The document discusses the components and functioning of image sensors in digital cameras. It explains that digital cameras use either CCD or CMOS image sensors to convert optical images into electronic signals. The presentation covers the need analysis, operation analysis, functional analysis, and feasibility analysis required for developing image sensors for digital cameras. It also discusses the working of image sensors, advantages and disadvantages of digital cameras over traditional cameras, and concludes with the increasing applications of image sensors in various industries.

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M. Sc. (Engg.) in Electronics System Design Engineering
GREESHMA S
CWB0913004 , FT-2013
1stModule Presentation
Module code : ESE2501
Module name : Principles of Systems Engineering
Module leader: Dr. Govind. R. Kadambi
Presentation on : 13/11/2013

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Image Sensors on Digital Camera

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•NEED ANALYSIS
•OPERATION ANALYSIS
•FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
•FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS
•NEED VALIDATION
•WBS
•RISK ASSESMENT
•ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
•TECHNICAL POINTS

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Digital Camera is a camera that encodes digital images and videos digitally.
An image sensor is a device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal.
There are two types of sensors
CCD (Charge Coupled Device)
CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor)

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To develop image sensor in camera, need analysis should be done in digital camerawith respect to traditional analysis.
This phase has 4 stages. Those are
Operational Analysis
Functional Analysis
Feasibility Analysis
Need Validation

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In this phase , the image sensor in digital camera (System) is partitioned in sub-systems and is allocated in functionalities that will in turn meet the operational Objectives. The below figure shows sub-system functionalities allocations.

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In this phase , we check for the feasibility of developing image sensor in adigital camera in terms of clarity, sharpness, and distance.
The feasibility of using air digital camera as a tool for remote sensing.
Below is a time series visible imagery captured at 4,000 feet altitude of 4 hour sampling period.

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Vibration Reduction is a system which helps to remove camera shake, in turn the image sensor and movement from appearing in pictures.
When Shooting with tripod and remote release (Landscape for example), should turn-off the lens.
Camera shake (unintentional movement) is most caused to spoil the picture.
The speed of the shutter .
For more traditional view point the calibration is used in photogrammetric application.
Validation is described as the process assessing the quantity of the data products derived from system outputs.

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In camera sensor there is a possibility of getting dust on sensor, chances of ruining the picture.

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Eliminates Film Processing-This is the most important, no longer to waste time and energy in developing roll of film in dark room.
Massive photo storage-can easily store images more than 10,000 photos, depending on size of memory card.
Operating speed-Digital cameras are simple point and shoot, complete with auto focus and image stabilization.
User friendly features-There are many features as detection of blurry face, red eye photographs, and dim lights areas.
Preview of images-Digital cameras have viewing screens on the camera body which allow viewing the image as soon as it clicked. Delete option is also available.

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Storage space-The size of digital image can be substantially large and it won’t be long before your designated storage spaces fill.
Durability-A digital camera is susceptible to many malfunctions and hence rendered useless when it’s snow, rain and desert areas.
Battery Consumption-is more in digital cameras. This makes it necessary to keep spare batteries in hand, especially during lengthy photo sessions.
Complexity-An individual using a digital needs to know how to upload and edit images, and be tech savvy with using computers. Those who are not technologically inclined may find it over whelming to learn digital photography

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The combinational technological advances and an increase in the number of image sensor application.
Image sensor is used primarily in digital cameras and in larger number of imaging devices used in industrial, media, medical and consumer applications.
Pixels in CCD image sensor capture light and move it to edge of chip where it is converted into digital signal.
Pixels in CMOS image sensor capture light and directly convert into a digital signal
An image sensor is an electrical device that converts light to electronic signal.
Larger sensor is equal to better image quality

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•http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-digital- cameras.html (Retrieved on 07-11-2013)
•http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/camera-sensor-cleaning.htm (Retrieved on 08-11-2013)
•http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/guide/digital-cameras/ (Retrieved on 08-11-2013)
•http://www.lsst.org/lsst/science/concept_camera (09-11-2013)
•http://www.sensorsmag.com/machine-vision/growing-world-image-sensors-market- 9533 (Retrieved on 08-11-2013)
•http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/status-of-the-cmos-image-sensors- industry-187871741.html (Retrieved on 07-11-2013)

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