This paper provides the information related to previous work that has been done in the field of
agriculture using the wireless sensor network technology over a period of past few years. We also studied
the wireless protocols that were used previously. These protocols have limitation of short range which
requires multi hopped network as in Zigbee and Bluetooth communication technologies. The multi
hopping can be avoided by the use of appropriate long range wireless protocol such as WiMaX, GSM and
medium range Wi-Fi protocols.
Over recent years, there have been important advances in several technologies related to wireless
communications and networking applications in the agricultural practices. Based on survey results, a
more research can be done for providing best technological solution to the common challenges in
agriculture. This research would be helpful to develop a device having flexibility, local intelligences and
decision power. Hand held device option can be useful in precision agriculture for various commercial
crops in Indian scenario.
Internet of Things (IoT) is the internetworking of physical devices. This system has the ability to transfer data over a network. Mostly without requiring human intervention.Internet-connected to the physical world via ubiquitous sensors.
It is connecting each and everything to the internet.
Precision Agriculture for Water Management Using IOTrahulmonikasharma
In the territory of agriculture, proper use of irrigation is important and it is well known that irrigation by drip approach is very cost effective and efficient.Role of agriculture in the development of agricultural country is very important. The freshly come up wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has growing rapidly into distinct multi-disciplinary fields. Agriculture and farming is one of the management which have freshly switch their consideration to WSN, curious this cost adequate technology to improve its production and boost agriculture yield definitive. The outlook of this paper is to design and develop an agricultural monitoring system using wireless sensor network and IOT to enlarge the productivity and quality of farming without penetrating it for all the time manually. Temperature, humidity and water levels are the most important circumstances for the productivity, growth, and quality of plants in agriculture. The temperature, humidity and water level sensors are set up to cluster the temperature and humidity values. One of the most stimulating fields having an exotic need of decision support systems is Precision Agriculture (PA). Through sensor networks, agriculture can be associated to the IoT, with the help of this approach which provides real-time information about the lands and crops that will help farmers make right decisions. The primary influence is implementation of WSN in Precision Agriculture (PA) with the help of IoT which will enhance the usage of water, fertilizers while expand the yield of the crops and also notifications are sent to farmers mobile periodically. The farmers can able to monitor the field conditions from anywhere.
IoT for Smart Agriculture and Villages Vinay Solanki
Leverage IoT and M2M to make our villages and farming sector smarter and more efficient and productive. I talk about how we can use connected solutions to help rural population to become more efficient and productive
Ways iot can transform your agriculture businessKG2
Out of several industries that adopted IOT for smart function and rapid development, agriculture remains a prominent sector to benefit from the technology.
Internet of Things (IoT) is the internetworking of physical devices. This system has the ability to transfer data over a network. Mostly without requiring human intervention.Internet-connected to the physical world via ubiquitous sensors.
It is connecting each and everything to the internet.
Precision Agriculture for Water Management Using IOTrahulmonikasharma
In the territory of agriculture, proper use of irrigation is important and it is well known that irrigation by drip approach is very cost effective and efficient.Role of agriculture in the development of agricultural country is very important. The freshly come up wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has growing rapidly into distinct multi-disciplinary fields. Agriculture and farming is one of the management which have freshly switch their consideration to WSN, curious this cost adequate technology to improve its production and boost agriculture yield definitive. The outlook of this paper is to design and develop an agricultural monitoring system using wireless sensor network and IOT to enlarge the productivity and quality of farming without penetrating it for all the time manually. Temperature, humidity and water levels are the most important circumstances for the productivity, growth, and quality of plants in agriculture. The temperature, humidity and water level sensors are set up to cluster the temperature and humidity values. One of the most stimulating fields having an exotic need of decision support systems is Precision Agriculture (PA). Through sensor networks, agriculture can be associated to the IoT, with the help of this approach which provides real-time information about the lands and crops that will help farmers make right decisions. The primary influence is implementation of WSN in Precision Agriculture (PA) with the help of IoT which will enhance the usage of water, fertilizers while expand the yield of the crops and also notifications are sent to farmers mobile periodically. The farmers can able to monitor the field conditions from anywhere.
IoT for Smart Agriculture and Villages Vinay Solanki
Leverage IoT and M2M to make our villages and farming sector smarter and more efficient and productive. I talk about how we can use connected solutions to help rural population to become more efficient and productive
Ways iot can transform your agriculture businessKG2
Out of several industries that adopted IOT for smart function and rapid development, agriculture remains a prominent sector to benefit from the technology.
Advance Agro Farm Design With Smart Farming, Irrigation and Rain Water Harves...IJOAEM
The paper presents the design of agriculture farm especially for the plane region which can well utilize by the farmer to sort out the scarcity of water for crop growth. The farmers are subjected with the lots of problem in agriculture like improper irrigation, selection of crops, non availability of whether information according to their region, the problem from pest and wild animals. Due to these problems, the suicidal case of farmers gets increase day by day. These problems can be sort out by using IoT. Here we use Arduino Yun having inbuilt Wi-Fi to transfer and analyze data using any IoT platform likes Kaa IoT, Watson IoT, and Cayenne. We can use different IoT communication technology like Z-wave, 6LowPAN, Thread, Sigfox, and Neul to communicate various sensors to the external world according to the application. Here we simulate the design of entire sensor network used in this project using NetSim simulator and emulator software. After emulation of designed network design by taking 50 m as field size, we obtained various graphs which show throughput of each link from sensor node up to the monitoring base station, graphs of various parameter like packet transfer, collided packets, payload and overhead transmitted and battery consumed by each sensor for specified duration. Also, farmers are able to grow a health hazard free crop for the upcoming generation.
In a developing country like India, where agriculture is the backbone of the country, agriculture is plagued by several problems like small and
fragmented land holdings, manures, pesticides, chemicals used for agriculture etc. consumers also increasingly demand for the healthy diet that is rich
in quality and free of agricultural chemicals and pesticides. Our project fills in the above said difficulties and demands using hydroponics we can go
organic. Since it is done in the controlled environment, it can be done anywhere like room terrace, balcony etc. also large amount of plants can be
planted in a less place. This type of agriculture could be high yielding if monitored and controlled efficiently. We propose a project that controls the
necessary conditions required for the plant to grow hydroponically and also cultivators may control the agriculture remotely using IoT.
IOT based smart security and monitoring devices for agriculture sneha daise paulson
Agriculture sector being the backbone of the Indian economy deserves security. Security not in terms of resources only but also agricultural products needs security and protection at very initial stage, like protection from attacks of rodents or insects, in fields or grain stores. Such challenges should also be taken into consideration. Security systems which are being used now a days are not smart enough to provide real time notification after sensing the problem. The integration of traditional methodology with latest technology as Internet of Things can lead to agricultural modernization. Keeping this scenario in mind an ‘Internet of Things’ based device have been designed, tested and analyzed which is capable of analyzing the sensed information and then transmitting it to the user. This device can be controlled and monitored from remote location and it can be implemented in agricultural fields, grain stores and cold stores for security purpose. This paper is oriented to accentuate the methods to solve such problems like identification of rodents, threats to crops and delivering real time notification based on information analysis and processing without human intervention. In this device, mentioned sensors and electronic devices are integrated using Python scripts. Based on attempted test cases, we were able to achieve success in 84.8% test cases.
India, whose GDP depends on the agriculture is not a developed nation in terms of modernization in agriculture. The high cost of labor, uncertainty in the production of crops, lack of knowledge about new methods, continuing with the same orthodox and traditional means to go about agriculture, the inefficient use of proper irrigational facilities results in low productivity. Due to this uncertainty in the irrigation process the crops may also dry up. About 14.7% of India’s growth depends on the agricultural sector, so it’s a huge cause of concern.
With this project, the current problems related to farming are solved and practically implemented solutions are provided. Using IOT as well as GSM, a whole new concept of farming using networks is introduced reducing labor, updating farmer about the live conditions of farm on the mobile devices and presenting its graphical value using thing speak. It makes the process handy with the click a button reformation.
We evaluate the performance of our method in a simple temperature sensing application. In terms of reducing human efforts and ease of irrigation, our approach has been observed to outperform the existing conventional approach. We bring out the advantages and disadvantages followed by their applications. The paper concludes the work open for research.
The Role of Environmental Sensors in Diverse IndustriesUbiBot
IoT or the internet of things is finding its applications in multiple industries by minimizing manual work and promoting digital transformations in diverse industries. One of the significant advantages of IoT is it helps industries cut-off costs in production and storage. IoT environmental sensors can also efficiently manage all environmental activities like humidity, temperature, soil, water, and air quality to create a safe and secure bio bubble for effective production means. These environmental sensors can also detect a location or a position of the object with the help of Server room environmental monitoring equipment, which helps in uplifting the work standards in manufacturing industries, warehouses, and in smart agriculture projects.
Agro IR 4.0-smart and next generation agro-farming-Fab labs to make anythingAbulHasnatSolaiman
Agriculture 4.0 is a term for the next big trends facing the industry, including a greater focus on precision agriculture, the internet of things (IoT) and the use of big data to drive greater business efficiencies in the face of rising populations and climate change. Makerspaces or Fab labs around the world can contribute in big margin to make prototypes reducing cost and makerspaces will be actions towards IR 4.0 in Bangladesh
In this presentation, Lokesh introduces IoT and associated trends. His interest lies in using IoT devices to do remote monitoring as well as in applications that ensure a driver's safety.
Project Implementation
Real-Time Data Analysis of fabricated hardware & conclusions
Proposed Implementation using the concepts of IoT
Challenges faced in Smart Farming with perspective of India
Further Scope for Innovation from Electrical Engineer’s POV
Advance Agro Farm Design With Smart Farming, Irrigation and Rain Water Harves...IJOAEM
The paper presents the design of agriculture farm especially for the plane region which can well utilize by the farmer to sort out the scarcity of water for crop growth. The farmers are subjected with the lots of problem in agriculture like improper irrigation, selection of crops, non availability of whether information according to their region, the problem from pest and wild animals. Due to these problems, the suicidal case of farmers gets increase day by day. These problems can be sort out by using IoT. Here we use Arduino Yun having inbuilt Wi-Fi to transfer and analyze data using any IoT platform likes Kaa IoT, Watson IoT, and Cayenne. We can use different IoT communication technology like Z-wave, 6LowPAN, Thread, Sigfox, and Neul to communicate various sensors to the external world according to the application. Here we simulate the design of entire sensor network used in this project using NetSim simulator and emulator software. After emulation of designed network design by taking 50 m as field size, we obtained various graphs which show throughput of each link from sensor node up to the monitoring base station, graphs of various parameter like packet transfer, collided packets, payload and overhead transmitted and battery consumed by each sensor for specified duration. Also, farmers are able to grow a health hazard free crop for the upcoming generation.
In a developing country like India, where agriculture is the backbone of the country, agriculture is plagued by several problems like small and
fragmented land holdings, manures, pesticides, chemicals used for agriculture etc. consumers also increasingly demand for the healthy diet that is rich
in quality and free of agricultural chemicals and pesticides. Our project fills in the above said difficulties and demands using hydroponics we can go
organic. Since it is done in the controlled environment, it can be done anywhere like room terrace, balcony etc. also large amount of plants can be
planted in a less place. This type of agriculture could be high yielding if monitored and controlled efficiently. We propose a project that controls the
necessary conditions required for the plant to grow hydroponically and also cultivators may control the agriculture remotely using IoT.
IOT based smart security and monitoring devices for agriculture sneha daise paulson
Agriculture sector being the backbone of the Indian economy deserves security. Security not in terms of resources only but also agricultural products needs security and protection at very initial stage, like protection from attacks of rodents or insects, in fields or grain stores. Such challenges should also be taken into consideration. Security systems which are being used now a days are not smart enough to provide real time notification after sensing the problem. The integration of traditional methodology with latest technology as Internet of Things can lead to agricultural modernization. Keeping this scenario in mind an ‘Internet of Things’ based device have been designed, tested and analyzed which is capable of analyzing the sensed information and then transmitting it to the user. This device can be controlled and monitored from remote location and it can be implemented in agricultural fields, grain stores and cold stores for security purpose. This paper is oriented to accentuate the methods to solve such problems like identification of rodents, threats to crops and delivering real time notification based on information analysis and processing without human intervention. In this device, mentioned sensors and electronic devices are integrated using Python scripts. Based on attempted test cases, we were able to achieve success in 84.8% test cases.
India, whose GDP depends on the agriculture is not a developed nation in terms of modernization in agriculture. The high cost of labor, uncertainty in the production of crops, lack of knowledge about new methods, continuing with the same orthodox and traditional means to go about agriculture, the inefficient use of proper irrigational facilities results in low productivity. Due to this uncertainty in the irrigation process the crops may also dry up. About 14.7% of India’s growth depends on the agricultural sector, so it’s a huge cause of concern.
With this project, the current problems related to farming are solved and practically implemented solutions are provided. Using IOT as well as GSM, a whole new concept of farming using networks is introduced reducing labor, updating farmer about the live conditions of farm on the mobile devices and presenting its graphical value using thing speak. It makes the process handy with the click a button reformation.
We evaluate the performance of our method in a simple temperature sensing application. In terms of reducing human efforts and ease of irrigation, our approach has been observed to outperform the existing conventional approach. We bring out the advantages and disadvantages followed by their applications. The paper concludes the work open for research.
The Role of Environmental Sensors in Diverse IndustriesUbiBot
IoT or the internet of things is finding its applications in multiple industries by minimizing manual work and promoting digital transformations in diverse industries. One of the significant advantages of IoT is it helps industries cut-off costs in production and storage. IoT environmental sensors can also efficiently manage all environmental activities like humidity, temperature, soil, water, and air quality to create a safe and secure bio bubble for effective production means. These environmental sensors can also detect a location or a position of the object with the help of Server room environmental monitoring equipment, which helps in uplifting the work standards in manufacturing industries, warehouses, and in smart agriculture projects.
Agro IR 4.0-smart and next generation agro-farming-Fab labs to make anythingAbulHasnatSolaiman
Agriculture 4.0 is a term for the next big trends facing the industry, including a greater focus on precision agriculture, the internet of things (IoT) and the use of big data to drive greater business efficiencies in the face of rising populations and climate change. Makerspaces or Fab labs around the world can contribute in big margin to make prototypes reducing cost and makerspaces will be actions towards IR 4.0 in Bangladesh
In this presentation, Lokesh introduces IoT and associated trends. His interest lies in using IoT devices to do remote monitoring as well as in applications that ensure a driver's safety.
Project Implementation
Real-Time Data Analysis of fabricated hardware & conclusions
Proposed Implementation using the concepts of IoT
Challenges faced in Smart Farming with perspective of India
Further Scope for Innovation from Electrical Engineer’s POV
High Speed Fault Injection Tool (FITO) Implemented With VHDL on FPGA For Test...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Comparing: Routing Protocols on Basis of sleep modeIJMER
The architecture of ad hoc wireless network consists of mobile nodes for communication
without the use of fixed-position routers. The communication between them takes place without
centralized control. Routing is a very crucial issue, so to deal with this routing algorithms must deliver
the packet in significant delay. There are different protocols for handling the mobile environment like
AODV, DSR and OLSR. But this paper will focus on performance of AODV and OLSR routing protocols.
The performance of these protocols is analyzed on two metrics: time and throughput
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
A Novel Method for Creating and Recognizing User Behavior ProfilesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
In this paper, we define and study about a new type of generalized closed set called, 𝑔∗s-closed set.Its relationship with already defined generalized closed sets are also studied.
T04201162168Optimal Allocation of FACTS Device with Multiple Objectives Using...IJMER
In this paper Multi objective functions are simultaneously considered as the indexes of the system performance minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. To find the optimal location and optimal value for Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) using optimization technique Genetic Algorithm (GA) to maximize system load-ability and minimize the system losses considering multi objectives optimization approach. A GA based Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is proposed to determine the type of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission system) controllers, its optimal location and rating of the devices in power systems. The value of TCSC and line losses is applied as measure of power system performance. The type of FACTS controllers are used and modeled for steady-state studies: TCSC, minimize total generation fuel cost and maximize system load-ability within system security margin. Simulations will be carrying on IEEE30 bus power system for type of FACTS devices.
Accelerometer based Robot control using Renesas Microcontroller IJMER
Tracking and attacking enemies at distant places is very much difficult for the soldiers. There
may be a chance of loss of lives of the soldier during war and emergency situations. So the idea is to
replace a real soldier with robot soldier completely controlled with a wireless network. The objective of
this paper is to minimize human fatalities in terrorist attack. For this we design a robot that can monitor
enemy remotely when required. It can silently enter into enemy area and send us all the information
through its tiny camera, that can be mounted on top of it. For this purpose Renesas microcontroller was
used to perform the control actions as per requirement.
A Survey on Agriculture Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR
Wireless sensor network is an autonomous network which consists of resource constraints sensor motes which are used
to capture various events of interest such as temperature, humidity and pressure. These networks are used in many areas like
agriculture monitoring, health care monitoring, forest fire monitoring, environmental monitoring etc. These networks are used to
monitor various agriculture products or various parameters in agriculture such as the quality of fruits, vegetables, the amount of
oxygen and nitrogen required. In this paper we aim to present the existence studies of wireless sensor networks which are used for
agriculture monitoring. We will explain in details the advantages and dis advantages of the existing studies and we present our own
analysis and conclusion.
IoT based Digital Agriculture Monitoring System and Their Impact on Optimal U...Journal For Research
Although precision agriculture has been adopted in few countries, the greenhouse based modern agriculture industry in India still needs to be modernized with the involvement of technology for better production and cost control. In this paper we proposed a multifunction model for smart agriculture based on IoT. Due to variable atmospheric circumstances these conditions sometimes may vary from place to place in large farmhouse, which makes very difficult to maintain the uniform condition at all the places in the farmhouse manually. Soil and environment properties are sensed and periodically sent to cloud network through IoT. Analysis on cloud data is done for water requirement, total production and maintaining uniform environment conditions throughout greenhouse farm. Proposed model is beneficial for increase in agricultural production and for cost control and real time monitoring of farm.
Design of a Long Range Wireless Sensor Network in Agriculture for Precision I...IJASRD Journal
Efficient and low power utilizing data synchronization is a challenging task for a Wireless-Sensor Network (WSN). Therefore, it is crucial to design a lightweight data synchronization protocols for these networks. An adaptive data offset prediction model for WSN is proposed in this project that exchanges fewer synchronization messages to improve the accuracy and efficiency. The proposed model is based on a tailored hardware and software aiming to extend both sensor nodes and WSN lifetime. The coordinator is aware of its sensor nodes available energy and such feature enables estimating the remaining lifetime of each sensor node. The sensor node system for data acquisition of long range is the conceptual model for a sensor node hardware and software system design, concerning energy management improving both sensor nodes and network lifetime .The experimental sensor nodes were employed to monitor soil moisture , temperature ,humidity and light sensor also the base station system model will validate in field conditions.
Development in the technology of sensor such as Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), wireless communications, embedded systems, distributed processing and wireless sensor applications have contributed a large transformation in Wireless
Sensor Network (WSN) recently. It assists and improves work performance both in the field of industry and our daily life. Wireless Sensor Network has been widely used in many areas especially for surveillance and monitoring in agriculture and habitat monitoring. Environment monitoring has become an important field of control and protection, providing real-time system and control communication
with the physical world. An intelligent and smart Wireless Sensor Network system can gather and process a large amount of data from the beginning of the monitoring and manage air quality, the conditions of traffic, to weather situations.
IoT Based Intelligent Management System for Agricultural Applicationijtsrd
The growth of technology in any sector is not there in agriculture and this is a problem for India. The government has struggled to do anything for the farming sector which is in an exceptionally deplorable state. The pause in decision making also has led to Indias high rate of unemployment owing to the quality of the economy. The applications in well developed countries involve robotics, aircraft, and artificial intelligence, but they can raise the cost of running and sustain. Currently, operating drones such as these is difficult. In India, only a few farmers can afford to employ such high tech machinery to farm owing to financial constraints. The project is aimed at developing an affordable quad copter for farmers to use on their crops, with the goal of growing their output. We are developing core a framework with support of Raspberry Pi and OpenCV that can help predict crops yield with the help of inputs from numerous different sensor packages. Venkat. P. Patil | Umakant B. Gohatre | Anushka Mhaskar | Akash Jadhav | Prajwal Shetty | Yash Jadhav "IoT Based Intelligent Management System for Agricultural Application" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38578.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/38578/iot-based-intelligent-management-system-for-agricultural-application/venkat-p-patil
This article focuses on providing solutions for one important application termed as agriculture. In India, one major occupation for people living in urban and rural areas is agriculture where an economic rate depends only on the crops they yield. In such cases, if an intelligent monitoring device is not integrated then it becomes difficult for the farmers to grow their crops and to accomplish marginal income from what they have invested. Also existing methods have been analyzed in the same field where some devices have been installed and checked for increasing the productivity of horticulture crops. But existing methods fail to install an intelligent monitoring device that can provide periodic results within short span of time. Therefore, a sensor based technology with Internet of Things (IoT) has been implemented in the projected work for monitoring major parameters that support the growth and income of farmers. Also, an optimization algorithm for identifying the loss in different crops has been incorporated for maximizing the system boundary and to transmit data to farmers located in different areas. To prove the cogency of proposed method some existing methods have been compared and the results prove the projected technique produces improved results for
about 58%.
Wireless Sensors and Agriculture Parameter Monitoring: Experimental Investiga...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In recent time, the wireless sensor network technology has found its implementation in precision agriculture as a result of the need for high productivity. Among the different technologies for crop monitoring, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are recognized as a powerful one to collect and process data in the agricultural domain with low-cost and low-energy consumption. Agriculture and farming is one of the industries which have recently diverted their attention to WSN, seeking this cost effective technology to improve its production and enhance agriculture yield standard. The proposed system is hardware as well as software based which will automatically control the parameters of the soil. The data will be transferred over the Internet using the Wi-Fi modem. Such a system contains pair of sensors like temperature, Gas and humidity will be monitored, the data from the sensors are collected by the microcontroller. The scope of the project can be extended to varied areas ranging from greenhouse environment, power plants, chemical industry, and medical production to home automation, but for the time being system is just implemented for the soil parameters management.
AUTOMATED IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING ARM CONTROLLER & GPRS MODULEijiert bestjournal
This project probes into the design of the automa ted irrigation system based on ARM controller. This Embedded project is to design and develop a low cost feature which is based on embedded platform for water irrigation syst em. This project uses temperature and soil moisture sensors to detect the water quantity present in agriculture. The project uses ARM micro controller which is controller to process the information. The aim of our embedded project is to monitor status of the sensors on remote PC through a web page. The system has a Distributed wire less network of temperature and soil moisture sensors can be monitored on web page through Arm controller. In addition,a gatewa y unit handles sensor information,triggers actuators,and transmits data to a web applic ation. The web-servers connected to Internet. The system was pow ered by photovoltaic pane ls and had a duplex communication link based on a Cellular-Internet interface that allowed for data inspection and Irrigation scheduling to be programmed through a web page. The owner on the PC is also connected to same Internet. By typing the IP-a ddress on the web browser,the owner gets a web page on screen. This page contains all the informa tion about the status of the sensors or else the owner can also monitor the results through mobile if the mobile has internet facility. Because of its energy autonomy and low cost,the system has the potential to be us eful in water limited geographically isolated areas.
TOP 20 Cited Wireless & Mobile Networks Research Articles 2021ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes
articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all
technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together
researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts
and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
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subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
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s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
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Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
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law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
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content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
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XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
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pipeline is heated by applying concentrated solar radiation on the pipe surface using a Parabolic
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this work an effort is made to investigate the effect of concentrated solar radiation for reducing
pressure drop in the oil pipeline. The results from the numerical analysis shows that the pressure drop
in oil pipeline is get reduced by heating the pipe line using concentrated solar radiation. From this
work, the application of PTC in oil pipeline transportation is justified.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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A Survey on Wireless Sensor Network based Technologies for Precision Agriculture System
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.7| July. 2014 | 18|
A Survey on Wireless Sensor Network based Technologies for Precision Agriculture System Omveer1, Dr. H.K.Singh2, Rishikesh Patankar3, Sandeep Bansal4, Gaurav Kant Yadav5 1Jr. Technical Officer, Media Lab Asia, DeitY,Govt of India 2Research Scientist, Media Lab Asia, DeitY,Govt of India 3Sr. Research Scientist, Media Lab Asia, DeitY,Govt of India 4Sr. Research Scientist, Media Lab Asia, DeitY,Govt of India 5Summer Intern, Media Lab Asia
I. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture in the Indian economy has played vital role. It accounted for 15.7% of the GDP in 2009-10, employed 52.1% of the total workforce [1]. Information related to previous work that has been done in the field of Precision Agriculture (PA) is very necessary before going to develop a best solution for precision agriculture. Over a period of past few years, a system which is useful in monitoring as well as controlling the data which provides the flexibility, is realized. The communication and networking technologies that were used previously have limitation of short range which requires multi hopped networks. So this multi hopping can be overcome by the use of appropriate long or medium range wireless protocol such as WiMAX, GSM and Wi-Fi. Researcher have devoted their time to develop important advances in several technologies related to wireless communications and in network processing, a steady increase of processing capacity, the appearance of mature wireless sensor network (WSN) hardware and software platforms, and the widespread adoption of smart- phones. All these innovations offer a wide set of novel alternatives which could potentially address unsolved problems in PA and offer more convenient alternatives to existing solutions.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Santhosh Simon and K Paulose Jacob proposed that the wireless sensor network for crop monitoring in the paddy fields of Kuttanad (india) can be applied because the soil of the paddy fields is salty and is extremely acidic. This acidity of the soil is considered a major problem which retards the production of rice in the area. A best solution to overcome this problem is to regular rinsing of the soil by water which can reduce the acidity and increase the production. So, the pumping of water to and from the field is the major activity from plowing to harvesting. Further, they added that Electro-mechanical sensors in the mesh networking and through ZigBee communication can be automated systems which monitor the water level and regulate the water. It can send messages to the farmers. They suggested Zigbee technology because of its low-cost, low-power consumption, low data-rate, two-way wireless networking standard that is aimed at remote control and sensor applications which is suitable for operation in harsh radio environments and in isolated locations. [2]
Abstract: This paper provides the information related to previous work that has been done in the field of agriculture using the wireless sensor network technology over a period of past few years. We also studied the wireless protocols that were used previously. These protocols have limitation of short range which requires multi hopped network as in Zigbee and Bluetooth communication technologies. The multi hopping can be avoided by the use of appropriate long range wireless protocol such as WiMaX, GSM and medium range Wi-Fi protocols.
Over recent years, there have been important advances in several technologies related to wireless communications and networking applications in the agricultural practices. Based on survey results, a more research can be done for providing best technological solution to the common challenges in agriculture. This research would be helpful to develop a device having flexibility, local intelligences and decision power. Hand held device option can be useful in precision agriculture for various commercial crops in Indian scenario.
Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network; Precision Agriculture; Random Topology; Wi-Fi network.
2. A Survey on Wireless Sensor Network based Technologies for Precision Agriculture System
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.7| July. 2014 | 19|
Kazunobu and Mitsuho developed a site-specific nitrogen management system “RiceNiSMo” for paddy rice for estimating the appropriate rate of fertilizer nitrogen application. This software can simulate the growth stages, nitrogen uptake, yield and the degree of lodging based on the parameters from soil nitrogen release and the weather. [3] S.K. Balasundram et al reviewed On-the-go soil sensor technologies and find out that soil sensors can be used to generate real-time soil data, such as pH, electrical conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentration, which are subsequently turned into geo-referenced maps to facilitate site-specific nutrient management. They suggested that numerous „on-the-go‟ sensors have been manufactured to measure mechanical, physical and chemical soil properties. These sensors have been based on electrical and electromagnetic, optical and radiometric, mechanical, acoustic, pneumatic and electrochemical measurement concepts. [4] N. G. Shah et al. developed a system for precision irrigation using sensor network mainly aimed for monitoring soil moisture and estimating vaporization by considering soil moisture, soil temperature and relative humidity as the critical parameters for measurement. [5] A system was developed by Q. Wang et al using microcontroller, universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) interface and sensors while the transmission was done by hourly sampling and buffering the data, transmit it and then checking the status messages. But they find out that its cost and deployment of sensor under the soil which causes attenuation of radio frequency (RF) signals was the major drawbacks. [6] I. Aziz et al developed a remote monitoring system in agricultural greenhouse using wireless sensor and short message service (SMS). System was divided into four parts namely data acquisition, data communication, data presentation and alert notification which also allowed the reverse communication i.e. from farmer side to the base station. The system was cost effective and reliable. They considered that this system can be made more cost effective by taking other environmental parameters and by using recent technologies such as artificial intelligence, neural network, etc. [7] A Wi-Fi based smart sensor network for agricultural environment was developed by G. Mendez et al. They considered temperature, humidity, light intensity, air pressure and soil moisture as main parameters. The objectives were to reduce cost and effort of incorporating wiring, to enhance flexibility and mobility for the system. The system was useful for transferring and logging the data from various nodes. [8] M. Haefke et al. developed a ZigBee based smart sensing platform for monitoring environmental parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, pressure and sunlight with the use of microcontroller which serve as a smart weather station. The research was based on characteristics such as use of low cost equipment, accurate sensors and flexibility in data handling. Use of XBee module provided the wider range and reduced the current consumption of the circuit. [9] M. Dinesh and P. Saravanam proposed a FPGA based embedded system which could monitor and control microclimatic parameters on regular basis so as to maximize the production of crop with reducing human intervention research. They considered temperature (wet and dry both), humidity and light intensity as their main parameters. The system was low cost, automated and can be made effective by considering other environmental parameters and real time fault detection. [10] A remote sensing and control irrigation system using distributed wireless sensor network aiming for variable rate irrigation, real time in field sensing, controlling of a site specific precision linear move irrigation system to maximize the productivity with minimal use of water was developed by Y. Kim et al. [11] M. Dursun and S. Ozden developed a drip irrigation automated system using wireless technology. The objectives were to monitor water content of soil in real time and remove the need for workmanship for flooding irrigation. The designed system has three unit namely base station unit, valve unit and sensing unit which were applied for controlling drip irrigation of 1000 dwarf cherry trees. In this sensors were placed 20cm deep and 50cm away from the trees. The analysis of the system produced the circa linear graph between volumetric water content and time for which system was analysed. It was a low cost and reliable system having advantages such as preventing moisture stress of trees, minimising excessive use of water and ensuring of rapid growing weeds. [12]. Gopala Krishna Moorthy .K et al. developed a monitoring system to measure the water level in agriculture using sensor network which offers precision irrigation. They developed a routing algorithm which provides information related to water level as well as useful in computing threshold values based on transmission range. The algorithm was based on distances of wireless information from source to sink node as well as on minimum angle between source and destination. They also proposed that system can be optimized by the use of algorithms based on genetics and neural network. [13]
T. Pearson proposed “Paprika greenhouse management system” which had WSN environmental sensors and CCTVs at inside/outside of paprika greenhouse. These devices collect the growth-environment related information of paprika. He investigates that Zigbee-based agriculture monitoring system serves is a
3. A Survey on Wireless Sensor Network based Technologies for Precision Agriculture System
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.7| July. 2014 | 20|
reliable and efficient system to monitor the environmental parameters. Wireless monitoring of field not only allows user to reduce the human power, but it also allows user to see accurate changes in it. [14] Jose I. et al reviewed the principles of biosensor fabrication and operation, their existing and potential applications in the food and agricultural industries, and recent research and future trends. [15]
III. OSERVATION FROM SURVEY
On the basis of survey of the literature, the following findings have been observed. TABLE 1. FINDINGS FROM ABOVE SURVEY
Agricultural parameters measured by WSN technology
Field capacity during irrigation, dissolved oxygen, nutrient concentration, soil moisture, soil temperature, relative humidity, atmosphere temperature & humidity, light intensity, air pressure etc.
Working principle of sensors used in WSN
Electro-Mechanical, electrical and electromagnetic, optical and radiometric, mechanical, acoustic, pneumatic and electrochemical measurement concepts, Biosensors etc.
Local computation, Networking & Communication techniques in WSN
Mesh networking and Zigbee IEEE standard802.15.4, Simulation software, artificial intelligence, neural network, Wi-Fi based smart sensor network, FPGA based real time monitoring system , Microcontroller and universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) interface , A remote sensing (GPS enabled) and control irrigation system , genetics and neural network etc.
Benefits of using WSN technology in agriculture
cost effective, low-power consumption and long distance data transmission, two- way wireless networking standard that is aimed at remote control and sensor applications which is suitable for operation in harsh radio environments and in isolated locations , reliability on real time data collection, reduce effort of incorporating wiring, flexibility , mobility, maximise the production & quality of crop with less manual efforts, FPGA based WSN platform is energy efficient and more useful for farmers for decision making.
Challenges in using WSN technology in agriculture
Deployment of sensor under the soil which causes attenuation of radio frequency (RF) signals, power supply, measurement of accurate data in open field, environmental protection issues are the major challenges
TABLE 2. COMPARISON BETWEEN COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE FIELD SENSOR NETWORK
Bluetooth
ZigBee
Findings
Protocol IEEE 802.15.1
Protocol IEEE 802.15.4
Zigbee advance in protocol
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) modulation technique
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) modulation technique
DSSS use low power in Zigbee
Protocol stack size 250k byte
Protocol stack size 28k byte
Low size of protocol suites in Zigbee
Intended for frequent recharging
No charging
Long battery life for Zigbee
1M bit/sec network speed
250kbits/sec
High speed for Bluetooth
1-10 meter network range
10-100 meter line of sight range
Long range for Zigbee
3 s network join time
30ms network join time
High selectivity
Bluetooth is more oriented toward user mobility and eliminating short-distance cabling
ZigBee aims more for grand-scale automation and remote control
Remote control in Zigbee
4. A Survey on Wireless Sensor Network based Technologies for Precision Agriculture System
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.7| July. 2014 | 21|
TABLE 3. COMPARISON BETWEEN COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR SENSOR NETWORK TO REMOTE SERVER
Wi-Fi
WiMAX
Findings
Standard: IEEE 802.11x (802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n)
Standard: IEEE 802.16y ( 802.16a, 802.16d and 802.16e)
WiMAX is advance in protocol
ISM band
ISM bands or licensed band
For long range, subscriber can pay for license in WiMAX
100metres as it maximum range
80-90kilometers in terms of range
Long range in WiMAX
speeds up to 54mbps
speeds upto 40mbps
Wi-Fi better
channel bandwidth of 20MHz
bandwidth option which ranges from 1.25MHz to 20MHz
Chanel choosing facility in WiMAx
Wi-Fi uses Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) security algorithms
WiMAX uses X.509 or PKMv2 as authentication algorithms
Both secure
IV. NEW PROPOSED SOLUTION
Considering all above findings, we propose a new solution for agricultural practices which would use WSN technology. Followings are the observations which are considered to use in proposed system. TABLE 4. COMPONENT WISE OBSERVATIONS
Sr. No.
Components
Observations
1.
Agricultural parameters
Soil nutrients and moisture; atmospheric temperature and sunshine
2.
Working principle of sensors
Electrical conductivity
3.
Computation device
FPGA
4.
Communication techniques
Zigbee and WiMaX
5.
Networking
Random topology
6.
Benefits
Local and real time decision, compatible for any agriculture sites (greenhouse and open filed)
The proposed system would consist of couple of sensors to sense various soil and atmospheric parameters such as nutrients, moisture, temperature and sunshine. The result of sensed parameters would be transmitted via zigbee on a embedded device. The device would be installed at the farmers‟ premises. In this device, FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) may be used to give the system local intelligence power. The device would be able to use the sensor algorithm to accurately predict the health of the crop. This would alert the farmer in the form of textual and audio alarm through local display and alarm system. For public extension system, this device would transmit the signal to centralized server without any interference or interception of signal via WiMAX. In this topology, we may take wireless antenna, router, and gateway and centralized server. Fig.1. Snapshot of prototype
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Fig.2. Screenshot of web application for prototpye
V. RESULTS
A prototype is developed at Media Lab Asia to prove the proposed concept and experienced results are shown in fig.3 and fig. 4: Fig.3 : Screenshot of the results in web application
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Fig.4: Snapshot of results displayed at remote PC Fig. 5: Snapshot of results displayed at local LCD
VII. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
Precision agriculture (PA) and WSN applications combined together presents an exciting new area of research that will greatly improve quality in agricultural production especially in area of floriculture where quality is most important because consumer of cut flower are elite group of society. There are potential
7. A Survey on Wireless Sensor Network based Technologies for Precision Agriculture System
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applications of Wi-Fi wireless sensor network technology in agricultural systems such as real time field monitoring, automated irrigation control, monitoring, and remote operation. In this paper, we surveyed the literature available and considering the findings we proposed a new solution in wireless sensor network technology for automatic monitoring and local alarming for the farmers. In our solution, the sensor nodes collect the data such as temperature, soil moisture, sunshine and nutrients from the field . The real-time data is transferred to the FPGA node via zigbee. On the basis of these data, device predicts about crop health. For public extension, this data may be transferred via Wi-Fi/WiMAX to the centralized center which stores and processes the data. Developed prototype gave good results. This would be further extended for the product.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thankful heart feelings are extended to all those magnanimous persons who stood behind me as an inspiration and rendered their full support throughout my research.
AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHY
Omveer Chaudhary: He received the M.Tech and B.Tech degree with honors in Electronics and Communication engineering from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India. He has been working with ITRA & Media Lab Asia , DeitY, Govt. of India since Feb, 2013. As Jr. TechnicalOfficer, he is associated with research, development & deployment in the area of ICT.Hispapers/articleshaveeenpublished/acceptedininternational/nationalconferences/seminars/journals. His research interests are in image processing, wireless sensor network and the use of information communication technology in societal development.
Dr. Hrishikesh Kumar Singh: He is working as Research Scientist in Media Lab Asia and is having more than 6 years experience in ICT in Agriculture. He is involved in initiating, implementation and monitoring of various ICT in Agriculture based projects eSagu, Gramin Gyan Kendra and ICT based alternate Agri information system. He did his PhD in Agriculture and having lifelong membership of various Scientific Societies.
Rishikesh Patankar: He has more than 12 years of experience in ICT. He has worked in training domain for more than 5 years including stints at top universities in China and India. He holds 3 master degrees in computer science & also NET, CCNA qualified. He has experience of working with ERP projects including training the managers and industry alike. His areas of interest include computer networks, mobile applications and eLearning. He has experience of managing enterprise level systems. He is holding post of Sr. Research Scientist in Media Lab Asia, DeitY, Govt. of India since May 2007. He is involved in initiating, implementation and monitoring of various projects on education and SME domain through premier R&D institutions and other Government organizations and industry.
Mr. Sandeep Bansal: He has more than 9 years of experience in ICT. He holds a M.Tech (I.T.), B.E (Computer Science), CDAC certification in advanced software design & development, EPO & WIPO certification in IP. He is also included in consultant database of EdCIL (a body under MHRD). He has joined Media Lab Asia in September 2004. As a senior research scientist in Media Lab Asia he is associated with research, development & deployment in the area of ICT through involvement at each stage right from formulation, commencement, development, monitoring & steering, protection of IPR involved, promotion / popularization through its presentation in various gatherings, transfer / deployment and formulation of policies for sharing of revenue with development/deployment partners. His papers/articles have been published/accepted in National/International conferences/seminars/journals
REFERENCES
[1] http://gradestack.com/An-Introduction-to-Indian-Economy/15521-3151-7088-study-wtw
[2] Santhosh Simon, K Paulose Jacob “Wireless Sensor Networks for Paddy Field Crop Monitoring Application in Kuttanad” International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), Vol.2, Issue.4, July-Aug 2012 pp-2017- 2020.
8. A Survey on Wireless Sensor Network based Technologies for Precision Agriculture System
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 4 | Iss.7| July. 2014 | 25|
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[4] Bah, A., S.K. Balasundram and M.H.A. Husni “Sensor Technologies for Precision Soil Nutrient Management and Monitoring” American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 7 (1): 43-49, 2012, ISSN 1557-4989
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[8] G. R. Mendez, M. A. Yunus and Dr. S. C. Mukhopadhyay, “A Wi-Fi based Smart Wireless Sensor Network for an Agricultural Environment”, Fifth International Conference on Sensing Technology, pp. 405–410, January 2011
[9] M. Haefke, S. Mukhopadhyay and H. Ewald, “A Zigbee Based Smart Sensing Platform for Monitoring Environmental Parameters”, IEEE Conference on Instrumentation and Measurement Technology, pp. 1–8, May 2011
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[12] M. Dursun and S. Ozden, “A Wireless Application of Drip Irrigation Automation Supported by Soil Moisture Sensors”, Scientific Research and Essays, pp. 1573–1582, April 2011
[13] GopalaKrishna Moorthy .K, Dr.C.Yaashuwanth, Venkatesh.K “A Wireless Remote Monitoring Of Agriculture Using Zigbee” International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 2, Issue 8, February 2013
[14] T. Pearson, “Hardware-based image processing for high-speed inspection of grains”, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol.69, 2009
[15] Jose I. Reyes De Corcuera , Ralph P.Cavalieri “Biosensors”, Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food and Biological Engineering DOI:10.1081/E-EAFE120007212