allopathy and Homeopathy Be Used Together in India.pdf
This article explores the potential for combining allopathy and homeopathy in India, examining the benefits, challenges, and the emerging field of integrative medicine.
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024 with Policy Makers, Academic Innovation C...
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
Pneumothorax and role of Physiotherapy in it.
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
NEEDLE STICK INJURY - JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATION - DR SHAMIN EABENSON
NEEDLE STICK INJURY - JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATION - DR SHAMIN EABENSON
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to Care
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
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Pediatric Emergency Care for Children | Apollo Hospital
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Champions of Health Spotlight On Leaders Shaping Germany's Healthcare.pdf
Champions of Health Spotlight On Leaders Shaping Germany's Healthcare.pdf
Stem Cell Solutions: Dr. David Greene's Path to Non-Surgical Cardiac Care
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Bringing AI into a Mid-Sized Company: A structured Approach
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Unlocking the Secrets to Safe Patient Handling.pdf
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TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...
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CANSA support - Caring for Cancer Patients' Caregivers
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Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.
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Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024 with Policy Makers, Academic Innovation C...
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NEEDLE STICK INJURY - JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATION - DR SHAMIN EABENSON
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LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to Care
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IMMUNOLOGY CASE STUDY(Graft Vs Host Diseases)
- 1. D E P A R T E M E N T O F I M M U N O L O G Y 1 GRAFT VS HOST REACTION
- 2. 2 QUESTION#1 What are the result of organ transplant? And Why fetus is not act as a graft vs host reaction?
- 3. TABLE OF CONTENT 3 What is organ transplant? Transplant rejection & its mechanism What is Graft Vs Host reactions & diseases(GvHD)? Why fetus Is not rejected from maternal immune response? References
- 4. What is organ Transplantation? 4 Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ.
- 6. Mechanism of transplantation rejection: 6 In the result of transplantation, the immune response to a transplanted organ consists of both immune responses; Humoral (antibody mediated) mechanisms Cellular (lymphocytes mediated) mechanisms The CD4 and CD8 T cells recognize the alloantigens which are expressed on the cells of the foreign graft, it held through T-cell receptors(TCR) on the surface of T-CELLs.
- 7. Complication may seen in post- transplantation 7 GRAFT vs HOST DISEASES(GvHD): It is an immune condition that occurs after transplant procedures, when immune cells from the donor (known as graft cells) attack the recipient patient host's tissues; the disease is a side effect that is common after an allogeneic bone marrow transplant (stem cell transplant).
- 8. Why fetus is not rejected as GvHD? 8 During pregnancy are specific to paternal alloantigens, which protects the fetus from rejection by the mother's immune system. Placenta. Pregnancy Hormones.
- 9. Why fetus is not rejected as GvHD? 9 Pregnancy hormones such as estrogens, progesterone, LH, FSH, and hCH hormones plays role as immunosuppressant to reduces the risk of fetal GvHD or damages.
- 10. 2. Placenta 10 Placenta place a very important role as immunogenic barrier between fetus & mother. It deplets T-CELLS stimulation to reduces the immune responses.
- 11. PLACENTA: 11 i) Placenta: It is the tissue that connects embryo and uterine wall. It is selectively permeable, allows nutrients and other vital factors to enter the amniotic cavity, and facilitates exit of metabolic wastes. ii) Chorion: It forms the outermost membrane that surrounds the embryo and fetus. iii) Decidua: During pregnancy, the maternal uterine lining is termed as decidua. It forms the maternal component of the placenta.
- 12. Reference 12 1. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180246.htm 2. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/432209-overview 3. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/12042244.htm 4. https://www.medicinenet.com/graft_versus_host_disease_gvhd/arti cle.htm
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