1. Immunochemical Techniques
The Technique which are used for identification, Characterization, Analysis, Optimization of
Protein, Peptide, Antigen and Antibody Reactions is known as Immunochemical Technique.
It can mainly include,
1. ELISA
2. RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
3. IMMUNOPRECIPITATION
4. IMMUNOELECTROPHOROSIS
Immunodiffusion -Different Types,Principle,procedureand application. it is a diagnostic technique for the detection or measurements of antibodies and antigens by their precipitation which involves diffusion through a substances such as agar or gel agarose .common types -oudin procedure,oakley fulthorpe procedure ,mancini technique ,ouchterlony double immuno diffusion
ELISA- Principle, procedure , types and applicationsJaskiranKaur72
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a labeled immunoassay that is considered the gold standard of immunoassays.
This immunological test is very sensitive and is used to detect and quantify substances, including antibodies, antigens, proteins, glycoproteins, and hormones.
The detection of these products is accomplished by complexing antibodies and antigens to produce a measurable result.
Immunodiffusion -Different Types,Principle,procedureand application. it is a diagnostic technique for the detection or measurements of antibodies and antigens by their precipitation which involves diffusion through a substances such as agar or gel agarose .common types -oudin procedure,oakley fulthorpe procedure ,mancini technique ,ouchterlony double immuno diffusion
ELISA- Principle, procedure , types and applicationsJaskiranKaur72
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a labeled immunoassay that is considered the gold standard of immunoassays.
This immunological test is very sensitive and is used to detect and quantify substances, including antibodies, antigens, proteins, glycoproteins, and hormones.
The detection of these products is accomplished by complexing antibodies and antigens to produce a measurable result.
Sepration of molecules on the basis of applied Electric Field
Categorized into 1) Zone Electrophoresis 2) Moving Boundary Electrophoresis
We can seprate macromolecules (DNA , RNA, PROTEINS )on the basis of their charge, size shape & molecular weight
Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), also known as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), combine antibody binding with enzymatic detection to quantify molecules of interest.
Sepration of molecules on the basis of applied Electric Field
Categorized into 1) Zone Electrophoresis 2) Moving Boundary Electrophoresis
We can seprate macromolecules (DNA , RNA, PROTEINS )on the basis of their charge, size shape & molecular weight
Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), also known as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), combine antibody binding with enzymatic detection to quantify molecules of interest.
ROLE OF IMMUNOASSAY FOR DETECTION OF NARCOTIC DRUG.pptxTereena1
This prestention contains details of different techniques of immunoassays and its details and their use in detection of narcotic drugs such as opiuim and cannabis
In this slide discuss about Radioimmunoassay and it will help to understand about assay details.
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Assignment on General principles of ImmunoassayDeepak Kumar
Assignment on General principles of immunoassay: theoretical basis and optimization of immunoassay, heterogeneous and homogenous immunoassay systems. Immunoassay methods evaluation; protocol outline, objectives and preparation. Immunoassay for digoxin and insulin
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
1. [Department of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics)] | Sagar savale
1December 24, 2015
Immunochemical Techniques
Mr. Sagar Kishor Savale
[Department of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics)]
2015-016
avengersagar16@gmail.com
1. Immunochemical Techniques
The Technique which are used for identification, Characterization, Analysis, Optimization of
Protein, Peptide, Antigen and Antibody Reactions is known as Immunochemical Technique.
It can mainly include,
1. ELISA
2. RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
3. IMMUNOPRECIPITATION
4. IMMUNOELECTROPHOROSIS
1. ELISA [Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay]
It is important type of technique is used for determination of antigen and antibody specificity,
reaction, interaction, studies.
It is important for antigen and antibody reaction.
It is important type of technique is based on Immunological assay.
It is important type of Diagnosis Technique for Cancer and AIDS.
It is important type of technique for Hepatitis A, B, and C
It is important type of technique for bacteria, virus, fungus, and Protozoa’s
2. [Department of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics)] | Sagar savale
2December 24, 2015
Principle – Antigen and Antibody reaction.
Mechanism - mechanism is based on Immunochemical Technique.
Types
1. Indirect assay - example used in detection of Rotavirus antigen in feces.
2. Sandwich assay - example used in detection of HIV antibody in serum
3. Competitive assay - example used in detection of HIV antibody in serum
1. Indirect assay
Result: color change indicate positive result ,
no color change indicate negative result.
finally substrate is added .
Substrate binds to enzyme and forms a color.
Now well should be washed because free ag and ab are removed
Antibody along with enzyme is added.
If there is suitable antigen , antibody binds and form complex along with enzyme.
The well was coated with sample (antigen)
3. [Department of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics)] | Sagar savale
3December 24, 2015
Example - rotavirus in foecus sample (ag) Goat antibody (ab) Enzyme: alkaline phosphatase
Subs: paranitrophenyl phosphate.
4. [Department of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics)] | Sagar savale
4December 24, 2015
2. Sandwich assay
Again well should be washed (to remove free ab-enzyme ) finally substrate was added . Color
change indicates positive result.
Now ab along with enzyme is added .
This ab binds to another end of the know ag
Wash the well – free ag / ab are removed
The known ag was added to the well. if there is a suitable ab it binds to ag and form ag-ab complex
The well was coated with unknown antibody (ab)
6. [Department of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics)] | Sagar savale
6December 24, 2015
2. RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
The Technique which are used for determination of antigen and antibody reaction.
Principal – it is important for serum plasma insulin level.
Mechanism – Antigen – antibody reaction and separation of protein molecule.
7. [Department of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics)] | Sagar savale
7December 24, 2015
The technique of radioimmunoassay has revolutionized research and clinical practice in many
areas,
It is also used in,
blood banking
diagnosis of allergies
endocrinology
Radioimmuno assay system
8. [Department of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics)] | Sagar savale
8December 24, 2015
Assay Procedure
The unlabeled antigen concentration is more so it free the labeled
antigen . This labeled antigen will float in supernatant is measured using
gamma counter
This causes the unlabeled (or "cold") antigen from the serum to compete
with the radiolabeled antigen ("hot") for antibody binding sites
Sample contain unknown antigen is added
then mixed with a known amount of antibody for that antigen, and as a
result, the two chemically bind to one another
a known quantity of an antigen is made radioactive, example: gamma-
radioactive isotopes of iodine attached to tyrosine
9. [Department of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics)] | Sagar savale
9December 24, 2015
Advantages
Highly specific: Immune reactions are specific
High sensitivity : Immune reactions are sensitive
Possible to detect picograms of Ag
Sepharose beads used in RIA are reuseable
Application
Analysis of hormones, vitamins,metabolites, diagnostic markers
Therapeutic drug monitoring
Diagnostic procedures for detecting infection
Narcotic drug detection
Tracking of leukemia virus
Diagnosis and treatment of peptic ulcers
Research with Neurotransmitters
Difference between Radioimmunoassay and ELISA Technique
Parameter RIA EIA
Sensitivity Nanomolar to picomolar Millimolar
Cost More Less
Time duration More Less
Ease of handling Tedious Easy
Radiation hazards More No
Disposal Care has to be taken Easy
Equipment Complex Less
Mechanism Based on the measurement of
radioactivity associated with
immune complexes
Based on measurement of
enzymatic reaction associated with
immune complexes.
10. [Department of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics)] | Sagar savale
10December 24, 2015
3. IMMUNOPRECIPITATION
Antibody and soluble antigen interacting in aqueous solution form a lattice that
eventually developed into visible precipitate.
Antibodies that aggregate soluble antigens are called precipitins.
Procedure
A quantitative precipitation reaction can be performed by placing a constant amount of
antibody in a series of tubes and adding increasing amount of antigen to the tubes.
After the precipitate forms each tube is centrifuged to pellate, the precipitate is
measured.
Plotting the amount of precipitate against increasing antigen concentration yields a
precipitin curve.
11. [Department of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics)] | Sagar savale
11December 24, 2015
Types of immunoprecipitation techniques
1. Immunodiffusion
2. Immunoelectrophoresis
3. Countercurrent electrophoresis
4. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis
5. Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis
Application
Determining presence of protein
Determining the size/molecular weight of a protein
Monitoring post-translational modification
Determining protein-protein interaction
Determining specific enzymatic activity
4. IMMUNOELECTROPHOROSIS
Definition
This technique involves combination of two different methods, electrophoresis of sample
followed by Immunodiffusion to identify precipitin bands.& it is also called as gamma
globulin electrophoresis.
Importance
12. [Department of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics)] | Sagar savale
12December 24, 2015
The increased resolution is of benefit in the immunological examination of serum proteins.
Immunoelectrophoresis aids in the diagnosis and evaluation of the therapeutic response in
many disease states affecting the immune system. It is usually requested when a different
type of electrophoresis, called a serum protein electrophoresis, has indicated a rise at the
immunoglobulin level. Immunoelectrophoresis is also used frequently to diagnose multiple
myeloma, a disease affecting the bone marrow.
Uses
To check the purity of Isolated serum components like Ag/Ab.
Identification of plasma/serum components for presence or absence of certain proteins
It is qualitative technique &useful In quantitation of Ag levels as low as 0.2µg/ml and
can detect Ab conc. Of 3-20µg/ml
Reference
1. microbiology by michael j.pelczar fifth edition textbook of microbiology and
immunology by c.k.j paniker seventh edition
2. Yalow R, Berson S. Immunoassay of endogenous plasma insulin in man. J. Clin. Invest
1960; 39: 1157-1175.
3. Abraham G. Radioimmunoassay of steroids in biological fluids. J. Steroid
Biochemistry 1975; 6: 261-270.
4. Associate Professor Dr. Özhan Eyigör, Uludag University College of
Medicine,Department of Histology & Embryology Radioimmunoassay