The document provides lecture notes on the utilization of electrical energy. It covers topics such as illumination, electric heating and welding, electric traction, and the economic aspects of utilizing electrical energy. For illumination, it defines key terms such as luminous flux, luminous intensity, lumen, and candlepower. It also discusses interior lighting, outdoor lighting, and the nature of light. The notes provide information on different light sources as well as factors involved in lighting design such as lamp efficiency and space-to-height ratio.
This document summarizes the summer training report submitted by four students from Amritsar College of Engineering & Technology at the Punjab State Power Corporation Limited Transformer Repair Workshop in Amritsar. The workshop repairs damaged transformers to save costs compared to the private sector. It has two main circles and aims to repair 120 units per month. The report describes the workshop organization and sections for washing, repairing, drying, assembling, testing and storing transformers. It also explains transformer components, types, workings, efficiency tests and applications.
Design Calculations for Solar Water Heating Systemsangeetkhule
Chapter 1 City of Residence
Chapter 2 Estimation of Available Solar Resources
Chapter 3 Site Survey
Chapter 4 Load Estimation
Chapter 5 Estimation of Required Absorber Area
Chapter 6 Market Survey & Estimation of No. of Tubes for ETC
Chapter 7 Economical Analysis & Estimation of Payback Period
Chapter 8 Conclusion
solar radiation measurement vivek singhvivek singh
This document discusses solar energy terms and devices used to measure solar radiation. It defines terms like solar radiation, solar irradiation, and solar insolation. It describes three key devices - pyranometers measure total solar radiation, pyrheliometers measure direct beam radiation, and sunshine recorders measure duration of bright sunshine. It also discusses how solar radiation data is collected and estimated using methods like the Angstrom equation.
There are three main methods for lighting calculations: 1) Watts per square meter, 2) Lumen or light flux, and 3) Point to point or inverse square law. The lumen method is used to estimate illumination patterns from diffuse lighting sources over a broad area. It determines the total installed luminous flux (Φinst) needed to provide the required received flux (Φrec), taking into account the maintenance factor and utilization factor. The utilization factor depends on luminaire properties, room reflectance, distribution of light sources, and the room index. The number of lamps required is calculated as the product of the required flux and area divided by the lamp lumen output and adjustment factors.
This document discusses two laws of illumination: 1) The Law of Inverse Squares, which states that the intensity of illumination from a point source decreases inversely with the square of the distance from the source. 2) Lambert's Cosine Law, which states that the illumination at a point on a surface is proportional to the cosine of the angle between the normal to the surface and the direction of the light. It also provides background on units of measurement for light intensity, illuminance, and how photometric benches can be used to measure the candlepower of lamps.
This document provides an overview of various types of electrical lighting sources and illumination concepts. It discusses the basic terms used in illumination like luminous flux, lumen, candle power, and inverse square and Lambert's cosine laws. It then describes different electrical light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, neon and halogen lamps. For each light source, it explains the working principle, construction details, advantages and applications. The document serves as a useful reference for understanding various electrical lighting techniques and concepts of illumination.
This document discusses various types of lighting sources including their working principles, advantages, disadvantages and comparison. It covers incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, mercury vapor lamps, CFLs, LEDs and OLEDs. It also discusses illumination requirements, types of electric lamps, energy management and its principles. The key aspects covered are the construction, working and properties of different artificial light sources as well as factors affecting illumination levels.
This document summarizes the summer training report submitted by four students from Amritsar College of Engineering & Technology at the Punjab State Power Corporation Limited Transformer Repair Workshop in Amritsar. The workshop repairs damaged transformers to save costs compared to the private sector. It has two main circles and aims to repair 120 units per month. The report describes the workshop organization and sections for washing, repairing, drying, assembling, testing and storing transformers. It also explains transformer components, types, workings, efficiency tests and applications.
Design Calculations for Solar Water Heating Systemsangeetkhule
Chapter 1 City of Residence
Chapter 2 Estimation of Available Solar Resources
Chapter 3 Site Survey
Chapter 4 Load Estimation
Chapter 5 Estimation of Required Absorber Area
Chapter 6 Market Survey & Estimation of No. of Tubes for ETC
Chapter 7 Economical Analysis & Estimation of Payback Period
Chapter 8 Conclusion
solar radiation measurement vivek singhvivek singh
This document discusses solar energy terms and devices used to measure solar radiation. It defines terms like solar radiation, solar irradiation, and solar insolation. It describes three key devices - pyranometers measure total solar radiation, pyrheliometers measure direct beam radiation, and sunshine recorders measure duration of bright sunshine. It also discusses how solar radiation data is collected and estimated using methods like the Angstrom equation.
There are three main methods for lighting calculations: 1) Watts per square meter, 2) Lumen or light flux, and 3) Point to point or inverse square law. The lumen method is used to estimate illumination patterns from diffuse lighting sources over a broad area. It determines the total installed luminous flux (Φinst) needed to provide the required received flux (Φrec), taking into account the maintenance factor and utilization factor. The utilization factor depends on luminaire properties, room reflectance, distribution of light sources, and the room index. The number of lamps required is calculated as the product of the required flux and area divided by the lamp lumen output and adjustment factors.
This document discusses two laws of illumination: 1) The Law of Inverse Squares, which states that the intensity of illumination from a point source decreases inversely with the square of the distance from the source. 2) Lambert's Cosine Law, which states that the illumination at a point on a surface is proportional to the cosine of the angle between the normal to the surface and the direction of the light. It also provides background on units of measurement for light intensity, illuminance, and how photometric benches can be used to measure the candlepower of lamps.
This document provides an overview of various types of electrical lighting sources and illumination concepts. It discusses the basic terms used in illumination like luminous flux, lumen, candle power, and inverse square and Lambert's cosine laws. It then describes different electrical light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, neon and halogen lamps. For each light source, it explains the working principle, construction details, advantages and applications. The document serves as a useful reference for understanding various electrical lighting techniques and concepts of illumination.
This document discusses various types of lighting sources including their working principles, advantages, disadvantages and comparison. It covers incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, mercury vapor lamps, CFLs, LEDs and OLEDs. It also discusses illumination requirements, types of electric lamps, energy management and its principles. The key aspects covered are the construction, working and properties of different artificial light sources as well as factors affecting illumination levels.
The document provides an overview of illumination topics including the nature and production of light, laws of illumination, electrical methods of producing light, and different light sources such as incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, mercury vapor, and halogen lamps. Key points covered include the inverse square law, definitions of luminous flux, lumens, candlepower, efficiency, and different lamp types such as fluorescent, sodium vapor, mercury vapor and their working principles. The document also discusses units and measurement of light, sensitivity of the human eye, and applications of different lighting types.
1) Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) involves studying electrically conducting fluids in magnetic fields. MHD power generators directly convert the kinetic energy of conducting fluids flowing in a magnetic field into electrical energy without moving parts.
2) MHD electrical power generation works by inducing an electromotive force when a conducting fluid passes through a magnetic field according to Faraday's law of induction. Maximum power output can be achieved when the load resistance equals the internal resistance of the MHD generator.
3) MHD generators have applications in space systems, industrial processes requiring DC power, and ship propulsion due to their increased efficiency and ability to generate power without noise and vibration.
This document discusses various topics related to illumination including the nature of light sources, terms used in illumination, methods of producing light, sources of light, and the importance of illumination for energy savings. It covers the history of illumination and developments in luminous efficacy over time from early light sources like torches to modern LED lights. Key light sources discussed include incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, mercury vapor, halogen, compact fluorescent, and LED lamps. The document also provides details on light basics, the visible spectrum, and definitions of common terms in illumination.
The document discusses various aspects of electrical lighting design, including:
1. The lighting design process and common design fundamentals.
2. Different types of luminaires (lighting fixtures) and how their distribution characteristics impact lighting quality and efficiency.
3. The six main lighting system types - general, localized, ambient, task, accent, and decorative - and their advantages/disadvantages.
4. Methods for visualizing and understanding light distribution from different sources.
As our road networks become more crowded, the use of
tunnels and underpasses is expanding, both to improve
traffic flow, and to protect local environments from
increased traffic exposure.
Within tunnels, where maintenance access can be limited,
and where corrosive atmospheric conditions are common,
reliable performance of the lighting system is critical, as is
the need for the absolute minimum of operational
maintenance requirements.
Posted by Ing. Ivan Trejo R.
This document discusses key concepts related to solar radiation geometry. It begins by providing background on the sun and how it generates enormous amounts of energy. It then discusses how solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere and surface. Key angles used in solar radiation analysis are defined, including latitude, declination, hour angle, and others. The timing of solstices and equinoxes is explained by the changing declination angle throughout the year. Factors like direct and diffuse radiation, spectral distribution, and how solar radiation is attenuated in the atmosphere are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of generators used in wind turbines, including synchronous generators, induction generators, and doubly fed induction generators. It focuses on the benefits of using direct-drive permanent magnet generators, which eliminate the need for a gearbox and have higher reliability, lower maintenance costs, and lower power losses compared to other wind turbine systems. Larger wind turbines up to 20 MW in capacity are also discussed.
1. INTRODUCTION
In the future, the cost of energy will increase due to environmental problems and limited resources. The electric motor consumes major part of the electric energy in the industry. The induction motor is the main driven system in the modern industrial society. It would also reduce the production of greenhouse gases and push down the total environmental cost of electricity generation. Also these motors can reduce maintenance costs and improve operation in industry. Energy efficient motors use less electricity, run cooler, and often last longer than NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) B motors of the same size.
Motors and motor-driven systems account for 43%-46% of all global electricity consumption and 69% of all electricity used by industry. Inefficient electric motors waste electrical energy and therefore cost more to operate. Since most electricity is generated from fossil-fuelled power plants, motors and motor-driven systems are also indirect contributors to greenhouse gas emissions produced by these plants. Hence, there are compelling economic and environmental reasons to increase the use of energy efficient motors.
This document provides information about a photovoltaic system project at IIT Roorkee. It discusses the components of a photovoltaic system including solar arrays, mounting systems, inverters, and batteries. It also describes different types of solar cell technologies like thin film and crystalline silicon, and provides background on the growth of photovoltaics over time in India and worldwide. The document highlights India's solar potential and the Indian government's support for solar energy development.
DC to DC converters, also known as choppers, are used to obtain a variable DC output voltage from a constant DC source. They offer benefits like greater efficiency, faster response, smaller size, and smooth control. Choppers control the output voltage through either pulse width modulation, keeping the frequency constant and varying the ON time, or variable frequency control. The document then describes various chopper circuits like buck, boost, and buck-boost converters. It also explains different types of choppers - Types A to E - which operate in the first, second, third or fourth quadrants depending on whether the average output voltage and current are positive or negative.
This document defines and explains key terms related to illumination:
Illuminance is the amount of light falling on a surface, measured in lux which is equal to one lumen per square meter. Luminance is the luminous intensity emitted per unit area of a light source, measured in candela per square meter. Luminous flux, measured in lumens, is the total perceived power of light emitted by a source in all directions. Luminous intensity is the luminous flux emitted in a given direction within a unit of solid angle, measured in candelas.
The document discusses lamps and different types of lamps. It provides details on fluorescent lamps, including their components, construction, working, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. The key components of a fluorescent lamp are electrodes, gases like mercury vapor and argon, and phosphor coating. It emits light when mercury vapor is excited by electrons from the electrodes, causing the phosphor coating to fluoresce. Fluorescent lamps have higher efficiency and longer life than incandescent lamps.
This document discusses pyranometers and pyrheliometers. A pyranometer is a sensor that measures solar irradiance over 180 degrees using a thermopile sensor with a black coating inside a glass dome. It measures diffuse sunlight. A pyrheliometer specifically measures direct beam sunlight using a thermopile sensor that tracks the sun inside an instrument with a window. They are both used to study solar energy, meteorology and climate but a pyrheliometer additionally helps assess solar panel efficiency.
This document discusses illumination engineering and provides definitions and formulas for key terms. It describes:
1. The electromagnetic spectrum and visible light spectrum.
2. Terms like luminous intensity, luminous flux, illuminance, luminous exitance, and luminance and their definitions and relationships.
3. How to calculate illuminance on surfaces using the inverse square law and other formulas, accounting for factors like source intensity, distance, and angle to the surface.
4. Intensity distribution curves and how they illustrate light output as a function of angle.
5. The zonal cavity method for lighting layout and design, which divides a room into cavities and calculates light levels based on factors like room dimensions
The project is based on electric heating and its method. This project is a college project done by students. So the project might have some mistakes. Use this project as any source is restricted. The project is uploaded only because of the benefits of the students who want to get the basic idea of the powerpoint presentation of a project.
This document provides an overview of brushless alternators compared to brushed alternators. It discusses the construction, working principle, losses, and applications of brushless alternators. The key points are:
- Brushless alternators have simplified construction without slip rings or brushes, reducing costs and increasing reliability compared to brushed alternators.
- A brushless alternator contains an exciter alternator and main alternator on the same shaft, with the exciter regulating the output voltage of the main alternator.
- Brushless alternators are now commonly used in automotive and other applications where maintenance-free operation is important.
This document summarizes information about wind power. It discusses how wind is formed due to uneven heating of the Earth's surface creating low and high pressure regions. Wind power depends on wind speed, turbine availability, and turbine arrangement. There are two main types of wind power plants: on-shore and off-shore. On-shore plants have lower costs but off-shore plants access stronger winds. Wind turbines work by converting the kinetic energy of wind into rotational motion that spins a generator to produce electricity. The document also describes the different types of wind turbines, including horizontal axis wind turbines and vertical axis wind turbines, noting their various advantages and disadvantages.
Differences between dc and ac motors presentationYonela Ncubela
A DC motor uses direct current as a power source and consists of components like a split ring commutator, permanent magnet, and brushes to convert electrical energy into rotational mechanical energy. An AC motor uses an alternating current power source and a slip ring commutator to allow the current direction in its coils to change, enabling the rotor to rotate continuously in one direction within a magnetic field. Both motor types convert input electrical power to output rotational motion but differ in their power sources and commutation methods.
The document discusses solar energy and wind power. It states that solar energy is an ultimate source of energy from millions of years and is renewable. Just a small fraction of the sun's energy absorbed by Earth is enough to meet power needs. Wind power harnesses the kinetic energy of wind to generate electricity using wind turbines. Modern wind turbines can generate electricity 70-85% of the time and produce maximum power at wind speeds around 15 meters/second.
Industrial and AlliedElectrical Sysrems digital notes.pdfssuser84540d
The document discusses key terms used in illumination engineering. It defines illumination as the luminous flux received per unit area. Luminous intensity is the luminous flux emitted per unit solid angle. A lumen is defined as the luminous flux emitted by a source of one candela in all directions through a solid angle of one steradian. Common light sources discussed include tungsten filament lamps, fluorescent lamps, mercury vapor lamps, and sodium vapor lamps. The document also covers photometric terms such as luminous efficiency, plane angle, solid angle, footcandle, and lux.
This document defines key terms related to illumination and lighting. It explains that light is a form of radiant energy and the human eye is most sensitive to yellow-green wavelengths. Color is determined by the wavelength of light. Illumination is the result of light falling on a surface and makes it appear bright. Common light sources are incandescent, fluorescent and gas discharge lamps. Key terms defined include luminous flux, intensity, lumen, lux, candlepower, illumination, brightness and maintenance factor. Proper lighting design requires an understanding of these illumination fundamentals and metrics.
The document provides an overview of illumination topics including the nature and production of light, laws of illumination, electrical methods of producing light, and different light sources such as incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, mercury vapor, and halogen lamps. Key points covered include the inverse square law, definitions of luminous flux, lumens, candlepower, efficiency, and different lamp types such as fluorescent, sodium vapor, mercury vapor and their working principles. The document also discusses units and measurement of light, sensitivity of the human eye, and applications of different lighting types.
1) Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) involves studying electrically conducting fluids in magnetic fields. MHD power generators directly convert the kinetic energy of conducting fluids flowing in a magnetic field into electrical energy without moving parts.
2) MHD electrical power generation works by inducing an electromotive force when a conducting fluid passes through a magnetic field according to Faraday's law of induction. Maximum power output can be achieved when the load resistance equals the internal resistance of the MHD generator.
3) MHD generators have applications in space systems, industrial processes requiring DC power, and ship propulsion due to their increased efficiency and ability to generate power without noise and vibration.
This document discusses various topics related to illumination including the nature of light sources, terms used in illumination, methods of producing light, sources of light, and the importance of illumination for energy savings. It covers the history of illumination and developments in luminous efficacy over time from early light sources like torches to modern LED lights. Key light sources discussed include incandescent, fluorescent, sodium vapor, mercury vapor, halogen, compact fluorescent, and LED lamps. The document also provides details on light basics, the visible spectrum, and definitions of common terms in illumination.
The document discusses various aspects of electrical lighting design, including:
1. The lighting design process and common design fundamentals.
2. Different types of luminaires (lighting fixtures) and how their distribution characteristics impact lighting quality and efficiency.
3. The six main lighting system types - general, localized, ambient, task, accent, and decorative - and their advantages/disadvantages.
4. Methods for visualizing and understanding light distribution from different sources.
As our road networks become more crowded, the use of
tunnels and underpasses is expanding, both to improve
traffic flow, and to protect local environments from
increased traffic exposure.
Within tunnels, where maintenance access can be limited,
and where corrosive atmospheric conditions are common,
reliable performance of the lighting system is critical, as is
the need for the absolute minimum of operational
maintenance requirements.
Posted by Ing. Ivan Trejo R.
This document discusses key concepts related to solar radiation geometry. It begins by providing background on the sun and how it generates enormous amounts of energy. It then discusses how solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere and surface. Key angles used in solar radiation analysis are defined, including latitude, declination, hour angle, and others. The timing of solstices and equinoxes is explained by the changing declination angle throughout the year. Factors like direct and diffuse radiation, spectral distribution, and how solar radiation is attenuated in the atmosphere are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of generators used in wind turbines, including synchronous generators, induction generators, and doubly fed induction generators. It focuses on the benefits of using direct-drive permanent magnet generators, which eliminate the need for a gearbox and have higher reliability, lower maintenance costs, and lower power losses compared to other wind turbine systems. Larger wind turbines up to 20 MW in capacity are also discussed.
1. INTRODUCTION
In the future, the cost of energy will increase due to environmental problems and limited resources. The electric motor consumes major part of the electric energy in the industry. The induction motor is the main driven system in the modern industrial society. It would also reduce the production of greenhouse gases and push down the total environmental cost of electricity generation. Also these motors can reduce maintenance costs and improve operation in industry. Energy efficient motors use less electricity, run cooler, and often last longer than NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) B motors of the same size.
Motors and motor-driven systems account for 43%-46% of all global electricity consumption and 69% of all electricity used by industry. Inefficient electric motors waste electrical energy and therefore cost more to operate. Since most electricity is generated from fossil-fuelled power plants, motors and motor-driven systems are also indirect contributors to greenhouse gas emissions produced by these plants. Hence, there are compelling economic and environmental reasons to increase the use of energy efficient motors.
This document provides information about a photovoltaic system project at IIT Roorkee. It discusses the components of a photovoltaic system including solar arrays, mounting systems, inverters, and batteries. It also describes different types of solar cell technologies like thin film and crystalline silicon, and provides background on the growth of photovoltaics over time in India and worldwide. The document highlights India's solar potential and the Indian government's support for solar energy development.
DC to DC converters, also known as choppers, are used to obtain a variable DC output voltage from a constant DC source. They offer benefits like greater efficiency, faster response, smaller size, and smooth control. Choppers control the output voltage through either pulse width modulation, keeping the frequency constant and varying the ON time, or variable frequency control. The document then describes various chopper circuits like buck, boost, and buck-boost converters. It also explains different types of choppers - Types A to E - which operate in the first, second, third or fourth quadrants depending on whether the average output voltage and current are positive or negative.
This document defines and explains key terms related to illumination:
Illuminance is the amount of light falling on a surface, measured in lux which is equal to one lumen per square meter. Luminance is the luminous intensity emitted per unit area of a light source, measured in candela per square meter. Luminous flux, measured in lumens, is the total perceived power of light emitted by a source in all directions. Luminous intensity is the luminous flux emitted in a given direction within a unit of solid angle, measured in candelas.
The document discusses lamps and different types of lamps. It provides details on fluorescent lamps, including their components, construction, working, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. The key components of a fluorescent lamp are electrodes, gases like mercury vapor and argon, and phosphor coating. It emits light when mercury vapor is excited by electrons from the electrodes, causing the phosphor coating to fluoresce. Fluorescent lamps have higher efficiency and longer life than incandescent lamps.
This document discusses pyranometers and pyrheliometers. A pyranometer is a sensor that measures solar irradiance over 180 degrees using a thermopile sensor with a black coating inside a glass dome. It measures diffuse sunlight. A pyrheliometer specifically measures direct beam sunlight using a thermopile sensor that tracks the sun inside an instrument with a window. They are both used to study solar energy, meteorology and climate but a pyrheliometer additionally helps assess solar panel efficiency.
This document discusses illumination engineering and provides definitions and formulas for key terms. It describes:
1. The electromagnetic spectrum and visible light spectrum.
2. Terms like luminous intensity, luminous flux, illuminance, luminous exitance, and luminance and their definitions and relationships.
3. How to calculate illuminance on surfaces using the inverse square law and other formulas, accounting for factors like source intensity, distance, and angle to the surface.
4. Intensity distribution curves and how they illustrate light output as a function of angle.
5. The zonal cavity method for lighting layout and design, which divides a room into cavities and calculates light levels based on factors like room dimensions
The project is based on electric heating and its method. This project is a college project done by students. So the project might have some mistakes. Use this project as any source is restricted. The project is uploaded only because of the benefits of the students who want to get the basic idea of the powerpoint presentation of a project.
This document provides an overview of brushless alternators compared to brushed alternators. It discusses the construction, working principle, losses, and applications of brushless alternators. The key points are:
- Brushless alternators have simplified construction without slip rings or brushes, reducing costs and increasing reliability compared to brushed alternators.
- A brushless alternator contains an exciter alternator and main alternator on the same shaft, with the exciter regulating the output voltage of the main alternator.
- Brushless alternators are now commonly used in automotive and other applications where maintenance-free operation is important.
This document summarizes information about wind power. It discusses how wind is formed due to uneven heating of the Earth's surface creating low and high pressure regions. Wind power depends on wind speed, turbine availability, and turbine arrangement. There are two main types of wind power plants: on-shore and off-shore. On-shore plants have lower costs but off-shore plants access stronger winds. Wind turbines work by converting the kinetic energy of wind into rotational motion that spins a generator to produce electricity. The document also describes the different types of wind turbines, including horizontal axis wind turbines and vertical axis wind turbines, noting their various advantages and disadvantages.
Differences between dc and ac motors presentationYonela Ncubela
A DC motor uses direct current as a power source and consists of components like a split ring commutator, permanent magnet, and brushes to convert electrical energy into rotational mechanical energy. An AC motor uses an alternating current power source and a slip ring commutator to allow the current direction in its coils to change, enabling the rotor to rotate continuously in one direction within a magnetic field. Both motor types convert input electrical power to output rotational motion but differ in their power sources and commutation methods.
The document discusses solar energy and wind power. It states that solar energy is an ultimate source of energy from millions of years and is renewable. Just a small fraction of the sun's energy absorbed by Earth is enough to meet power needs. Wind power harnesses the kinetic energy of wind to generate electricity using wind turbines. Modern wind turbines can generate electricity 70-85% of the time and produce maximum power at wind speeds around 15 meters/second.
Industrial and AlliedElectrical Sysrems digital notes.pdfssuser84540d
The document discusses key terms used in illumination engineering. It defines illumination as the luminous flux received per unit area. Luminous intensity is the luminous flux emitted per unit solid angle. A lumen is defined as the luminous flux emitted by a source of one candela in all directions through a solid angle of one steradian. Common light sources discussed include tungsten filament lamps, fluorescent lamps, mercury vapor lamps, and sodium vapor lamps. The document also covers photometric terms such as luminous efficiency, plane angle, solid angle, footcandle, and lux.
This document defines key terms related to illumination and lighting. It explains that light is a form of radiant energy and the human eye is most sensitive to yellow-green wavelengths. Color is determined by the wavelength of light. Illumination is the result of light falling on a surface and makes it appear bright. Common light sources are incandescent, fluorescent and gas discharge lamps. Key terms defined include luminous flux, intensity, lumen, lux, candlepower, illumination, brightness and maintenance factor. Proper lighting design requires an understanding of these illumination fundamentals and metrics.
This document provides an overview of electrical power utilization and lighting. It discusses the nature of light and how different light sources work, including incandescent lamps, arc lamps, and discharge lamps like fluorescent lamps. Key terms related to illumination such as luminous flux, luminance, inverse square law, and Lambert's cosine law are defined. The document also describes the construction and properties of common light sources like incandescent lamps, arc lamps, and high-pressure mercury vapor lamps.
This document provides an overview of electrical lighting and illumination concepts. It discusses the different types of artificial light sources including incandescent lamps, arc lamps, and discharge lamps like fluorescent lamps. Key concepts covered include luminous flux, luminous intensity, illumination, brightness, inverse square law, and Lambert's cosine law. The document also describes the construction and working principles of different light sources as well as terms used in illumination engineering.
This document provides information on various types of artificial lighting sources powered by electricity. It discusses incandescent lamps, which produce light through filament heating. Arc lamps are described as producing light through an electric arc between electrodes. Discharge lamps like fluorescent lamps produce light through gas discharge and come in various types like mercury vapor lamps. The document also defines various lighting terms and concepts like illumination, luminous flux, luminance, inverse square law, and Lambert's cosine law. It provides details on the construction and working of different lamp types as well as their relative advantages.
This document discusses electrical lighting and illumination. It begins by introducing different types of lighting schemes like direct, indirect, semi-direct, and general lighting. It then covers key concepts in illumination like luminous flux, lumen, candela, lux, and the inverse square and Lambert's cosine laws that govern illumination. The document also discusses factors to consider for lighting schemes like illumination level, quality of light, coefficient of utilization, depreciation factor, and space height ratio. Overall, the document provides an overview of electrical lighting and the principles of illumination.
In electrical systems in areas with risk of explosion, i.e. where substances can generate an explosive atmosphere, technicians and designers
have always considered safety as more important than the functional aspects of electrical equipment. This is particularly the case with ligh-
ting fixtures, which for years have been designed and built with all the necessary safety specifications, but without much consideration of
lighting technology or functional characteristics. As one designer once defined the lighting specifications of a lamp: “…as long as it illumi-
nates”.
Today, new technologies ensure more practical and lightweight materials which are just as safe as ones used in the past. This has led to the
development of lighting fixtures which are now just as good as industrial versions, normally installed in non-hazardous areas of company
buildings.
In the last few years, the importance of ergonomics at work has also had a considerable effect on the development of lighting technology;
in fact in industrial plants, there is a much greater concern for better lighting to guarantee employees the best possible working conditions.
The following pages provide technicians with guidelines about the specifications of lighting fixtures, so that they can choose the most suita-
ble product for a particular application.
Far from being exhaustive, this manual is only an introduction to the fascinating but complex world of lighting technology, and just a taste
for professionals to learn more about certain topics by consulting the bibliography.
This document discusses illumination and lighting design. It begins by outlining the objectives of studying illumination for architects, including providing proper ambient lighting, safety, and energy efficiency. It then defines key lighting terms like illuminance, luminous intensity, and luminance. The document covers the inverse square law and Lambert's cosine law governing light distribution. It describes the history of lighting technologies from candles to modern LEDs. It also discusses light sources like fluorescent lamps and the types of lighting schemes and lamps used in various applications.
This document provides an overview of electrical lighting and illumination terms. It discusses:
1. The advantages of electrical lighting over mechanical lighting, including cleanliness, easy control, economy, reliability, and steady output.
2. Key illumination terms - like luminous flux, luminous intensity, lumen, candlepower, illumination, space height ratio, and utilization factor.
3. The two laws of illumination - Inverse square law and Lambert's cosine law - which describe how illumination decreases with distance from the light source and is affected by the angle between the light rays and surface.
4. Different types of electrical lamps for lighting - incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, halogen, sodium vapor,
Light is electromagnetic radiation that affects sight. It exhibits properties of rectilinear propagation, reflection, and refraction. Visible light has wavelengths from 400-700 nm. Luminous flux is the radiant power affecting sight, measured in lumens. Shadows are formed when an object blocks light rays from a source. Illumination is the luminous flux per unit area, measured in lux, and follows the inverse square law with distance from the light source.
This document defines and explains various terms related to illumination. It begins by introducing light as the primary factor for human life and activities. It then defines key illumination terms such as light, luminous flux, luminous intensity, candela, plane angle, solid angle, lumen, candle power, illumination, lux, and brightness. The document also discusses related concepts like glare, space-to-height ratio, utilization factor, maintenance factor, depreciation factor, waste light factor, absorption factor, beam factor, and reflection factor. In total, it provides definitions and explanations for over 25 different illumination terms and concepts.
Troubleshooting, Designing, & Installing Digital & Analog Closed Circuit TV S...Living Online
The document discusses light and optics, comparing the human eye to a camera. It explains that both have lenses that focus light and sensors (retina for the eye, sensor for the camera) that capture images. However, the eye can automatically focus on objects at different distances, while cameras require manual focus adjustment. It also notes that the eye has a blind spot, but we see a continuous image because information from both eyes is combined in the brain.
This document discusses various topics related to illumination and refrigeration systems. It begins with definitions of key lighting terms like luminous flux, luminous intensity, lumen, candela power, illumination, and brightness. It then covers the laws of illumination including the inverse square law and Lambert's cosine law. The document also discusses topics like polar curves, lamp efficiency, utilization factor, and types of glare. The second half summarizes refrigeration systems for applications like ice making and air conditioning. It provides details on domestic refrigerators, window air conditioners, and water coolers.
This document defines key lighting terminology and discusses artificial lighting systems. It defines terms like luminaire, lumen, lux, luminous intensity, and utilization factor. It also covers different lighting systems like incandescent, fluorescent, halogen, and sodium lamps. The document discusses lighting design methods, including calculating required fixtures based on illuminance needs, room dimensions, and utilization factor. Design aids discussed include heliodons and software for thermal/lighting analysis like Autodesk Ecotect.
wavelength and frequency engineering topicFertBose
Lighting systems have evolved significantly over time. Early lighting relied on flame sources like candles and gas, but electric lighting developed in the late 1800s, pioneered by inventors like Edison and Swan. Fluorescent lighting was introduced in 1939 and provided a more efficient alternative to incandescent bulbs. Today, professional organizations establish standards and codes to govern lighting design and electrical systems for safety and performance. Key concepts in lighting include luminous flux, candela, luminous efficacy, and the behavior of light when it interacts with different surfaces.
wavelength and frequency engineering topicFertBose
Lighting systems have evolved significantly over time. Early lighting relied on flame sources like candles and gas, but electric lighting developed in the late 1800s and became widespread in the early 1900s. Key developments included Edison's incandescent lamp and hydroelectric power generation. Fluorescent lighting was introduced in 1939 and provided a more efficient alternative to incandescents. Today, professional organizations establish standards and codes to govern lighting design and electrical systems for safety and performance. Proper lighting requires an understanding of visual perception, light behavior, and the technical characteristics of different lamp and lighting fixture types.
Lighting terminology and units can be complex, but essentially come down to three main concepts:
1) Luminous flux refers to the total amount of visible light emitted by a source, measured in lumens. 2) Illuminance refers to the amount of light falling on a surface, measured in lux. 3) Luminance refers to the amount of light emitted from or reflected off a surface, measured in candelas per square meter. Understanding these core photometric concepts and the related units like lumens, lux, and candelas is essential for working with lighting.
Utilization of electrcal energy part 1 unit 1homanathmore
This document provides information on various types of lamps used for illumination. It discusses fluorescent tubes, CFLs, mercury vapor lamps, sodium vapor lamps, and metal halide lamps. For each type of lamp, it describes the construction, working principle, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. The key information covered includes how the lamps produce light through gas discharge, their relative efficiencies and lifetimes, toxic materials used, and common uses for residential, commercial and industrial lighting.
The document discusses various types of light sources and their characteristics. It covers incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps including compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), high intensity discharge (HID) lamps including high pressure sodium, low pressure sodium, metal halide and mercury vapor lamps. It also discusses light emitting diodes (LEDs). For each light source, it provides a brief overview of its history, operating principle and common applications. The document is intended to provide fundamental information on different lighting technologies and their uses.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
2. LECTURE OUTLINE ON EEE 552
1. UNIT–I ILLUMINATION
Definition –Laws of Illumination–Polar Curves – Calculation of MHCP and MSCP.
Lamps: Incandescent Lamp, Sodium Vapour Lamp, Fluorescent Lamp, CFL and LED.
Requirement of Good Lighting Scheme – Types, Design and Calculation of
Illumination. Street Lighting and Factory Lighting – Numerical Problems.
2. UNIT–II ELECTRIC HEATING & WELDING
Electrical Heating: Advantages. Methods of Electric Heating – Resistance, Arc,
Induction and Dielectric Heating.
Electric Welding: Types – Resistance, Electric Arc, Gas Welding. Ultrasonic, Welding
Electrodes of Various Metals, Defects in Welding. Electrolysis - Faraday's Laws,
Applications of Electrolysis, Power Supply for Electrolysis.
3. LECTURE OUTLINE
3. UNIT–III ELECTRIC TRACTION – I
Introduction – Systems of Electric Traction. Comparison Between A. C And D. C
Traction–Special Features of Traction Motors-The Locomotive–Wheel arrangement
and Riding Qualities–Transmission of Drive–Characteristics and Control of
Locomotives and Motor Coaches for Track Electrification–DC Equipment – AC
Equipment – Electric Breaking with DC Motors and with AC Motors – Control Gear –
Auxiliary Equipment – Track Equipment and Collector Gear – Conductor-Rail
Equipment – Overhead Equipment – Calculation of Sags and Tensions – Collector Gear
for Overhead Equipment.
4. UNIT–IV ELECTRIC TRACTION – II
Mechanics of Train Movement. Speed-Time Curves of Different Services – Trapezoidal
and Quadrilateral, Speed-Time Curves – Numerical Problems. Calculations of Tractive
Effort, Power, Specific Energy Consumption - Effect of Varying Acceleration and
Braking Retardation, Adhesive Weight and Coefficient of Adhesion – Problems.
4. LECTURE OUTLINE
5. UNIT–V ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF UTILISING ELECTRICAL ENERGY
Power Factor Improvement, Improvement of Load Factor, Off Peak Loads- Use of
Exhaust Steam, Waste Heat recovery, Pit Head Generation, Diesel Plant, General
Comparison of Private Plant and Public Supply- Initial Cost and Efficiency,
Capitalization of Losses, Choice of Voltage.
6. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
INTRODUCTION
Study of illumination engineering help to understand the principles of light control as
applied to:
• interior lighting design such as domestic and factory lighting; and
• outdoor applications such as highway lighting and flood lighting.
Now a day, the electrically produced light is preferred to the other source of
illumination because of an account of its cleanliness, ease of control, steady light
output, low cost, and reliability.
The best illumination is that it produces no strain on the eyes.
Good lighting has a strictly utilitarian value in reducing the fatigue of the workers,
protecting their health, increasing production
10. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
NATURE OF LIGHT
Light is a form of electromagnetic energy radiated from a body and human eye is
capable of receiving it. Light is a prime factor in the human life as all activities of
human being ultimately depend upon the light.
Various forms of incandescent bodies are the sources of light and the light emitted by
such bodies depends upon their temperature. A hot body about 500–800°C becomes a
red hot and about 2,500–3,000°C the body becomes white hot. While the body is red
hot, the wavelength of the radiated energy will be sufficiently large and the energy
available in the form of heat. Further, the temperature increases, the body changes from
red-hot to white-hot state, the wavelength of the radiated energy becomes smaller and
enters into the range of the wavelength of light. The wavelength of the light waves
varying from 0.0004 to 0.00075 mm, i.e. 4,000-7,500 Å (1 Angstrom unit = 10–10
mm). The eye discriminates between different wavelengths in this range by the
sensation of color.
11. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
TERMS USED IN ILLUMINATION
The following terms are generally used in illumination.
1. Color: The energy radiation of the heated body is monochromatic, i.e. the radiation
of only one wavelength emits specific color. The wavelength of visible light lies
between 4,000 and 7,500 Å. The color of the radiation corresponding to the
wavelength is shown in Fig. 1
Fig.1: Wavelength
12. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
2. Relative sensitivity: The reacting power of the human eye to the light waves of different
wavelengths varies from person to person, and also varies with age. The average relative
sensitivity is shown in Fig. 2. The eye is most sensitive for a wavelength of 5,500 Å. So
that the relative sensitivity according to this wavelength is taken as unity. Referred from
Fig.1, blue and violet corresponding to the short wavelengths and red to the long
wavelengths, orange, yellow, and green being in the middle of the visible region of
wavelength. The color corresponding to 5,500 Å is not suitable for most of the applications
since yellowish green. The relative sensitivity at any particular wavelength (λ) is known as
relative luminous factor (Kλ)
Fig.2: The average relative sensitivity
13. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
3. Light: It is defined as the radiant energy from a hot body that produces the visual
sensation upon the human eye. It is expressed in lumen-hours and it analogous to
watthours, which denoted by the symbol ‘Q’.
4. Luminous flux: It is defined as the energy in the form of light waves radiated per
second from a luminous body. It is represented by the symbol ‘φ’ and measured in
lumens.
5. Radiant efficiency: When an electric current is passed through a conductor, some heat
is produced to I2R loss, which increases its temperature of the conductor. At low
temperature, conductor radiates energy in the form of heat waves, but at very high
temperatures, radiated energy will be in the form of light as well as heat waves.
‘Radiant efficiency is defined as the ratio of energy radiated in the form of light,
produces sensation of vision to the total energy radiated out by the luminous body’
1
14. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
3. Plane angle: A plane angle is the angle subtended at a point in a plane by two converging
lines (Fig.3). It is denoted by the Greek letter ‘θ’ (theta) and is usually measured in degrees
or radians. One radian is defined as the angle subtended by an arc of a circle whose length
by an arc of a circle whose length is equals to the radius of the circle.
2
Fig.3: Plane angle
15. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
3. Solid angle: Solid angle is the angle subtended at a point in space by an area, i.e., the
angle enclosed in the volume formed by numerous lines lying on the surface and meeting at
the point (Fig. 4). It is usually denoted by symbol ‘ω’ and is measured in steradian.
3
Fig.4: Solid angle
The largest solid angle subtended at the
center of a sphere:
4
16. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
Relationship between plane angle and solid angle
Let us consider a curved surface of a spherical segment ABC of height ‘h’ and radius of the
sphere ‘r’ as shown in Fig. 5. The surface area of the curved surface of the spherical
segment ABC = 2πrh. From the Fig. 5:
Fig.5: Sectional view for solid angle
From
The surface area of the segment
17. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
We know solid angle
From the Equation (5), the curve shows the variation of solid angle with plane angle is
shown in Fig. 6.
5
19. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
Fig.7: Luminous flux emitting from the source
4. Luminous intensity: Luminous intensity in a given direction is defined as the luminous
flux emitted by the source per unit solid angle. It is denoted by the symbol ‘I’ and is usually
measured in ‘candela’. Let ‘F’ be the luminous flux crossing a spherical segment of solid
angle ‘ω’. Then luminous intensity:
Then luminous intensity: In lumen or candela
20. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
5. Lumen: It is the unit of luminous flux. It is defined as the luminous flux emitted by a
source of one candle power per unit solid angle in all directions.
Lumen = candle power of source × solid angle.
Lumen = CP × ω
Total flux emitted by a source of one candle power is 4π lumens.
6. Candle power (CP): The CP of a source is defined as the total luminous flux lines
emitted by that source in a unit solid angle.
Illumination:
lumen/steradian or candela
6. Illumination: Illumination is defined as the luminous flux received by the surface per
unit area. It is usually denoted by the symbol ‘E’ and is measured in lux or lumen/m2 or
meter
21. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
6. Brightness: Brightness of any surface is defined as the luminous intensity pen unit
surface area of the projected surface in the given direction. It is usually denoted by symbol
‘L’. If the luminous intensity of source be ‘I’ candela on an area A, then the projected area
is Acos θ.
The unit of brightness is candela/m2 or candela/cm2 or candela/(ft)2.
Illumination (E)
Brightness,
Relation between I, E and L
Let us consider a uniform diffuse sphere with radius r meters, at the center a source of 1
CP, and luminous intensity I candela.
(6)
22. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
7. Lamp efficiency: It is defined as the ratio of the total luminous flux emitting from the
source to its electrical power input in watts. It is expressed in lumen/W.
8. Space to height ratio: It is defined as ratio of horizontal distance between adjacent lamps
to the height of their Mountings.
9. Coefficient of utilization or utilization factor: It is defined as the ratio of total number of
lumens reaching the working plane to the Total number of lumens emitting from source.
23. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
10. Maintenance factor: It is defined as the ratio of illumination under normal working
conditions to the illumination when everything is clean. Its value is always less than 1, and
it will be around 0.8. This is due to the accumulation of dust, dirt, and smoke on the lamps
that emit less light than that they emit when they are so clean. Frequent cleaning of lamp
will improve the maintenance factor.
11. Depreciation factor: It is defined as the ratio of initial illumination to the ultimate
maintained illumination on the working plane. Its values is always more than 1.
24. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
EXAMPLES
Ex.1: A room with an area of 6 × 9 m is illustrated by ten 80-W lamps. The luminous
efficiency of the lamp is 80 lumens/W and the coefficient of utilization is 0.65.Find the
average illumination.
Solution:
25. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
EXAMPLES
Ex.2: The flux emitted by 100-W lamp is 1,400 lumens placed in a frosted globe of 40cm
diameter and gives uniform brightness of 250 milli-lumens/m2 in all directions. Calculate
the candle power of the globe and the percentage of light absorbed by the globe.
Solution:
26. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
EXAMPLES
Ex.3: A surface inclined at an angle 40° to the rays is kept 4 m away from 150 candle
power lamp. Find the average intensity of illumination on the surface.
Solution:
27. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
LAWS OF ILLUMINATION
Mainly there are two laws of illumination.
• Inverse square law.
• Lambert's cosine law.
(1) Inverse square law
This law states that ‘the illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the square of
distance between the surface and a point source’.
Proof:
Let, ‘S’ be a point source of luminous intensity ‘I’ candela, the luminous flux emitting from
source crossing the three parallel plates having areas A1 A2, and A3 square meters, which
are separated by a distances of d, 2d, and 3d from the point source respectively as shown in
Fig. 8.
28. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
Luminous flux reaching the area A1 = luminous intensity x solid angle.
Fig.8: Inverse square law
Illumination ‘E1’ on the surface area ‘A1’ is:
29. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
Hence, from Equation (10), illumination on any surface is inversely proportional to the
square of distance between the surface and the source.
Illumination ‘E1’ on the surface area ‘A1’ is:
Similarly, illumination ‘E2’ on the surface area ‘A2’ is:
and illumination ‘E3’ on the surface area ‘A3’ is:
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
From Equations (7), (8) and (9)
30. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
(2) Lambert’s cosine law
This law states that ‘illumination, E at any point on a surface is directly proportional to the
cosine of the angle between the normal at that point and the line of flux’.
Proof:
While discussing, the Lambert's cosine law, let us assume that the surface is inclined at an
angle ‘θ’ to the lines of flux as shown in Fig. 9.
Fig.9: Lambert’s cosine law
31. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
Let
PQ = The surface area normal to the source and inclined at ‘θ’ to the vertical axis.
RS = The surface area normal to the vertical axis and inclined at an angle θ to the source
‘O’.
Therefore, from Fig. 9:
Therefore, the illumination of the surface
Therefore, the illumination of the surface
32. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
Substituting ‘d’ from the above equation in Equation (11):
where
where d is the distance between the source and the surface in m, h is the height of source
from the surface in m, and I is the luminous intensity in candela. Hence, Equation (13) is
also known as ‘cosine cube’ law. This law states that the ‘illumination at any point on a
surface is dependent on the cube of cosine of the angle between line of flux and normal at
that point’.
or
(11)
(12)
(13)
33. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
where d is the distance between the source and the surface in m, h is the height of source
from the surface in m, and I is the luminous intensity in candela. Hence, Equation (13) is
also known as ‘cosine cube’ law. This law states that the ‘illumination at any point on a
surface is dependent on the cube of cosine of the angle between line of flux and normal at
that point’.
Note:
*From the above laws of illumination, it is to be noted that inverse square law is only
applicable for the surfaces if the surface is normal to the line of flux. And Lambert's
cosine law is applicable for the surfaces if the surface is inclined an angle ‘θ’ to the line
of flux.
34. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
Example: The illumination at a point on a working plane directly below the lamp is to be
60 lumens/m2. The lamp gives 130 CP uniformly below the horizontal plane. Determine:
(1). The height at which lamp is suspended. (2). The illumination at a point on the
working plane 2.8m away from the vertical axis of the lamp.
Solution:
Given data:
Candle power of the lamp = 130 CP.
The illumination just below the lamp, E = 60 lumen/m2.
(1). From the Figure, the illumination just below the lamp,
i.e., at point A:
36. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF LIGHT CONTROL
When light strikes the surface of an object, based on the properties of that surface, some
portion of the light is reflected, some portion is transmitted through the medium of the
surface, and the remaining is absorbed. The method of light control is used to change the
direction of light through large angle. There are four light control methods. They are:
1. Reflection
2. Refraction
3. Diffusion
4. Absorption
37. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
DESIGN OF LIGHTING SCHEMES
The lighting scheme should be such that:
1. It should be able to provide sufficient illumination.
2. It should be able to provide the uniform distribution of light throughout the working
plane.
3. It should be able to produce the light of suitable color.
4. It should be able to avoid glare and hard shadows as much as possible.
While designing a lighting scheme, the following factors should be taken into
consideration.
1. Illumination level.
2. The size of the room.
3. The mounting height and the space of fitting.
38. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
STREET LIGHTING
Street lighting not only requires for shopping centers but also necessary in order to make
the street more attractive, so that obstructions on the road clearly visible to the drivers of
vehicles. It objectives are:
• To increase the community value of the street.
• To clear the traffic easily in order to promote safety and convenience.
Fig. 10: Specular reflection for street lighting
39. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
FLOODLIGHTING
Floodlighting means flooding of large surface areas with light from powerful projectors.
A special reflector and housing is employed in floodlighting in order to concentrate the
light emitted from the lamp into a relatively narrow beam, which is known as floodlight
projector. This projector consists of a reflecting surface that may be a silvered glass or
chromium plate or stainless steel. The efficiency of silvered glass and polished metal are
85–90% and 70%, respectively. Usually metal reflectors are robust; therefore, they can be
preferred. An important application of illumination engineering is the floodlighting of
large and open areas.
40. UNIT I: ILLUMINATION
ASSIGNMENT
1. A light assembly shop, 15 m long, 9 m wide and 3 m up to trusses is to illuminated to
a level of 200 lux. The utilization and maintenance factors are respectively 0.9 and
0.8. Make a scale drawing of the plan of the shop and set out the required lighting
points, assuming the use of tungsten lamps and dispersive metallic reflectors. You
may assume a lamp efficiency of 13 lumen/W, and spacing height ratio of unity.
2. A room 8 m x 12 m is lighted by 15 lamps to a fairly uniform illumination of 100
lumen/m2. Calculate the utilization coefficient of the room given that the output of
each lamp is 1600 lumens.
3. Find the total saving in electrical load and percentage increase in illumination if
instead of using twelve 150 W tungsten filament lamps, we use twelve 80 W
fluorescent tubes. It may be assumed that (i) there is a choke loss of 25 percent of
rated lamp wattage. (ii) average luminous efficiency throughout life for each lamp is
15 lumen/W and for each tube 40 lumen/W and (iii) coefficient of utilization remains
the same in both cases.