It is the review research based topic of presentation on most important body's serum electrolytes "potassium". it is really a very useful effort to collecting the data material from such a many different websites and pages as i gave references in the end of this presentation.

1. ELECTROLYTES
(Potassium)

2. Table of contents
1. Serum Potassium?
2. Clinical importance?
3. Regulation?
4. Significance?
5. Clinical aspects of K
6. Summary

3. Serum Potassium?
• K+ is the major INTRACELLULAR ION
• Normal Range; Serum K+ 3.5-5.0 mmol/L
• 75% contains in skeletal muscles.
• K+ usually taken up by all body’s cell by NA-K ATPase pump

4. Clinical importance:
• Potassium is a very significant body mineral, important to both
cellular and electrical function.
• It is one of the main blood minerals called "electrolytes" (the
others are sodium and chloride), which means it carries a tiny
electrical charge (potential).
• Potassium is the primary positive ion (cation) found within
the cells, where 98 percent of the 120 grams of potassium
contained in the body is found.
• Total potassium in the red blood cells contain 420 mg., which
is why a red-blood-cell level is a better indication of an
individual's potassium status than the commonly used serum
level.

5. POTASSIUM REGULATION
• External potassium balance is determined by rate of
potassium intake (80 meq/day).
• Rate of urinary (72 meq/day) and fecal excretion (8 meq/day).
• Internal potassium balance depends on distribution of
potassium between muscle, bone, liver, and RBC and the
extracellular fluid.

7. PotassiumTaken up by the cells
• Potassium ion transported into the cell by Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase.
• Any thing inhibits Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase lead to elevated ECF potassium or
any thing stimulate Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase leads to decrease ECF potassium.

8. Factors Regulatecellularuptake of
Potassium;
• Cellular uptake of potassium is regulated by;
• Insulin,
• Acid -base status,
• Aldosterone,
• Adrenergic activity

9. Significance of Potassium
 WATER BALANCE:
Along with sodium, Potassium regulates the water balance in the
blood and tissues.
 ACID-BASE BALANCE:
it regulates the acid-base balance in the blood and tissues.
 SODIUM-POTASSIUM EXCHANGE:
Potassium enters the cell more readily than does sodium and initiate and
boost up the sodium-potassium exchange across the cell
membranes.
 CONDUCTION OF NERVE IMPULSES:
In the nerve cells, this sodium-potassium flux generates the electrical
potential that aids the conduction of nerve impulses.
 Sodium-potassium pump created electrical potential gradient which helps
generate muscle contractions and regulates the heartbeat.
 MAINTENANCE OF STRUCTURE OF CELLS:
Most important functions is preventing the swelling of cells. If sodium is not
pumped out, water accumulates within the cell causing it to swell
and ultimately burst.

10. Significance of Potassium
• Potassium is very important in cellular biochemical reactions
and energy metabolism;
• it participates in the synthesis of protein from amino acids in
the cell.
• It also role in carbohydrate metabolism; it is active in glycogen
and glucose metabolism, converting glucose to glycogen that
can be stored in the liver for future energy.
• Potassium is important for normal growth and for building
muscle.

18. SOURCES OF POTASSIUM
• Potassium is found in a wide range of foods. Many fruits and
vegetables are high in potassium and low in sodium and help
PREVENT HYPERTENSION.
• Most of the potassium is lost when processing or canning
foods, while less is lost from frozen fruits or vegetables.
• Leafy green vegetables such as spinach, parsley, and lettuce,
as well as broccoli, peas, lima beans, tomatoes, and potatoes
all have significant levels of potassium.
• Fruits that contain this mineral include oranges and other
citrus fruits, bananas, apples, avocados, raisins, and apricots,
particularly dried. Whole grains, wheat germ, seeds, and nuts
are high-potassium foods. Fish such as salmon, sardines, and
cod are rich in potassium.

19. REFERENCES
https://www.medicinenet.com/electrolytes/article.htm#
sodium
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/153188.ph
p
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/K-transport-in-the-
proximal-tubule-Reprinted-from-Palmer-BF-Regulation-
of-potassium_fig1_322647872
https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?b
ookid=2173&sectionid=163663605
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC273011
9/
https://hkpp.org/patients/potassium-health