This document discusses how IoT can be applied to smart agriculture. It begins by defining IoT and explaining its applications, particularly in agriculture where it can help boost yields, monitor crops and livestock, and make farming more efficient. It then outlines several major IoT applications in agriculture like soil mapping, irrigation control, and precision fertilizer application. The document also discusses technologies used like sensors, automated equipment, and cloud computing. It ends by addressing current challenges in agriculture and future expectations around technologies like IoT, robots, and vertical farming.

1. IOT BASED SMART
AGRICULTURE
SUBMITTED BY
ANCY . S
ROLL NO :11

2. CONTENTS
✧ WHAT IS IOT ?
✧ WHY IOT ?
✧ WHY APPLY IOT IN AGRICULTURE ?
✧ KEY DRIVERS OF TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE
✧ CHALLENGES IN TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION
✧ MAJOR APPLICATIONS
✧ ADVANCED AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
✧ MAJOR EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGIES
✧ CURRENT CHALLENGES AND FUTURE EXPECTATIONS
✧ CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS IOT ?
✧ IoT is short for Internet of Things
✧ The Internet of Things (IoT) is inter-networking
of physical devices.
✧ This system has the ability to
transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.

4. WHY IOT ?
✧ IOT has many applications in agriculture, smart Cities,
smart home, healthcare, business sectors, Traffic
monitoring , Transport and logistics etc
✧ This is a growing mega trend that will influence
everything from businesses to our daily personal lives.
✧ Here we are mainly focussing on agriculture as it plays a
vital role in development of our country’s economy.

5. WHY APPLY IOT IN AGRICULTURE
?
• Saving fertilizers and chemical crop protection agents
• Boosting soil fertility due to “smart” correction
• Controlling crop state and preventing its loss when stored
• Increasing machinery efficiency
• Monitoring state and location of farm animals
• Tracking processing line equipment condition

6. KEY DRIVERS OF TECHNOLOGY IN
AGRICULTURE

7. MAJOR HURDLE’S IN TECHNOLOGY
IMPLEMENTATION FOR SMART AGRICULTURE

8. HIERARCHY OF MAJOR APPLICATIONS, SERVICES AND
WIRELESS SENSORS

9. MAJOR APPLICATIONS
✧ SOIL SAMPLING AND MAPPING
 Soil sampling is the first step of examination to obtain field-specific information.
 The main objective of soil analysis is to determine the nutrient status of a field
 The factors that are critical to analyze the soil nutrient levels include soil type,
cropping history,fertilizer application,irrigation level, topography, etc.
 Soil mapping opens the door to sowing different crop varieties in a specific field to
better match soil properties accordingly.
 Currently, manufacturers are providing a wide range of toolkits and sensors.
o Toolkits - Lab-in-a-Box

10. ✧ IRRIGATION
 It is an innovative approach to watering, enabled by connected sensors,
devices, and remote controllers.
 Various controlled irrigation methods, like drip irrigation and sprinkler
irrigation, are being promoted to tackle the water wastage issues.
✧ FERTILIZER
 A fertilizer is a natural or chemical substance that can provide important
nutrients for the growth and fertility of plants.
 Fertilization requires site-specific soil nutrient level measurements based
on various factors, such as crop type, soil type, soil absorption
capability, product yield, fertility type and utilization rate, weather
condition, etc.
 Eg for IoT-based fertilizer:Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
(NDVI)

11. ✧ CROP DISEASE AND PEST MANAGEMENT
 Most of the pesticides are harmful to human and animal health, impact to
the environment,ultimately causing significant contamination to entire
ecosystems.
 wireless sensors, robots and drones are allowing the growers to slash
pesticide uses significantly by precisely spotting crop enemies.
 eg:IoT-based automated traps,vehicle precise spray,automatic VRT
chemigation

12. ✧ YIELD MONITORING, FORECASTING, AND HARVESTING
 Yield monitoring is the mechanism used to analyze various
aspects corresponding to agricultural yield, like grain mass
flow, moisture content, and harvested grain quantity.
 Crop forecasting is an art to predict the yield and production before the
harvest takes place.
 Harvesting is the last stage of this process, proper scheduling can make a
clear difference.
 Eg: FarmRTX

13. ADVANCED AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICES
 GREENHOUSE FARMING:
o IT IS A TECHNIQUE THAT ENHANCES THE YIELD OF CROPS, VEGETABLES, FRUITS ETC.DIFFERENT SENSORS
THAT MEASURE THE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS ACCORDING TO THE PLANT REQUIREMENT
 VERTICAL FARMING :
o The vertical farming innovation makes use of smart light, smart aeroponics, smart nutrition, smart data, smart pest
management, smart substrate and smart scaling.
 HYDROPONIC:
o automates the growing process of the crops using Bayesian Network model.
 PHENOTYPING:
o main goal of phenotyping in plant breeding is to identify plants with improved traits.IT is currently mainly done for monitoring
crops for fertilizer requirement and weed detection in crop cultivation.

14. MAJOR EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGIES
✧ WIRELESS SENSORS:
✧ ACOUSTIC SENSORS :insect pest detection sensor.
 FIELD-PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAY (FPGA)-BASED SENSORS :to measure temperature,
relative humidity,CO2,etc
 OPTICAL SENSORS :use light to measure soil properties.
 ULTRASONIC RANGING SENSORS :for level measurement, fertilizer application and monitoring
crops.
 OPTOELECTRONIC SENSORS :to measure protein content in wheat grains while they are being
harvested.
 AIRFLOW SENSORS :measure soil air permeability.
 ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS :provide key information required in precision agriculture: pH and
soil nutrient levels.
 ELECTROMAGNETIC SENSORS :to measure Residual nitrates and organic matter in the soil

15.  MECHANICAL SENSORS : measure soil compaction or “mechanical resistance.”
 MASS FLOW SENSORS :helps to provide the yield monitor with enough information to establish a
grain yield measurement.
 EDDY COVARIANCE-BASED SENSORS :used for quantifying exchanges of carbon dioxide,
water vapor,etc
 SOFT WATER LEVEL-BASED (SWLB) SENSORS :utilized in agriculture catchments to
characterize hydrological behaviors, such as water level and flow, at adjustable time-step
acquisitions.
 LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING (LIDAR) :measure the distance to other features by
illuminating the target with Light.
 TELEMATICS SENSORS :measure not only the amount of seed that is being applied, but also the
quality.
 REMOTE SENSING:maps depicting crop and soil variability through remote sensed images
acquired by sensors.

16. ✧ IOT BASED TRACTORS:
→ As self-driving tractors have been in the market even before semi-autonomous cars. One of the main
advantages of self-driving tractors is their ability to avoid revisiting the same area or row by reducing the
overlap even less than an inch.
✧ HARVESTING ROBOTS:
→ Harvesting and picking is one of the most popular robotic applications in agriculture due to the accuracy
and speed that robots can achieve to improve the size of yields and reduce waste from crops being left in
the field.
✧ COMMUNICATION IN AGRICULTURE:
→ Communication and reporting the information on a timely basis are considered the backbone of precision
agriculture.To achieve communication reliability,telecom operators can play a crucial role in the agricultural
sector.Depending on availability, scalability and application requirements, various communication modes
and technologies are being used.They are;
• CELLULAR COMMUNICATION,ZIGBEE,BLUETOOTH,LORA,SIGFOX

17. ✧ SMARTPHONES:
→ Farmers can easily carry a smartphone with them to the field to record field data and
manage farm resources right at the field. Moreover, smartphone-based sensors such as
microphone, camera, GPS, accelerometer, and several others can tremendously
ease farm journaling and other farm management tasks.
✧ CLOUD COMPUTING:
→ Precision agriculture is showing its potential and benefits by improving agricultural
operations through better data-driven decision making. However, to continue this success,
precision agriculture requires the use Cloud services to access information from predictive
analysis institutes so that they can choose the right product available according to their
specific requirements.

18. CURRENT CHALLENGES AND FUTURE
EXPECTATIONS
✧ CURRENT CHALLENGES:
 Land and water issues.
 old cultivation techniques.
 lack of information on marketing.
 Poverty.
 degradation of natural resources and environmental issues
 population growth
 inadequate support services
 framework and institutional constraints
 lack of agricultural and rural development policies.

19. ✧ FUTURE EXPECTATIONS:
 future agriculture is expected to evolve as a high-tech industry
 By involving the advanced technologies like agricultural robots, Big Data, and cloud-computing artificial
intelligence, agriculture can create a new era of superfusion.
 some of the key technologies and methods that need to apply;focusing to achieve sustainable future agriculture.
• WIRELESS SENSORS AND THE IOT
• COMMUNICATION
• ROBOTS
• HYDROPONICS AND VERTICAL FARMING (VF)

20. CONCLUSION
The focus on smarter, better, and more efficient crop growing methodologies
is required in order to meet the growing food demand of the increasing world
population in the face of the ever-shrinking arable land. The development of
new methods of improving crop yield and handling, one can readily see
currently: technology-weaned, innovative younger people adopting farming as
a profession, agriculture as a means for independence from fossil fuels,
tracking the crop growth, safety and nutrition labeling, partnerships between
growers, suppliers, and retailers and buyers.