Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is a technique for caring for low birth weight babies that provides skin-to-skin contact between the mother and baby to promote thermal control, breastfeeding, infection prevention, and bonding. Key components of KMC include prolonged, continuous skin-to-skin contact; exclusive breastfeeding; and early discharge from the hospital with regular follow-up care. KMC has benefits like increased breastfeeding rates, better temperature control for babies, earlier discharge from the hospital, and lower morbidity for babies. Proper training of medical staff, educational materials, and appropriate facilities are required to successfully implement KMC.
Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is a technique for caring for low birth weight babies that involves continuous skin-to-skin contact between the mother and baby, exclusive breastfeeding, and early discharge from the hospital. The three main components of KMC are keeping the baby in direct skin-to-skin contact with the mother in a "kangaroo position", exclusive breastfeeding to provide "kangaroo nutrition", and early discharge from and regular follow-up after the hospital to allow for "kangaroo early discharge". KMC provides benefits to both the baby and mother such as improved physiological stability, bonding, and reduced stress for the mother.
This document provides information on essential newborn care. It discusses the meaning of newborn care as a comprehensive strategy to improve health in the first 28 days after birth. The purpose is early detection of problems, helping the mother meet the baby's basic needs like breastfeeding and warmth, and educating the mother. Components include preparing the labor room, immediate newborn care, examinations in the first days and weeks, and educating the family. The summary describes some key aspects of immediate basic care for a newborn like drying, maintaining temperature, establishing breathing, identification, and administering vitamin K.
Level of neonatal care, Level I,Level II, Level III whole nursing care of Bab...sonal patel
The document categorizes 4 levels of neonatal care provided by hospitals and facilities based on the therapies and services available. Level I provides basic care for healthy newborns. Level II (special care nursery) cares for preterm or ill infants needing limited care. Level III (NICU) provides intensive care for critically ill infants. The highest level, Level IV (regional NICU), provides specialty surgical care and the most advanced therapies.
Nursing management of low birth weight(lbw) babiesRose Vadakkut
This document provides information on the management of low birth weight babies. It defines different categories of low birth weight, describes optimal care at birth including warming and feeding practices. It outlines monitoring requirements and discusses positioning, thermal comfort, oxygen therapy, phototherapy and infection control. The document also covers nutrition, stimulation, immunization and family support needs for low birth weight infants.
Under five clinic and well baby clinicNursingSpark
The document discusses under five clinics and well baby clinics. The main points are:
- Under five clinics and well baby clinics provide comprehensive healthcare like preventative services, treatment, and education to children under age 5/6 in a specialized facility.
- Services include growth monitoring, immunizations, nutrition support, treatment of illness, and health education to mothers on childcare and development.
- Healthcare personnel run the clinics, provide treatment, monitor children's growth, administer vaccinations, and educate mothers on child health issues.
- One of the most important services offered is providing routine immunizations to protect against diseases.
Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is a technique for caring for low birth weight babies that provides skin-to-skin contact between the mother and baby to promote thermal control, breastfeeding, infection prevention, and bonding. Key components of KMC include prolonged, continuous skin-to-skin contact; exclusive breastfeeding; and early discharge from the hospital with regular follow-up care. KMC has benefits like increased breastfeeding rates, better temperature control for babies, earlier discharge from the hospital, and lower morbidity for babies. Proper training of medical staff, educational materials, and appropriate facilities are required to successfully implement KMC.
Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is a technique for caring for low birth weight babies that involves continuous skin-to-skin contact between the mother and baby, exclusive breastfeeding, and early discharge from the hospital. The three main components of KMC are keeping the baby in direct skin-to-skin contact with the mother in a "kangaroo position", exclusive breastfeeding to provide "kangaroo nutrition", and early discharge from and regular follow-up after the hospital to allow for "kangaroo early discharge". KMC provides benefits to both the baby and mother such as improved physiological stability, bonding, and reduced stress for the mother.
This document provides information on essential newborn care. It discusses the meaning of newborn care as a comprehensive strategy to improve health in the first 28 days after birth. The purpose is early detection of problems, helping the mother meet the baby's basic needs like breastfeeding and warmth, and educating the mother. Components include preparing the labor room, immediate newborn care, examinations in the first days and weeks, and educating the family. The summary describes some key aspects of immediate basic care for a newborn like drying, maintaining temperature, establishing breathing, identification, and administering vitamin K.
Level of neonatal care, Level I,Level II, Level III whole nursing care of Bab...sonal patel
The document categorizes 4 levels of neonatal care provided by hospitals and facilities based on the therapies and services available. Level I provides basic care for healthy newborns. Level II (special care nursery) cares for preterm or ill infants needing limited care. Level III (NICU) provides intensive care for critically ill infants. The highest level, Level IV (regional NICU), provides specialty surgical care and the most advanced therapies.
Nursing management of low birth weight(lbw) babiesRose Vadakkut
This document provides information on the management of low birth weight babies. It defines different categories of low birth weight, describes optimal care at birth including warming and feeding practices. It outlines monitoring requirements and discusses positioning, thermal comfort, oxygen therapy, phototherapy and infection control. The document also covers nutrition, stimulation, immunization and family support needs for low birth weight infants.
Under five clinic and well baby clinicNursingSpark
The document discusses under five clinics and well baby clinics. The main points are:
- Under five clinics and well baby clinics provide comprehensive healthcare like preventative services, treatment, and education to children under age 5/6 in a specialized facility.
- Services include growth monitoring, immunizations, nutrition support, treatment of illness, and health education to mothers on childcare and development.
- Healthcare personnel run the clinics, provide treatment, monitor children's growth, administer vaccinations, and educate mothers on child health issues.
- One of the most important services offered is providing routine immunizations to protect against diseases.
Neonatal resuscitation is a series of actions to assist newborn babies having difficulty transitioning from intrauterine to extrauterine life. Approximately 10% of newborns require some assistance to begin breathing, while less than 1% require extensive resuscitation. The main goals are to initiate breathing, maintain adequate perfusion and cardiac output, and restore normal temperature. Essential equipment includes suction, bag and mask ventilation, intubation equipment and medications. The ABCs of neonatal resuscitation are maintenance of temperature, establishment of an open airway, initiation of breathing, and maintenance of circulation.
This document discusses infection control in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). It identifies various types of infections that can affect newborns, including bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic. It also outlines different modes of transmission such as contact, droplet and airborne. The document provides recommendations for infection control in the NICU, including staff precautions like hand hygiene and PPE, environmental cleaning, equipment cleaning, and visitor restrictions. The overall aim is to provide a clean and safe environment for newborns in the NICU.
This document summarizes minor disorders that can occur in newborns. It defines a newborn as an infant from birth until 28 days old. It then describes and provides treatment recommendations for common minor issues newborns may experience such as stuffy nose, sticky eyes, skin rashes, oral thrush, jaundice, engorgement of the breast, vomiting, diarrhea, hiccups, sneezing, failure to pass urine or meconium, excessive crying, excessive sleepiness, caput succedaneum, umbilical granuloma, pink eye, baby acne, and genital issues. The document stresses the importance of not neglecting minor health problems in newborns.
Role of Child Health Nurse in caring of Hospital ChildAlka Singh
Subject : Child Health Nursing. Topic : Role Of Child Health Nurse In Child care at Hospital, Nursing Diagnosis, Various Measures to make hospital Child Friendly, Nurses Role in Care Of Toddlers, Infants, School Children, Adolescent.
This document discusses neonatal infections, including definitions, causes, types, and management. Some key points:
- Neonatal infections are the most common cause of neonatal mortality in India and occur due to invasion of pathogens in utero, during delivery, or in the neonatal period. Newborns are highly susceptible due to immature immunity.
- Infections can originate from antenatal (maternal), intranatal (during birth), or postnatal exposure. Common causes of infection include prolonged rupture of membranes, unhygienic practices during delivery or care, and transmission from caregivers or other infected infants.
- Types of neonatal infections include superficial infections like conjunctivitis and systemic infections like sepsis
neonatal hypothermia is a very emergency condition. if we identify this in early stage we can save the life of neonate. all should know about the maintaining the temperature if the neonate is in our home.
Immediate care involves: Drying the baby with warm towels or cloths, while being placed on the mother's abdomen or in her arms. This mother-child skin-to-skin contact is important to maintain the baby's temperature, encourage bonding and expose the baby to the mother's skin bacteria
Phototherapy uses fluorescent light to break down bilirubin in an infant's skin to treat jaundice. It works by converting bilirubin into water soluble forms that can be excreted from the body. Nursing care for infants receiving phototherapy includes properly positioning the infant under the lights, monitoring their temperature and bilirubin levels daily, providing eye protection and extra fluids, and allowing for feeding and parental interaction while limiting light exposure.
The document summarizes several minor ailments that can occur during pregnancy due to physiological changes. These include supine hypotension syndrome, varicose veins, hemorrhoids, edema, morning sickness, heartburn, acidity, constipation, leg cramps, backache, sleep disturbances, and increased urinary frequency. The causes and management of each condition are described. It is noted that while unpleasant, these minor issues typically resolve on their own or with conservative treatment. However, warning signs like excessive nausea/vomiting or bleeding should not be ignored as they could indicate more serious complications.
This document discusses nursing care of newborns. It defines the neonatal period as the first 28 days after birth. Newborn care includes immediate care at birth such as ensuring warmth, clearing airways, clamping the umbilical cord, and initiating breastfeeding. Later newborn care in the postnatal ward focuses on maintaining warmth, observing for signs of illness, preventing infections, and providing parental education. Key elements of newborn care are establishing breathing, feeding, cord and eye care, and maintaining hygiene and skin care. The document also explains Apgar scoring, which assesses a newborn's condition at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.
Many women experience some minor disorders during pregnancy.
Every system of the body may be affected during pregnancy. These disorders, however , are not minor to the pregnant woman.
The document outlines the organization and components of a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). It discusses the history of NICUs, physical facility requirements including adequate space, equipment, and staffing. Key aspects that are emphasized include maintaining appropriate environmental conditions, developing different levels of care (I, II, III), and facilitating family involvement to create a gentle environment that supports recovery and development of infants. The overall aim is to reduce mortality and morbidity of at-risk newborns through specialized intensive care.
The document summarizes the organization and facilities of a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). It describes the NICU as designed for critically ill newborn babies requiring life-threatening disease management and intensive monitoring. Key points include that a NICU should have adequate space for each infant, centralized oxygen and equipment, maintained temperature and humidity, sufficient staffing including nurses at a 1:1 ratio for intensive care patients, and facilities to treat common neonatal issues. Staff should include a full-time neonatologist and residents, with nurses specially trained in NICU equipment and procedures.
The document outlines the immediate and routine care needs of a neonate. Immediate care at birth includes delivering the baby on a warm towel, establishing an airway, ensuring warmth, assessment, eye care, clamping and cutting the cord, skin care, vitamin K administration, identification, and transferring the baby according to care needs. Routine care involves rooming-in, initiating feeding, observation for diseases, infection prevention, bladder and bowel care, hygiene, and parental teaching. Sick or premature babies require higher levels of neonatal intensive care.
This document discusses the care of preterm babies. Key points include:
- Preterm babies are born before 37 weeks gestation and have low birth weight, immature organ systems, and are susceptible to complications.
- Care involves temperature regulation, appropriate feeding, monitoring for complications like respiratory distress and infections.
- Feeding may begin with intravenous fluids or a nasogastric tube and progress to breastfeeding. Nutritional needs for protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals must be met.
- Ongoing monitoring of vital signs and development is needed to detect any issues and provide appropriate treatment and care. Immunizations should also be given according to schedule.
This document defines and discusses low birth weight babies, including preterm babies and small for gestational age (SGA) babies. It provides definitions for preterm babies as those born before 37 weeks gestation and low birth weight babies as those weighing less than 2500 grams. SGA babies are defined as those with a birth weight less than the 10th percentile for their gestational age. The document discusses the incidence, etiology, manifestations, management, and complications of low birth weight babies.
Postnatal care (PNC) for the mother should respond to her special needs, starting within an hour after the delivery of the placenta and extending through the following six weeks. The care includes the prevention, early detection and treatment of complications, and the provision of counselling on breastfeeding, birth spacing, immunization and maternal nutrition. To standardise the PNC service, you are advised to use the screening, counselling and postnatal care cards. These cards ensure that you have covered all the essential steps in every home visit.
this ppt is beneficial for nursing and obstetric and gynaecology students.
This document discusses ophthalmia neonatorum, which is inflammation of the conjunctiva in newborns during the first 28 days of life. It can be caused by infection transmitted from the mother's birth canal. Without silver nitrate eye drops, 10-15% of newborns were infected historically. Today the most common causes are Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Symptoms vary but include eye redness, swelling, and discharge. Treatment involves topical and sometimes systemic antibiotics. Proper prenatal care and treatment of maternal infections can help prevent this condition.
Vulvovaginitis refers to inflammation of the vulva and vagina. The most common causes are bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. A pelvic exam and microscopic evaluation of vaginal secretions can diagnose most cases. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with preterm labor and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Candida vaginitis causes symptoms like pruritus and discharge. Trichomoniasis is sexually transmitted and its diagnosis requires microscopic identification of motile trichomonads. Genital herpes is incurable but antivirals can reduce recurrence. Contact dermatitis may result from allergic reactions in the vulvar area.
Neonatal resuscitation is a series of actions to assist newborn babies having difficulty transitioning from intrauterine to extrauterine life. Approximately 10% of newborns require some assistance to begin breathing, while less than 1% require extensive resuscitation. The main goals are to initiate breathing, maintain adequate perfusion and cardiac output, and restore normal temperature. Essential equipment includes suction, bag and mask ventilation, intubation equipment and medications. The ABCs of neonatal resuscitation are maintenance of temperature, establishment of an open airway, initiation of breathing, and maintenance of circulation.
This document discusses infection control in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). It identifies various types of infections that can affect newborns, including bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic. It also outlines different modes of transmission such as contact, droplet and airborne. The document provides recommendations for infection control in the NICU, including staff precautions like hand hygiene and PPE, environmental cleaning, equipment cleaning, and visitor restrictions. The overall aim is to provide a clean and safe environment for newborns in the NICU.
This document summarizes minor disorders that can occur in newborns. It defines a newborn as an infant from birth until 28 days old. It then describes and provides treatment recommendations for common minor issues newborns may experience such as stuffy nose, sticky eyes, skin rashes, oral thrush, jaundice, engorgement of the breast, vomiting, diarrhea, hiccups, sneezing, failure to pass urine or meconium, excessive crying, excessive sleepiness, caput succedaneum, umbilical granuloma, pink eye, baby acne, and genital issues. The document stresses the importance of not neglecting minor health problems in newborns.
Role of Child Health Nurse in caring of Hospital ChildAlka Singh
Subject : Child Health Nursing. Topic : Role Of Child Health Nurse In Child care at Hospital, Nursing Diagnosis, Various Measures to make hospital Child Friendly, Nurses Role in Care Of Toddlers, Infants, School Children, Adolescent.
This document discusses neonatal infections, including definitions, causes, types, and management. Some key points:
- Neonatal infections are the most common cause of neonatal mortality in India and occur due to invasion of pathogens in utero, during delivery, or in the neonatal period. Newborns are highly susceptible due to immature immunity.
- Infections can originate from antenatal (maternal), intranatal (during birth), or postnatal exposure. Common causes of infection include prolonged rupture of membranes, unhygienic practices during delivery or care, and transmission from caregivers or other infected infants.
- Types of neonatal infections include superficial infections like conjunctivitis and systemic infections like sepsis
neonatal hypothermia is a very emergency condition. if we identify this in early stage we can save the life of neonate. all should know about the maintaining the temperature if the neonate is in our home.
Immediate care involves: Drying the baby with warm towels or cloths, while being placed on the mother's abdomen or in her arms. This mother-child skin-to-skin contact is important to maintain the baby's temperature, encourage bonding and expose the baby to the mother's skin bacteria
Phototherapy uses fluorescent light to break down bilirubin in an infant's skin to treat jaundice. It works by converting bilirubin into water soluble forms that can be excreted from the body. Nursing care for infants receiving phototherapy includes properly positioning the infant under the lights, monitoring their temperature and bilirubin levels daily, providing eye protection and extra fluids, and allowing for feeding and parental interaction while limiting light exposure.
The document summarizes several minor ailments that can occur during pregnancy due to physiological changes. These include supine hypotension syndrome, varicose veins, hemorrhoids, edema, morning sickness, heartburn, acidity, constipation, leg cramps, backache, sleep disturbances, and increased urinary frequency. The causes and management of each condition are described. It is noted that while unpleasant, these minor issues typically resolve on their own or with conservative treatment. However, warning signs like excessive nausea/vomiting or bleeding should not be ignored as they could indicate more serious complications.
This document discusses nursing care of newborns. It defines the neonatal period as the first 28 days after birth. Newborn care includes immediate care at birth such as ensuring warmth, clearing airways, clamping the umbilical cord, and initiating breastfeeding. Later newborn care in the postnatal ward focuses on maintaining warmth, observing for signs of illness, preventing infections, and providing parental education. Key elements of newborn care are establishing breathing, feeding, cord and eye care, and maintaining hygiene and skin care. The document also explains Apgar scoring, which assesses a newborn's condition at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.
Many women experience some minor disorders during pregnancy.
Every system of the body may be affected during pregnancy. These disorders, however , are not minor to the pregnant woman.
The document outlines the organization and components of a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). It discusses the history of NICUs, physical facility requirements including adequate space, equipment, and staffing. Key aspects that are emphasized include maintaining appropriate environmental conditions, developing different levels of care (I, II, III), and facilitating family involvement to create a gentle environment that supports recovery and development of infants. The overall aim is to reduce mortality and morbidity of at-risk newborns through specialized intensive care.
The document summarizes the organization and facilities of a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). It describes the NICU as designed for critically ill newborn babies requiring life-threatening disease management and intensive monitoring. Key points include that a NICU should have adequate space for each infant, centralized oxygen and equipment, maintained temperature and humidity, sufficient staffing including nurses at a 1:1 ratio for intensive care patients, and facilities to treat common neonatal issues. Staff should include a full-time neonatologist and residents, with nurses specially trained in NICU equipment and procedures.
The document outlines the immediate and routine care needs of a neonate. Immediate care at birth includes delivering the baby on a warm towel, establishing an airway, ensuring warmth, assessment, eye care, clamping and cutting the cord, skin care, vitamin K administration, identification, and transferring the baby according to care needs. Routine care involves rooming-in, initiating feeding, observation for diseases, infection prevention, bladder and bowel care, hygiene, and parental teaching. Sick or premature babies require higher levels of neonatal intensive care.
This document discusses the care of preterm babies. Key points include:
- Preterm babies are born before 37 weeks gestation and have low birth weight, immature organ systems, and are susceptible to complications.
- Care involves temperature regulation, appropriate feeding, monitoring for complications like respiratory distress and infections.
- Feeding may begin with intravenous fluids or a nasogastric tube and progress to breastfeeding. Nutritional needs for protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals must be met.
- Ongoing monitoring of vital signs and development is needed to detect any issues and provide appropriate treatment and care. Immunizations should also be given according to schedule.
This document defines and discusses low birth weight babies, including preterm babies and small for gestational age (SGA) babies. It provides definitions for preterm babies as those born before 37 weeks gestation and low birth weight babies as those weighing less than 2500 grams. SGA babies are defined as those with a birth weight less than the 10th percentile for their gestational age. The document discusses the incidence, etiology, manifestations, management, and complications of low birth weight babies.
Postnatal care (PNC) for the mother should respond to her special needs, starting within an hour after the delivery of the placenta and extending through the following six weeks. The care includes the prevention, early detection and treatment of complications, and the provision of counselling on breastfeeding, birth spacing, immunization and maternal nutrition. To standardise the PNC service, you are advised to use the screening, counselling and postnatal care cards. These cards ensure that you have covered all the essential steps in every home visit.
this ppt is beneficial for nursing and obstetric and gynaecology students.
This document discusses ophthalmia neonatorum, which is inflammation of the conjunctiva in newborns during the first 28 days of life. It can be caused by infection transmitted from the mother's birth canal. Without silver nitrate eye drops, 10-15% of newborns were infected historically. Today the most common causes are Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Symptoms vary but include eye redness, swelling, and discharge. Treatment involves topical and sometimes systemic antibiotics. Proper prenatal care and treatment of maternal infections can help prevent this condition.
Vulvovaginitis refers to inflammation of the vulva and vagina. The most common causes are bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, and trichomoniasis. A pelvic exam and microscopic evaluation of vaginal secretions can diagnose most cases. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with preterm labor and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Candida vaginitis causes symptoms like pruritus and discharge. Trichomoniasis is sexually transmitted and its diagnosis requires microscopic identification of motile trichomonads. Genital herpes is incurable but antivirals can reduce recurrence. Contact dermatitis may result from allergic reactions in the vulvar area.
1) Conjunctivitis in children is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or allergies. The signs and symptoms are similar between the different causes but the treatment varies.
2) Bacterial conjunctivitis is the most common type beyond infancy and is usually treated with topical antibiotics like erythromycin or fluoroquinolones.
3) Viral conjunctivitis is usually self-limiting and treated with supportive care only like cold compresses and artificial tears. Topical steroids should be avoided.
Neonatal Sepsis and Opthalmia NeonatrumLipi Mondal
This document discusses neonatal infections including neonatal sepsis and ophthalmia neonatorum. It covers factors that make newborns susceptible to infection, modes of transmission from mother to newborn, classifications of neonatal infections, clinical signs and symptoms, management including treatment with antibiotics, and localized infections like umbilical cord infections and skin infections. It provides details on early onset sepsis within 3 days of life typically from maternal sources and late onset sepsis after 3 days often from hospital-acquired infections. Ophthalmia neonatorum refers to conjunctivitis in newborns with bacterial causes like gonorrhea and chlamydia requiring prompt treatment to prevent vision loss.
Fungal infections can be caused by yeasts, molds, or dimorphic fungi. Common fungal infections include candidiasis, dermatophyte infections, and systemic mycoses. Candida commonly causes oral and vaginal infections. Dermatophytes cause ringworm. Systemic mycoses like histoplasmosis and aspergillosis primarily affect immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, antigen testing, or molecular methods. Treatment depends on the infecting fungus and severity of infection, ranging from topical antifungals to intravenous antifungals.
Neonatal infections can occur through several modes of transmission, including antenatally from the mother, intranatally during birth, or postnatally after birth. Common infections presented include ophthalmic neonatorum (conjunctivitis), omphalitis (umbilical cord infection), tetanus neonatorum, necrotizing enterocolitis, oral thrush, and various skin infections. Proper infection prevention practices and timely treatment of infections are important for neonatal health outcomes.
This document discusses various reproductive tract infections that can occur during pregnancy including gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, and cytomegalovirus. It defines the infections and describes their symptoms, effects on pregnancy and newborns, methods of diagnosis, and treatment approaches for both mothers and babies. Common sexually transmitted infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa that can affect the reproductive system are also outlined.
This document discusses common minor disorders in newborns and their management. It covers issues such as diaper dermatitis, neonatal jaundice, vomiting, meconium passage, stuffy nose, eye infections, diarrhea, engorgement of breast, skin lesions, constipation, mastitis, tongue tie, umbilical granuloma, nasal pharyngitis, excessive crying, cradle cap, blocked tear ducts, cephalhematoma, peeling skin, and the role of nurses in screening for risk and ensuring normal deliveries. Management involves treating underlying causes, maintaining hygiene and moisture, oral or topical medications, and ensuring proper feeding and care practices.
1. Vaginitis is commonly caused by bacterial vaginosis, candidal vaginitis, or trichomonal vaginitis in women of reproductive age. The causes vary by patient age, with poor hygiene and certain infections being common causes in children.
2. Factors like douching, antibiotics, and low estrogen levels can disrupt the normal vaginal flora and allow for pathogenic bacterial overgrowth in women of all ages.
3. Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in women of reproductive age, characterized by a thin, fishy smelling discharge and high vaginal pH.
Neonatal infections are common and can cause illness or death in newborns. Newborns are susceptible to infections due to exposure to microorganisms in the uterus, during delivery, and in the hospital environment, as well as an immature immune system. Common infections discussed in the document include toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, varicella zoster, hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, and syphilis. Signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are described for each infection.
Gynaecological infection- Quick recall for final professional examNilarWin17
This document provides an overview of common presentations, infections, and non-infectious causes of gynaecological infections. It discusses vulvovaginal candidiasis, trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, herpes, and other infections. It outlines the history, examination, investigations, treatment, and management of various conditions. Key points include common symptoms of pruritus and discharge, differentiating physiological from pathological discharge, and investigating underlying causes through history, examination, and testing vaginal samples.
This document discusses neonatal infections, including definitions, causes, classifications, and examples like neonatal conjunctivitis and congenital syphilis. Neonatal infections are infections that occur in infants during the neonatal period. They are a major cause of neonatal mortality in India. Infections can occur before, during, or after birth from various sources like the mother or environment. Neonates are highly susceptible due to underdeveloped immunity. The document outlines types of neonatal infections and how they are classified. Specific conditions like conjunctivitis and syphilis are also explained.
Vaginitis refers to inflammation of the vaginal wall that is commonly caused by infections. The three most common types of vaginitis are trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. Trichomoniasis causes a foul-smelling greenish discharge and is caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. Candidiasis results in a curdy white discharge due to the fungus Candida albicans. Bacterial vaginosis involves a shift in vaginal flora leading to a gray white discharge with a fishy odor.
Herpes simplex virus causes recurrent oral and genital lesions through lifelong latent infections. Primary infections typically cause clusters of vesicles that rupture and form ulcers. Recurrences are common and cause similar but shorter lesions. Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox with a disseminated pruritic rash and herpes zoster with painful dermatomal lesions. Human papillomavirus causes common warts, plantar warts, and genital warts through skin contact. Molluscum contagiosum virus causes pearly papules through direct skin-to-skin contact in children. Treatments include antivirals, cryotherapy, and topical immunomodulators.
Ophthalmology
-Neonatal conjunctivitis is the bilateral inflammation of the conjunctiva in an infant less than 30 days old.It is a preventable disease occurring as a result of carelessness at the time of birth .
📌Contents:
- Definition
- Etiology
- Clinical features
- Prophylaxis
- Investigations
- Treatment
This document presents a presentation on minor disorders of newborns and their management. It defines a newborn as an infant from birth to 28 days old. Minor disorders are physical conditions that cause disturbances to normal functioning. The document discusses 12 common minor disorders including oral thrush, ophthalmia neonatorum, omphalitis, neonatal mastitis, nasopharyngitis, excessive crying, abdominal distension, constipation, diarrhea, pain, vomiting, and physiological jaundice. For each disorder, it describes symptoms and provides recommendations for management and treatment. The overall document aims to educate about minor health issues in newborns and appropriate care responses.
This document discusses various infections of the female genital tract. It begins by explaining that genital tract infections are a major public health problem, particularly in developing countries, as they can cause infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and other issues. The document then discusses defenses of different parts of the genital tract against infection. It proceeds to describe common lower and upper genital tract infections like bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, trichomoniasis, and their symptoms, causes, diagnostic criteria and treatment options. The document concludes by briefly mentioning other sexually transmitted infections like herpes, syphilis, chancroid, and genital warts.
Group Dynamic(presentation for nursing management)ABHIJIT BHOYAR
Group dynamics is a system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group (intragroup dynamics), or between social groups (intergroup dynamics)
the practice of training people to obey rules and behave well.
the practice of training your mind and body so that you control your actions and obey rules; a way of doing this
1. Enzymes like ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, CK, troponins, and PSA are used as biomarkers to diagnose diseases of the liver, heart, bones, muscles, and prostate.
2. Elevated levels of the liver enzymes ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT indicate potential liver damage or disease.
3. CK and troponin levels are measured to diagnose heart attacks, while high PSA levels may indicate prostate cancer.
Isoenzymes (or isozymes) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but have different enzyme forms and catalytic efficiencies. Isozymes are usually distinguished by their electrophoretic mobilities.
An enzyme is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. It speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell. The enzyme is not destroyed during the reaction and is used over and over.
A complete cholesterol test — also called a lipid panel or lipid profile — is a blood test that can measure the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in your blood
Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in your blood. Your body needs cholesterol to build healthy cells, but high levels of cholesterol can increase your risk of heart disease.
Lipid metabolism entails the oxidation of fatty acids to either generate energy or synthesize new lipids from smaller constituent molecules. Lipid metabolism is associated with carbohydrate metabolism,
LIPIDS-Digestion and absorption of Lipids.pptxABHIJIT BHOYAR
The digestion of lipids begins in the oral cavity through exposure to lingual lipases, which are secreted by glands in the tongue to begin the process of digesting triglycerides.
The term essential fatty acids (EFA) refers to those polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that must be provided by foods because these cannot be synthesized in the body yet are necessary for health
Fatty acids are the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat. During digestion, the body breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can then be absorbed into the blood. Fatty acid molecules are usually joined together in groups of three, forming a molecule called a triglyceride.
The document defines lipids and classifies them. It discusses that lipids are a diverse group of organic compounds that are hydrophobic and insoluble in water. Lipids serve important functions like energy storage, cellular structure, signaling and energy transport. Lipids are classified as simple lipids, complex lipids, derived lipids and miscellaneous lipids. Simple lipids include fats, oils and waxes. Complex lipids contain additional groups like phosphate, carbohydrates or proteins. The document provides examples and descriptions of different lipid classes.
Once the egg has left the ovary it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth.
he kidneys are a vital organ critical to the human body. From filtering waste from blood to produce red blood cells, it serves a crucial role. With cells and tissue that work together in synchronized form for common function
The liver is the largest solid organ located in the upper right abdomen. It performs hundreds of vital functions including removing toxins from the blood, maintaining blood sugar levels, and regulating blood clotting. The liver receives 20% of its blood supply from the hepatic artery and 80% from the portal vein. It is divided into four lobes and has five surfaces. The liver plays a crucial role in metabolism and detoxification.
If you like share this PPT presentation to nursing students. The pancreas is an organ and a gland. Glands are organs that produce and release substances in the body. The pancreas performs two main functions: Exocrine function: Produces substances (enzymes) that help with digestion.
he spleen is a fist-sized organ found in the upper left side of your abdomen, next to your stomach and behind your left ribs. It's an important part of your immune system but you can survive without it. This is because the liver can take over many of the spleen's functions
The Popliteal Fossa is a diamond-shaped space behind the knee joint. It is formed between the muscles in the posterior compartments of the thigh and leg. This anatomical landmark is the major route by which structures pass between the thigh and leg.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
2. GENERAL OBJECTIVES –
• At the end of the topic the student will be able
to gain the knowledge about the neonatal
infections and able to do the care of neonate
in the hospital.
3. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES –
At the end of the seminar the student will be
able to.
• Define the neonatal infections.
• Enlist the etiological factors of the neonatal
infection.
• Enlist the some common neonatal infection
4. • Discuss about the common infections and
there management.
• Discuss about the prevention of neonatal
infection.
5. INTRODUCTION
• Neonatal infection is the clinical syndrome of
multiplying bacteria in the blood with systemic signs
and symptoms of inflammation.
• Newborn infants are at a higher risk of contracting
various infections. Prenatal infections, especially
neonatal bacterial infection is the commonest cause
of neonatal mortality in India
6. • Infection can occur in intrauterine life or
during delivery or in the neonatal period. The
neonates are more susceptible to infection
because they lack in natural immunity and
take some time for the development of
acquired immunity.
8. INCIDENCE
• Black infants have an increased incidence of
GBS disease and late-onset sepsis.
• This is observed even after the risk factors of
low birth weight and decreased maternal age
have been controlled for.
9. • In all races, the incidence of bacterial sepsis
and meningitis, especially with gram-negative
enteric bacilli, is higher in males than in
females
• Premature infants have an increased incidence
of sepsis.
10. • The incidence of sepsis is significantly higher in
infants with a birth weight of less than 1000 g (26 per
1000 live births) than in infants with a birth weight of
1000-2000 g (8-9 per 1000 live births).
• The risk of death or meningitis from sepsis is higher
in infants with low birth weight than in full-term
neonates.
11. ETIOLOGY
Antenatal period
• Intrauterine infection
• Ascending infection with contaminated liquor
amnii and amnionitis related to infected birth
passage and premature rupture of membrane
16. COMMON INFECTION IN NEONATE
SUPERFICIAL
• Eyes,
• Skin,
• Umbilicus, And
• Oral Cavity.
LOCALIZED OR
SYSTEMIC
• septicemia ,
• DIC(disseminated
intravascular
coagulopathy),
• pyelonephritis
17. The presence of three of the following
feature should make alert to the
possibility of intrauterine infections
• Maternal history of
infection
• Intrauterine growth
retardation
• Hepatosplenomegaly
• Jaundice
• Petechie and purpura
• Meningo-encephalitis(with
microcephaly,
hydrocephaly, cerebral
calcification, cataract)
• Osteochondritis
• Raised IgM in cord blood.
18. NEONATAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
( ophthalmia neonatorum)
DEFINITION -Inflammation of conjunctiva during first
three week of life is term as ophthalmia
neonatorum.
• Sticky eyes without purulent discharge are common
during first 2 to 3 days after birth
• Unilateral conjunctivitis
after 5 days (Chlamydia
trachomotis)
19. • Purulent discharge (gonococcus ) affect one or
both eyes within 48 hours of age.
• Other microorganism causing neonatal
conjunctivitis are streptococcus , staphylococcus,
pnenmonia , E. coli, herpix simplex virus, etc
• chemical conjunctivitis may occure due to
irritation of silver nitrate , soap and local
antibiotic drops.
20. Mode of infection
• Infected hands of caregiver,
• Infected birth canal and
• Cross infection from other baby.
• Infection can occurs directly from other sites
of infection like skin and umbilicus.
21. Clinical features
• White sticky eyes with or without discharge
ranging from watery or purulent or mucopurulent
in one or both eyes.
• The eyelid may be markedly swollen and stuck
together with redness of eyes.
• Closed eyelid may present due to spasm of ocular
muscle.
22. Management
• Antibiotic therapy (as eye drop or in
parenteral route
• The baby should be kept isolated to prevent
cross infection.
• Sulfacitamide or framacetin or
chloramphinicol drops or erythromycin
ointment can be used
23. • For gonococol infection penicillin therapy
should be initiated
• If organism are resistance to penicillin, then
cefotaxim or ceftraxone are used.
24. • Cleaning of the infected eyes with sterile
cotton swabs soaked in saline should be done
after hand washing
• Instillation of eye drops to be done with
proper aseptic technique.
25. Preventive management
• Treatment of maternal infection,
• Aseptic techniques during delivery ,
• Special care and attention in face and breech
presentation,
• Isolation of the infected baby
• Maintenance of general cleanliness.
26. Prognosis
• Prognosis is good if detected and treated
promptly
• In neglected cases, orbital cellulitis and
dacrocystic with obstruction of nasolacrimal
duct may develop.
27. • In gonococcus infection, corneal ulceration
may occur leading to cornial opacity.
• In rare cases blindness may occur if no
treatment done.
29. source of infection
• Unhygienic environment of delivery.,
• Umbilical catheterization,
• Exchange transfusion,
• Contaminated cord cutting instrument,
• Infected hands of caregiver or infected
clothing
30. • The causative organisms are mainly
staphylococcus, E. coli, or any pyogenic
organisms.
• Clostridium tetani can also infect umbilical
cord and produces tetanus neonatorum.
31. • The incidence of tetanus neonatorum is also
reduced due to administration of tetanus
toxoid to antenatal mothers. But till it is found
in the rural area in home delivery and delivery
in very unhygienic condition.
32. Clinical features
• Swollen and moist
periumbilical tissue with
redness,
• Foul smelling and serous
and seropurulent discharge,
33. `• Delayed falling off umbilical cord and fever.
• Jaundice and features of septicemia may
appear in complicated cases.
• The clinical features of tetanus are found in
clostridium tetani infections.
34. Management
• Management of this condition is done with
dressing or the infected cord with triple dye or
sprit or antibiotic powder or lotion.
• Umbilical cord should leave uncovered rather
than application of dressing..
35. • Antibiotic
• The infected babies should be kept in the
isolation.
• Culture and sensitivity test of umbilical swab
may be needed in some cases who are not
responding to the routine treatment
36. • Umbilical sepsis can be complicated with
thrombophlebitis of umbilical veins, umbilical
granuloma, hepatitis, liver abscess, peritonitis
and portal hypertension
37. Prognosis
• Prognosis depends upon the nature of
infection, initiation of management and
nursing care.
• Prevention of umbilical infection is more easy
and important in life of neonates.
38. ORAL THRUSH
• It is fungal infection of the oral cavity and
tongue by Candida albicans in the late first
week or second week of age.
• Infection occur from infected birth canal,
39. • Infected feeding bottles and
• Teats or contaminated feeding articles,
mothers hands and breast nipples.
• It may develop due to prolonged antibiotic
therapy.
40. Clinical manifestation
• Milky-white elevated patches on the buccal
mucosa, lips, tongue and gums, which cannot
be easily wiped off with gauze and oozes
blood on attempt to scrap the patches.
41. • Swallowing difficulties may present due to
posterior oropharengeal white patches.
• Sucking reflex may be normal.
• infection may cause monilial diarrhea,
Perineal moniliasis and lung infection.
42. Management
• Oral application 0.5 percent aqueous solution
of gentian violet after each feed.
• Nystatin and ketokonazol or cotrimazole
lotions ; 4 times per day for 5 to 7 days.
• Parenteral antifungal drugs can be
administered in disseminated candidiasis.
43. Prevention
• This condition can be prevented by the
treatment of maternal fungal infection,
adequate cleaning of the utensils and
maintenances of general cleanliness and
hygienic measures.
44. PYODERMA
• Superficial skin infection (staphylococcus
aureus).
• The skin eruptions and pastules are commonly
seen on scalp, neck, groin and axillae.
• These are more commonly found in summer
month.
45. • This infection occurs from contaminated hands of the
personnel responsible for care of the neonate.
• Unhygienic environment,
• spread from other infected baby and
• contaminated baby clothing can also result in this
infections.
46. Clinical manifestation
• The infection may spread to cause abscess,
osteomyelitis, parotitis and septicemia,
• The life threatening staphylococcal infection may
result in pemphigus neonatorum that is
manifested as marked erythemia, bullas lesion
and exfoliation which gives appearance of scaled
skin syndrome.
47. Management
• Treatment of these lesions includes
puncturing, cleaning with hexachlorophene,
• Antiseptic skin care and application of triple
dye over the punctured lesions.
• Pus should be sent for culture and sensitivity
test..
48. • In case of spread infection, erythromycin 50
mg/kg per day per orally in 3 divided doses
• In complicated cases, parenteral
administration of antibiotic should be done.
• The baby to be kept in the isolation
49. Prevention
• This condition can be prevented by avoidance
of dip baby bath in hospital delivery and
during hospital stay, isolation of infected baby,
maintenances of general cleanliness (including
clean clothing ) and treatment of source of
infection.
51. TETANUS NEONATORUM
• Till recently tetanus neonatorum accounted
for the 6.5 percent of deaths in India.
• Every year nearly 230-280 thousands
neonates used to die within first month of life
due to neonatal
tetanus.
52. • The disease is caused by infection of umbilical
stump by clostridium tetani.
• Contamination of infectioin of the umbilical
stumps at the time of cutting the cord is an
important cause.
• The condition is limited to domociliary midwifery,
as untrained dais use unclene sharp weapons to
cut the umbilical cord.
53. • They even paint the stump with cowdung with
the mistaken belief of its purifying properties.
• Lack of active immunization of adult
population with tetanus toxoid also
contributes to the high incidence of this highly
fatal though entirely preventable disease.
54. Clinical features
• Common age of onset of symptoms is 5-15 days
• Excessive unexplained crying, follow by refusal of
feed and apathy
• The infant keeps the mouth slightly opened to
pull as a result of spasm of the muscle of the neck
but reflex mouth during feeds
55. • Reflex spasm of pharyngeal muscle lead to
dysphagia and chocking during feeds.
• During handling and touching, lock-jaw or
trismus is follow by spasm of the limbs.
• The usual flexed posture of the baby is replaced
by generalized rigidity and opisthotonus in
extension.
56. • The spasm of larynx and respiratory muscles is
associated with apnea and cyanosis. The
spasms are characteristically induced by
stimuli of touch, noise and bright light.
• Frequently muscular spasm lead to fever,
tachycardia and Tachypnea.
57. Management
• Active immunization of the pregnant women
against the tetanus
• Public health education regarding the need for
asepsis while cutting the umbilical cord, have
effectively reduced the incidence of tetanus
neonatorum.
58. General measures
• The infant should be nursed in a quite room.
• Handling should be reduced
• Intramuscular injections must be avoided,
• Temperature should be watched and controlled.
• Oral secretion should be suck periodically.
59. Intravenous infusion
• Oral feeding should be stopped
• Intravenous line should be established,
• Provide adequate fluids, calories, and electrolytes, it
offers a convenient route for administration of various
drugs.
• After two to three days, milk feeding through
nosogastric tube may be started.
60. Antitoxin serum
• Human tetanus specific immunoglobulin in
single dose of 250 i. u./kg intravenously
generally sufficient higher doses have not
shown to be of any additional benefits.
61. • The use of intrathecal antitetanus serum (250
units of human tetanus specific
immunoglobulin)appear to conform additional
therapeutic benefit by bathing and traveling
along the nerve roots to inactivate the toxins.
• It is not associated with the any serious side
effects.
62. Sedation
• Diazepam 2 to 5 mg (maximum of 2 mg/kg per
dose)
• Chlorpromazine 2mg/kg/dose should be
administered slowly intravenously every 2 to 4
hours, altering with each other , so that a
sedative dose is being given every1 to 2 hours.
• Phenobarbitone should preferably be avoided
during diazepam therapy to safeguard against
apnea attacks.
63. Muscle relaxants
• Methacarbanol (50-75 mg/kg/day iv in 2
divided doses)
• Mephenesin (30-120 mg/kg/dose every one
hourly orally)
Antibiotics
• penicillin, gentamicin or amicasin cefotaxim
should be given intravenously.
64. Tracheostomy or assisted ventilation
• Early resort to assisted ventilation along with
muscle relaxants has significaltly improved the
outlook in tetanus neonaterum.
• It is indicated that whenever the infant gets
frequent episodes of laryngeal spasm. Apneic
attack with cyanosis or central respiratory
failure.
65. Prognosis
• The overall mortality rate varies from 50- 75 %
but those who servieves do not manifest any
mental sequallae except when apneic
episodes are unduly prolong and unattended.
66. NEONATAL SEPSIS
Definition
• The systemic bacterial infections of neonates
are termed as neonatal sepsis which
incorporates septicemia, pneumonia and
meningitis of the newborn.
68. Predisposing factor
• Intrauterine Infections,
• Premature Rupture Of
Membrane,
• Muconium Stained
Liquor,
• Repeated Vaginal
Examination,
• Maternal Infections,
• Lack Of Aseptic
Practices,
• Birth asphyxia,
• Resuscitation without
aseptic precaution,
• Low birth weight,
• Invasive procedure ,
• Needle pricks,
• Superficial infections,
• Aspiration of feed and
• lack of breast feeding.
69. sources of infection
• Infusion sets, IV sites,
• Face masks, feeding bottles,
• Catheters, ventilators,
• Resuscitators, incubators,
• Baby care contaminated
articles,
• Infected care givers and
unhygienic environments.
70. TYPES
•EARLY ONSET SEPSIS
• In The First 48 Hours After
Birth
• Associated with acquisition
of microorganisms from the
mother.
• Trans-placental infection or
an ascending infection from
the cervix
•LATE ONSET SEPSIS
• After 48 hours of age
• acquired from the care
giving environment.
• It acquired as nosocomial
infection from baby care
area or due to,inappropriate
neonatal care.
71. Clinical manifestation
• Early onset neonatal sepsis may present as
perinatal hypoxia, resuscitation difficulties and
congenital pneumonia in the form of respiratory
distress.
• The late onset neonatal sepsis in a very small
baby may be silent who may die suddenly
without presenting any signs and symptoms.
72. • lethargic, inactive, pale or unresponsive and
refuses to suck.
• Hypothermia is common than fever, in neonatal
sepsis.
• Poor cry, vacant look, comatose and not
arousable
• baby with distension of abdomen, diarrhea,
vomiting,
• less weight gain or loss of weight and poor
neonatal reflexes.
• episodes of apnea or gasping may be the only
feature of the condition.
73. • In Sick neonate, skin may become tight giving
a hide bound feel (sclerema) and poor
perfusion are found.
• In critical neonate circumpolar cyanosis,
shock, bleeding, excessive jaundice and renal
failure may develop.
74. • The evidence of pneumonia may include fast
breathing. Chest retraction, grunting, early
cyanosis, apneal spell in addition to inactivity
and poor feeding.
Cough is unusual.
75. • Meningitis is often silent, the clinical features
are dominated by manifestation of
septicemia. But the presence of high pitched
cry, fever, irritability, convolutions, twitching,
blank look, neck retraction and bulging
fontanel are highly suggestive of meningitis.
76. • The neonatal sepsis may present with
hypoglycemia, urinary tract infection,
coagulopathy (DIC) , necrotizing enterocolitis
(NEC) ,
77. Investigation
• history taking & physical examination,
• blood culture, swab culture from septic
umbilicus or from any other location of
superficial infections and lumber puncture for
CSF study.
• Other useful investigation are urine for routine
examination and culture, chest x ray , blood
sugar, serum bilirubin, leucocytes count, ESR c-
reactive protein, for sepsis screening procedures.
78. MANAGEMENT
• Cardiopulmonary support and intravenous (IV)
nutrition may be required during the acute
phase of the illness until the infant’s condition
stabilizes.
• Monitoring of blood pressure, vital signs,
hematocrit, platelets, and coagulation studies
is vital.
79. • Blood product transfusion, including packed
red blood cells (PRBCs), platelets, and fresh
frozen plasma (FFP), is indicated
• An infant with temperature instability needs
thermoregulatory support with a radiant
warmer or incubator. Once the infant is stable
from a cardiopulmonary standpoint, parental
contact is important.
80. • Surgical consultation for central line
• If an abscess is present, surgical drainage may
be necessary;
• IV antibiotic therapy cannot adequately
penetrate an abscess, and antibiotic
treatment alone is ineffective.
82. Supportive care
• Maintenance of warmth
• Intravenous fluid should be administered
• Oxygen therapy should be provided
• Bag and mask ventilation with the oxygen
therapy
• Vitamin k 1mg intramuscularly should be
given
83. • Enteral feed is avoided if the neonate is very
sick or has abdominal distension
• Other supportive measure includes gentle
physical stimulation, nasogastric aspiration,
close and constant monitoring of infants
condition and experts nursing care.
86. SURGICAL
• Surgeries may done accourding to the patient
condition and the diagnosis surgeries like VP
shunting.
PROGNOSIS
• Almost 25-30 % neonates die in case of
neonatal sepsis.
• Surgical procedure adversely affect the
prognosis
87. NURSING MANAGEMENT OF NEONATAL
INFECTION
• Organism can be carried to neonates on the
hands or under the nails or jewelry of
caregiver,
• No one with a skin or other infection should
enter the nursery or the rooms occupied by
the mothers.
88. • A mother who become infected should be
isolated and, if there is any question of
contamination, her neonate should be
isolated from other infants in the nursery.
89. • Culture are done
• All infants whose cultures are positive,
whether ill or not, must be isolated
• Appropriate supportive antibiotic therapy is
given to the ill infants.
90. • After all neonates have been discharge from the
contaminated nursery, the room and its contents
must be thoroughly cleaned. Contaminated
equipment should be washed and sterilized
• The parents should have an opportunity to share
their feelings concerning the infection of their
neonates
91. NURSING DIAGNOSIS OF NEONATAL
INFECTION
1) High risk for neonatal infection
2) ineffective breathing patterns
3) altered growth and development
4) Altered nutrition less than body
requirements
5) Impaired skin integrity
6) Knowledge deficit
92. PREVENTION OF NEONATAL
INFECTION
• Strict aseptic management of institutional
delivery.
• Five clean practices in home delivery- clean
surface, clean hand, clean cord tie, clean blade
and clean care stump.
93. • Hand washing before and after
the handling the baby.
• Use of sterile gown before
entering the baby care unit/
neonatal nursery and changing
the shoes.
94. • Minimum handling the newborn baby.
• Exclusion of the infected persons or carriers
from the neonatal care area.
• Maintenances of cleanliness of the
environment, that is delivery room, neonatal
care unit, postnatal area and separate area for
mother and baby at home.
95. • Use of separate and disposable belonging for each
baby, e.g., clothing, feeding, equipment, etc.
• Aseptic cleaning of baby-cot, incubator, warmer,
phototherapy machine, weighing machine , etc.
• Strict asepsis for all invasive procedure.
• Maintenance of general cleanliness of baby and
mother. Teaching the mother to maintain the hygienic
measures.
96. • Separate accommodation of the infected baby
and outside confined baby.
• Avoid unnecessary IV fluid infections needle
pricks and no sharing of needles and syringes.
• Visitors to be restricted in postnatal ward.
• Any baby showing features, suggestive of
infections should be isolated immediately.
97. • Encoring exclusive breast feeding and no
prelacteal feeding . Strict aseptic measures for
expressed breast milk feeding or artificial
feeding.
• Prevention and treatment of maternal
infection in antenatal and postnatal period.
Active immunization to the mother.
98. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy to be given, if any three of the
following factor are present, considering the baby is infected (
presumed early sepsis ) and should be treated with antibiotics (
ampicillin and gentamycin ) immediately after birth .
a) preterm baby less than
36 weeks or birth
weight less than 2 kg,
b) maternal feeding in
the preceding 2 weeks,
c) foul smelling liquor,
d) prolong rupture of
membrane more than
24 hours,
e) more than three vaginal
examination in labor,
f) birth asphyxia, Apgar
scoreless than 4 at 5
minute,
g) prolonged or difficult
delivery with
instrumentation
99. DIATORY MANAGEMENT FOR
NEONATAL INFECTION
• Because of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms,
feeding intolerance, or poor feeding, it may be
necessary to give the neonate nothing by
mouth (nil per os; NPO) during the first days
of treatment.
100. • Consider parenteral nutrition to ensure that the
patient’s intake of calories, protein, minerals, and
electrolytes is adequate during this period.
• For the NEONATE whose condition is seriously
compromised, feeding may be restarted via a
nasogastric tube For most infants, breast milk is
the enteral diet recommended.